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FIRST LATIN BOOK. 



'V 



ARCHIBALD Htf BRYCE, LL.D., 

trin. coll., Dublin; 
one or tub classical masters in tub high school of edinburgh. 




Sixty «biiion. 



LONDON: 
T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW 

EDINBURGH ; AND NEW YORK. 



^h 



V 



%1 



f ttintt 



The following sentences, slightly altered from the Preface to 
the author's " First Greek Book," will sufficiently explain 
the scope and purpose of the present- work : — 

" This volume is at once a Grammar, a Reader, an Exercise- 
Book, and a Vocabulary. Its aim is twofold : — First, To 
give a complete view of the Inflexions of Nouns and Verbs, 
with a careful regard to simplicity and clearness ; and, 
Secondly, To supply a series of interesting and easy lessons 
in continuous reading. 

" In the Grammar, care has been taken not to overload the 
text with minutiae and exceptions, which serve only to confuse 
and bewilder the beginner ; but to afford merely the amount 
of information considered necessary in a First Course. The 
Nouns and Verbs are so arranged that each class of Inflexions 
is kept separate and distinct; and numerous Exercises follow 
each paradigm, in order that the characteristics of one group 
may be fixed in the mind of the pupil before his attention 
is invited to another. The Nouns of the Third Declension 
have been classified on a plan which, it is hoped, will lead 
to a due appreciation of the peculiarities belonging to that 
multiform division. " — The Verb has been set forth in a series 
of Tables, and on a new scheme, so arranged that it may 
coincide as far as possible with that adopted in the case of 
the Greek Verb, that parts having the same stem may be 
brought together, and that the relations of Time and Mode 
may be more clearly displayed*. (See Section XII. 8, 9, 13, 
and 14, obs., pp. 46, 47.) 



IV PREFACE. 

Adjectives should always be taught simultaneously with 
Substantives, and each gender-form by itself; but to afford 
facility for comparing form with form, and to gratify those 
Teachers who may prefer the old mode, paradigms have been 
printed in full declension at* p. 29, sqq. 

" The Exercises of Part I. are intended mainly as a praxis 
on the Inflexions, and to this end the strict logical arrange- 
ment of the Syntax has been entirely subordinated. The 
Rules of Construction have therefore been introduced in such 
order, and to such an extent, as has been deemed most con- 
sistent with the general plan, and most conducive to rapid 
progress.* The sentences, wnich by easy steps increase in 
difficulty, have been selected, as far as possible, irom classical 
authors; but the choice of words and appropriate phrases 
has been very much restricted by peculiar features in the 
design of the work. Those forming the Exercises of Part L 
have been largely taken from the Reading Lessons of Part II., 
in order that the principle of frequent repetition may have 
as much play as possible-; and that, when students arrive at 
the more difficult task of unravelling complex sentences, the 
often recurring faces of old friends may, by diminishing 
their difficulties, encourage them onward in their labours. 
Sentences of an abstruse or philosophical kind, such as too 
often form the staple of Introductory Pieaders, have been 
avoided, as tending rather to repel than to invite the young. 
The English portions of the Exercises are meant merely as 
examples for imitative practice, and are not intended to 
supersede the use of a methodically arranged Manual of 
Latin Composition." — Vocabularies have not, for very 
obvious reasons, been attached to the Exercises, but have 
been supplied at a different part of the book, p. 107, sqq. 

" It is of the utmost consequence that, in studying a 
foreign language, pupils should daily, and from the very first, 
make practical use of the principles and facts which the} 
learn from the Grammar. For such praxis, short and easy 

* A brief resume of the Syntax of Simple Sentences will be found in the Ap- 
pendix, p. 150. 



PREFACE. V 

clauses are, in the earlier stages, indispensable; but it is 
possible to continue their use to an unnecessary extent, 
inasmuch as the power of a boy to grapple with the diffi- 
culties of complex sentences is by no means in proportion to 
the time spent in analysing simple sentences. It has there- 
fore been deemed prudent to introduce promiscuous reading 
lessons as soon as the learner has fairly got over the Parts 
of Speech and their companion Exercises. And thus the 
Extracts forming Part II. have been chosen with this view, 
that, while the pupil's ingenuity is exercised in the discri- 
mination of mixed grammatical forms and the analysis of 
compound sentences, his mind may at the same time be 
interested in the subject-matter of his task, and his ambition 
not disheartened by any great syntactical difficulties." — For 
these purposes the Fables of Phaedrus stand unrivalled, and 
a few of the easiest and most interesting of them have 
accordingly been selected. The circumstance that they are 
poetry may, in the opinion of some, form an objection to 
their use ; but it must be borne in mind that the poetry of 
Iambic Trimeters differs very slightly from prose, and that 
whatever drawback exists on this ground is amply counter- 
balanced by the general accuracy of Latinity, ease of con- 
struction, and attractiveness of subject, which characterise 
the Fables. 

The Prose Extracts are taken from an elementary work by 
Professor Lhomond,* who, with Livy as his basis and Nepos 
as his model, wrought into a connected and easy narrative 
the most romantic legends and the most interesting episodes 
of Roman History. The style is not always the most elegant ; 
but the phrases are, generally speaking, correct and idiomatic. 
A considerable number of alterations have been made on the 
text, both in the division of sentences and the mode of 



* Two issues of this work— "De Viris lllustribus Urbis Romae" — have recently 
appeared in England ; one by Dr. W. Smith, in his " Pvinoipia Latina ;" and the 
other by the Editor of the " Graduated Series of English Reading-Books." It is 
but due to Professor Pillans to state, that he was the first person in this country to 
call attention (Preface to Eclogae Curtianae) to the merits of M. Lhotnond's work 
as an Initiatory Reading-Book. 



PREFACE. 



expression ; but the Editor did not feel himself at liberty to 
encroach too far on the original form of the work. He lias 
also adopted some of Dr. Smith's judicious amendments. 



High School of Edinburgh, 

October, 18C2. 



NOTE. 



" In the first edition of this work a slight deviation was made, in the arrange- 
ment of the Cases of Nouns, from the order usually followed. The change 
was determined on after mature deliberation, and after a highly satisfac- 
tory trial with a large class ; but at the urgent request of many Teachers 
the Editor has been induced to revert in the present issue to the old estab- 
lished order. Those, however, who prefer the new arrangement will find 
Nouns so printed at p. 103. This is not the place to enter into the 
more subtile arguments, logical and philological, which may be advanced 
in favour of the alteration ; for a few of these the student of maturer years 
will consult the Preface to Professor Madvig's Latin Grammar, Wood'? 
translation, (second edition.) The considerations which will weigh most 
with Teachers in adopting the change are those of convenience and mne- 
monic utility. It may therefore be laid down, generally, that the more 
the forms of Cases are reduced in number, or the more that like Cases 
are grouped together, even though not reduced in number, the simpler does 
the system of declension become to the learner. Thus the forms of Neuter 
Nouns are acquired with much less difficulty, and retained with much more 
ease, than those of Masculines and Feminines, from the fact that they 
have really only three Cases, — malum, malt, malo : for it must be remem- 
bered that a ' Case is not the word used in a certain construction, but the 
word used in a certain form by virtue of the construction? and that, con- 
sequently, ' there are no more Cases in a language than there are distinct 
forms of Cases.' But if we follow this grouping principle farther, we shall 
also find it of great service in the declension of Masculines and Femi- 
nines." — Thus, in the Singular Number, the Nom. and Voc, which are 
always alike except in Nouns of Decl. II., like servus, — the Gen. and 
Dat. of Decls. I. and V., — and the Dat. and Abl. of Decl. II., are respec- 
tively brought together. In the Plural Number the advantage is stin 
more evident ; for while the Dat. and Abl. are set side by side, the Nom. 
and Voc, — or in Declensions III., IV., and V., the Nom., Voc, and 
Accus., — are in like manner brought together. Inflexions having the 
same vowel (-as, -arum; -os, -orum ; -a, -am, &c) follow each other; and 
the attention of the pupil is forcibly directed to the Nom. and Accus., 
which are not only of most frequent occurrence in reading, but which 
also express the two most prominent Nouns in every sentence, — the 
names of the agent and the object* 

* See Introduction to Dr. Woodford's Latin Grammar. 



<&o nitwit* 



PART i. 



THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

Suction 

I. The Letters, Ac 

II. First Declension— Examples and Exercises, 
ITT. Second Declension- Examples and Exercises, ... 
IV. Third Declension, 

Class I.— Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises. 

Class II. — Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 

Class III. — Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 

Class IV. — Of Nouns — Examples and Exercises, 

Class V.— Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 

Class VI.— Of Nouns — Examples and Exercises, 

Class VII. — Of Nouns — Examples and Exercises, 

Complex Nouns— Examples and Exercises 

V. Fourth Declension— Examples and Exercises, 

VI. Fifth Declension— Examples and Exercises, 

VII. Adjective Nouns— Examples and Exercises, 

VIII. Irregular Nouns, ... 

I. Substantives, 

II. Adjectives, with Exercise, 

IX. Comparison of Adjectives, with Exercise, 

X. Numerals, 

XI. Pronouns, 

I. Substantive Pronouns, 
II. Adjective Pronouns, with Exercise, 
XII. The Verb, 

XIII. First Conjugation of Regular Verbs, ... 

Exercises on Verbs of Conjugation I., 

XIV. Second Conjugation of Regular Verbs, 

Exercises on Conjugation II., ...- 



VUI CONTEXTS. 

8«-r«ow P»OB 

XV. Third Conjugation, ... ... ... ... ... rX< 

Exercises on Conjugation III ... ... ... 64 

XVI. Fourth Conjugation, ... ... ... ... ... <k5 

Exercises on Conjugation IV., ... ... ... ... 70 

XVII. Deponent Verbs, with Exercise, ... ... ... ... 72 

XVIIL Irregular Verbs, turn, «fcc, with Exercises, ... ... ... 78 

XIX. Defective Verbs, ceepi, memini, &c, ' ... ... _ 91 

XX. Impersonal Verbs, with Exercises, ... ... ... ... 9C 

XXL Indeclinable Parts of Speech, Adverbs, Prepositions, <kc., ... 100 

The Declensions, <fcc, with the Cases in an altered order, ... ... 103 

lAsts of Words used in each Exercise, ... ... ... ... 107 



PART II. 
EXTRACTS FOE READING. 

I. Fables of Phaedrus, ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 

II. Roman History, .. ... ... ... ... ... 127 



APPENDIX. 

Brief Synopsis of the Syntax of Simple Sentences, ... ... ... 130 

I. Subject and Predicate, ... ... ... ... — 150 

II. The Cases, ... ... ... ... ... ... I&l 

Nominative and Vocative, ... ... ... ... 151 

Accusative, ... ... ... ... ... ... 151 

Genitive, ... ... ... ... ... ... 15J 

Dative, ... ... ... ... ... ... 153 

Ablative, ... .. ... ... ... ... 154 

HI. Infinitive Mood, Ac, ... ... ... 15€ 

Participle, ... ... ... ... ... ... 15C 

Gerund, ... ... ... ... ... ... 15<) 

Supines, ... ... ... ... ... ... 156 

Notes on the Extracts, ... ... ... ••• ••• ■■• 157 

Rules for Gender of Nouns, ... ... ••- - •■• 163 

Rules of Syntax, ... ... ... ... ••• ■•• W5 

Irregular Verbs, List of, ... ... ■•. •■• ••• 1'S 



Latis Vocabulary, ... ... ... ... ... ... '90 

Ekclish Vocabulary, ... ... ... ... ... — 240 



FIRST LATIN BOOK 



PART I. 

THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 



SECTION I. 

TIIE LETTERS. 

1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except that w 
is wanting. 

2. The letters are of two classes — Vowels and Consonants. 

3. The Vowels are six — a, e, i, o, u, y. 

4. Consonants are either, — 

(1.) Semi- vowels*— I, m, n, r, and the sibilant, s; or, 
(2.) Mutes— p, b,f, v; c, k, q,g; t, d. 

5. The Mutes admit of a double classification : (1.) according to 
the organ by which they are pronounced ; and (2) according to the 
degree of breathing employed in their utterance. Thus, — 

LABIALS. PALATALS. LINGUAL DENTALS. 

p c (k or q) t light or sharp. 

b g d intermediate, 

f(j>h) and v (ch) (th) rough or flat. 

* A vowel sound has two characteristics: — First, It comes freely in pronunciation; 
and, Secondly, When it is once formed it can be prolonged. The semi-vowels possess 
this second property, and hence their name of half-vowels. The semi-vowels, I, m, n, r, 
are also called liquids. 



10 FIKST LATIN HEADER. 

H. x and z are double consonants, being equal— x to cs or <js (pro- 
nounced as ks), and sometimes to hs or gm; 2 to sd or cfo. 

7. A is not properly a letter, but a breathing, j is the consonant 
sound of i, and v of w. 

8. Diphthongs are composed of two vowels combined together in 
pronunciation. The most common diphthongs are ae, oe,au; the 
leas common, ei, eu, oi, ui. 

9. There are three Genders — Masculine, Feminine, Neuter. 

Obs. — In English, the gender of all substantives is decided by the 
meaning, and so it is in Latin in regard to the names of men 
and the lower animals; but in nouns denoting inanima'e 
things, the termination of the word usually determines tl.o 
gender. Thus, filius, a son, is masculine ; filia, a daugJiter, 
feminine; rex, a king, masc. ; regina, a queen, fem.; hortus, a 
garden, masc. ; mensa, a table, fem. 

10. There are two Numbers — the Singular, used of one ; and the 
Plural, of two or more. 

11. There are six Cases— Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusa- 
tive, Vocative, Ablative. 

12. Nouns are divided into five classes, called Declensions, accord- 
ing to the system of inflexions adopted in forming their Cases. The 
declension to which a noun belongs is known by the inflexion* of the 
genitive singular. 

13. There are eight Parts of Speech :— 

DECLINABLE. INDECLINABLE. 

Substantive (Noun). Adverb. 

Adjective (Noun). Preposition. 

Pronoun. Interjection. 

Verb. Conjunction. 

* Every declinable word may be divided into two parts— the stem and the in- 
flexion. The stem is that part which remains unaltered throughout all the cases and 
numbers; as mens- in mensa. The inflexion is that part which suflei-s change; i>s 
-ae, -am, -&, -arum, -is, -as, &c The stem of a noun may be ascertained by taking 
away the inflexion of the genitive singular; e. g., from mensae take away -ae, and 
mens- remains as the stem ; from horti take away -t, and hort- remains. In the 
paradigms of inflected words the stem is separated from the inflexion by a da«h; 
thun, mcns-ae. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 11 

SECTION II. 

FIRST DECLENSION. 

1. The nouns of this declension end, in the nominative singular, 
in -a; those which have -e, -as, or -es, are Greek, and are principally 
proper names. Nouns in -a and -<?are feminine; those in -as and -es, 
masculine. The genitive singular ends in -ae. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom. Mens-a, a table* [table. Mens-ae, tables. 

Gen. Mens-ae, a table's, or of a Mens-arum, tables', or of tables. 

Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. Mens-is, to or for tables. 

Ace. Mens-am, a table. Mens-as, tables. 

Voc. Mens-a, table / Mens-ae, tables f 

Abl. Mens-a, from, with, in, or Mens-is, from, with, in, or by 
by a table. tables. 

Obs. — What we express in English by prepositions is very often indicated 
in Latin merely by a change in the end of a word, {i.e., an inflexion.) 
Thus, in English we leave the nouns unchanged, and, to vai-y the mean- 
ing, change the little word going before, (preposition;) as, op the 
queen, (= the queen's,) for the queen, by the queen. There is properly 
only one case in English— the possessive or genitive. 

2. A few nouns have -abus in the dative and ablative plural as well 
as -is. They are such as have a masculine of the same stem in the 
Second Declension; 2^,, fili-a, a daughter, — but Jili-us, a son, of the 
Second Declension. So dea, anima, equa, mula, liberta, and some 
others. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom. Fili-a, a daughter. . Fili-ae, daughters. 

Gen. Fili-ae, a daughter's, or of Fili-arum, daughters', or of 

a daughter. daughters. 

Dat. Fili-ae, to or for a daughter. Fili-abus, or filiis, to or for 

Ace. Fili-am, a daughter. Fili-as, daughters. [daughters, 

toe. Fili-a, daughter I Fili-ae, daughters I 

Abl. Fili-a, from, with, or by a Fili-abus, or filiis, from, with, or 

daughter. by daughters. 
N.B. — The feminine forms of adjectives, in a, are declined like mensa. 

* As there is no article in Latin, mensa may mean either a table, or the table 
according to the sense required. 



12 FIRST LATIN READER. 



EXERCISE I. 



Aquilae. Aquilas. Pugnam. Pugnarum. Aquilis. Porta. 
Porti. PortA. Puellae. Puellarum. Portis. Pugnas. Ancilla. 
Lunam. Ancillas. Ancillaram. Filiae. Casas. Ancilla. Genam. 
(renis. Umbras. Silvae. Umbram. Aquilarum. Pennis. Fili- 
abus. Fundas. Fundae. Umbris. Silvarum. Regina. Reginas. 
Nautae. Nautas. Linguam. Linguis. Nympha. Nympha. 
Musca. Muscarum. Peram. Pilae. Ancoras. Ancoris. Aulam. 
Aulas. Perae. Ancorarum. Deas. Deae. Janua. Januaram. 

The battle. The battles. Of the sling. The moons. The moon's. 
Of the queen. The queen's. The queens. The queens'. For the 
queen. Of the daughters. The language. The tongue. The 
languages. Of the flies. To the maid-servant. The eagles. 

3. (Syntax) Rule I. — An adjective agrees with its own substan- 
tive in gender, number, and case: as, fabula longa, (fern.,) a long 
story; fabulae longae, (pi.,) long stories; amicus fidus, (masc.,) a 
faithful friend; amicos fidos, faithful friends; praemium mag- 
num, (neut.,) a great reward. 

4. (Syntax) Rule II. — The prepositions in, (in, among;) cum, 
(together with;) a or ab, (from, by;) e or ex, (out of , from the 
midst of,) govern the ablative: as, in silva, in the forest ; cum 
ancilla, along with the maid-servant. 

5. (Syntax) Rule III. — A verb agrees with its subject in number 
and person: aquila est, rquilae sunt. 

6. (Syntax) Rule IV. — One substantive governs, in the genitive, 
another signifying a different thing; as, penna aquilae, the eagle's 
feather. 

7. Est (3c? sing.) means is ; sunt (3d pi.), are. 

EXERCISE II. 

(3.) Via lata. Dea sancta. Ancora curva. Portae latae. Viae 
angustae. Vias angustas. Portarura latarum. Puellae sedulae. 
Silvae latae. Portis angustis. Aquilae validae. 

(4.) In silva. In casis. Cum puella. Cum filia. In casa. In 
porta lata. Cum puellis sedulis. Cum regina beata. In via angusta. 
Cum filiabus parvis. In parva casa. 

(5.) Ancilla est fessa. Deae sunt sacctae. Ancorae sunt curvae 



FIRST LATIN READER. 13 

Filia est bcata. Aquila est valida. Formicae sunt parvae. Regina 
est caeca. Luna est clara. 

(6.) Pluma aquilae. Plumae aquilae. Plumae aquilarum. Janua 
casae. Gena puellae. Umbrae silvarum. In umbra silvae. In 
casa agricolae. Funda nautae. Perae nautarum. Agricolae filia. 
Cum filia agricolae. In densa umbra silvarum. Cum deabus Sanctis. 
Filia reginae est pulchra. Ancilla est formosa. AncSrae sunt curvae. 
Janua casae est lata. Portae sunt apertae. Lingua Belganim. 
Agricolae sunt in silvis. Nauta est in agricolae casa. Formosa filia 
nautae est in casa reginae. Pulchrae filiae nautarum sunt in splendida 
aula reginae. Sedulae ancillae sunt in parva casa dominae. Pennae 
aquilarum sunt longae. In silvis multae sunt muscae. Filia mea 
est pulchra. 

The gates are wide. The gates of the palace are wide. The 
farmer's hut is small. The forest is dense. The eagle's wings are 
long. There are many flies in the husbandman's cottage. The 
woods are dense. The balls are round. The queen's cheeks are 
pale. The moon is bright. Your daughters are beautiful (in feat- 
ures). The girl's hair is auburn. There is a round table in the 
husbandman's cottage. 



SECTION III. 

SECOND DECLENSION. 

1. Nouns of this declension end in the nominative singular in -us, 
-er, -ir, -ur, or -um. Words in -urn are neuter ; those in -us, -er, 
-ir, -ur, masculine or feminine. The genitive singular ends in -i. 





Singular. 


Plural. 


..) Nom. 


Serv-us, masc, a slave. 


Serv-I, slaves. 


Gen. 


Serv-I, of a slave. 


Serv-6rum, of slaves. 


Bat. 


Serv-o, to or for a slave. 


Serv-is, to or for slaves. 


Ace. 


Serv-um, a slave. 


Serv-68, slaves. 


Voc. 


Serv-e, slave/ 


Serv-i, slaves / 



AM. Serv-o, from, dc., a slave. Serv-is, from, dc, slaves. 



H 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



Singular. 
(2.) Nom. Piier, masc., a boy. 
Gen. Puer-i, of a boy. 
Bat. Puer-o, to or for a boy. 
Ace. Puer-um, a boy. 
Voc. Puer, boy I 
Abl. Puer-o, from, &c, a boy. 

(3.) Nom. Magister, masc, a master. 
Gen. Magistr-i, of a master. 
Dat. Magistr-o, to or for a master. 
Ace. Magistr-um, a master. 
Voc. Magister, master/ 
Abl. Magistr-o, from, dbe., a mas- 
ter. 



Plural. 
Puer-i, boys. 
Puer-orum, of boys. 
Puer-is, to or for bogs. 
Puer-os, boys. 
Puer-i, boys I 
Puer-is, from, dec, boys. 

Magistr-i, masters. 
Magistr-crum, of masters. 
Magistr-is, to or for masters. 
Magistr-os, masters. 
Magistr-i, masters! 
Magistr-is, from, <bc, mas- 
ters. 



2. N.B. — Neuter nouns have the nominative, vocative, and accusa- 
tive alike in both numbers, and in the plural these cases end in i£. 



Singular. 
(4.) N. V.&Acc. Mal-um, neut., an apple. 
Gen. Mal-i, of an apple. 
Dot. Mal-o, to an apple. 
Abl. Mal-o, from, <Lc, an 

apple. 



Plural. 
Mal-a, apples. 
Mal-orum, of apples. 
Mal-is, to apples. 
Mal-is, from, <bc, apples. 



3. Adjectives which have the masculine in -us or -er, and the 
neuter in -um, are declined like substantives of this declension. 
The masculine in -us has the same inflexions as servus ; in -er, the 
same as puer, or magister; and the neuter the same as malum. The 
feminine form in -a belongs to the First Declension. Thus, parv-us, 
yarv-a, parv-um, small ; tener, tenera, tenerum, tender ; pulcher, 
pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. 

4. (Syntax) Rule V. — The p>repositions ad, (to or towards,) and 
hi, (into,) govern the accusative* 

EXERCISE III. 

(1.) Digiti. Digitis. Oculus. Hortorum. Oculum. Servi. Oculus 
servi. Oculi puellarum. Oculi puellarum sunt clari. Servi agricolae 
sunt fidi. Cum equis agricolae. Populus est alba. Asinus cum 



Hher prepositions governing the accusative will be given iifterwards. 



FIRST LATIN READER. If) 

equo est in agricolae horto. Rami populi sunt parvi. Reginae equus 
est albus. Albos vitulos agricolae. Deus est sanctus. Deus* sancte. 
Oculi nautarum sunt acuti. 

(2.) Pueri. Pueros. Oculi puerorum sunt teneri. Generos. Soceri. 
Soceroruni. Generis. Cum generis. Generum. Liberos. Filiae 
amici tui sunt miserae. Cum miseris liberis reginae. Fide puer ! 
miser amice ! Digiti agricolae sunt longi. 

(3.) Magistri. Agros. In agris magistri. In agros viri. Pulcher 
vitulus agricolae in horto estTpoetae. Magister care. In parvani 
Belgae casam. In parva Belgae casa. Teneros vitulos vaccae. 

(4.) Templo. In templo. In templum. Ad templum dei. In 
templa deorum. In templis deorum. Aquilae ova. Lata arva 
agricolae. Poma sunt matura. Colla equorum sunt curva. Portae 
templi sunt latae. Aperta est janua casae. Cum donis reginae. 
FSlia populi sunt parva. In horto magistri mala sunt matura. 

The horses. The horse's. The horses'. In the gardens. Into the 
fields of the master. In the eagle's eggs. The temple is spacious. 
My shadow is long. Your slave is faithful. The horse's tongue is 
rough. The Belgian's gifts are hateful. The hatred of the man is 
great. Poplar trees are tall. Among the leaves of the poplar. My 
eyes are weak. The neck of your swan is long. The cow is in the 
field with her calf. The boy's cheeks are pale. The gods are holy. 
In the temples of the gods there are many gifts. There are many 
ripe apples in your father-in-law's garden. There is a tall poplar 
tree in the wood. The shadow of the poplar trees is long. The 
children of the poet are much-loved. 



SECTION IV. 

THIRD DECLENSION. 

1. In the First and Second Declensions the stem of a noun may 
be easily distinguished, even in the nominative ; but in the Third 
Declension it is so disguised, by the omission of consonants, or the 
modification of vowels, that it cannot be known without reference to 

* Deus has the vocative the same as the nominative. Tho nominntive and voca- 
tive plural are Dii (Di) oftener than Dei ; and the dative and ablative plural, Diis 
\JDi3) otteuer than Deis. , 

iW ^ ^^ % 



16 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



one of the oblique* cases. The following classification groups the 
nouns of this declension according to the change which takes place 
on the stem in the nominative.^ 
2. (I.) The First Class contains those nouns which have the 



pure stem in the nominative, 

SINGULAR. 

(1.) N. & Voc. Honor, raasc. 
Gen. Honor-Is. 
Dat. Honor-I. 
Ace. Honor-em. 
Abl. Honor-e. 



honour. 



Plural. 
Hondr-es, honour*. 
Honor-um. 
Honor-ibus. 
Honor-es. 
Honor-ibus. 





Singular. 




Plural. 


V. <fc Voc. 


Frater, m., a 


brother. 


Fratr-es, brothers. 


Gen. 


Fratr-is. 




Fratr-um. 


Dat. 


Fratr-i. 




Fratr-ibus. 


Ace. 


Fratr-em. 




Fratr-es. 


Abl. 


Fratr-e. 




Fratr-ibus. 



3. To this class belong nouns likepater and mater, which drop out -t 
in the oblique cases ; so that the genitive is patris, and not pater-is. 



(2.) 



(3.) iV. V. dfc Ace. Animal, n., an animal. Animal-ia, animals. 

Gen. Animal-is. Animal-ium. 

Dat. Animal-i. Animal-ibns. 

Abl. Animal-i. $ Animal-ibus. 

4. (Syntax) Rule VI. — The conjunctions et, ac, atque, (and,) 
connect words and clauses co-ordinatively : as, p&ter et mater, father 
and mother; pater meus est bonus, et mater tua est pulchra, my 
father is good, and your mother is beautiful. 

EXERCISE IV. 

(1.) Anseris. Anseres. Anserem. Matris. Matres. MatrL Sor- 
orum. Pastoribus. Cum pastoribus. Matrum. Patrem et matrem. 

* The accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative are called oblique or dependent 
cases, because subject to the government of other words. The nominative and 
rocative are caUed independent cases, or casta recti, because they are not liable to 
such regimen. 

t In reading a Latin author, the problem which a young student is most fre- 
quently called on to solve, in regard to nouns, is, "To find the nominative from 
an oblique case," and not vice versa; and it is hoped that the arrangement of nouns 
adopted in the text will render this a comparatively easy task. 

% Neuter nouns in-«, -t, -aZ, and -ar, have -i in the ablativo. instead of-/,- and have 
therefore ~ia in the nominative plural, and -ium in the genitive plural. 
U2£) 



FIRST LATIN READER. 17 

Fiatres et sorores. Cum sororibus et fratribus. Solis. Sole. Sine 
sole. Ex mercatoribus. Dolor matris meae. 

(2.) Pater care. Mater cara. Anseris collum. Corvos et anseres. 
Matris soror meae. Pater meus est beatus, et mater mea est beata . 
Arborum folia. Arborum folia sunt parva. Rami arborum sunt 
magni. Circum casam patris sui. Patres puellarum formosi 
sunt. Arator cum aratro. Ex agricolae casa. Fures sunt timidi. 
Timor furum est magnus. Exulis filia est pulchra. A pud casam 
pastoris. Lupi et pastores. Fures sunt in carcere. Per agricolae 
agros. Lupus inter casas pastorum. Ante januam casae. Apud 
Caesarem victorem. 

(3.) Animali. Animalis. Calcaria. Fulgnr. Calcarium. Animalibus, 
Ex animalibus. Animalia. Pastores sunt celeres. Ad aggerem. 
Circum portam oppidi. Labores pastorum sunt magni. Inter 
labores exulum. Fulgura coeli. Circum oppida mercatorum. Solis 
radii sunt clari. Casa aratoris est parva. Casae pastorum et arat- 
orum. Fratres tui sunt fessi vomere. Ante casas exulum arbores 
sunt altae. Lupus et agnus. 

The thief is wicked. Among the wicked thieves. The spring is 
never-ending. Throughout a never-ending spring. Among the long 
branches of the poplars. Caesar is victorious. The farmer's geese 
are in the garden. The sailors are in the shepherd's hut. The glory 
of the Roman people is great. In the exile's hut. Into the exile's 
hut. Into the exiles' huts. With great honours. Caesar's statue is 
near the mound. The ramparts are high and long. Throughout the 
level plain. Around the towns of the Romans. My father is good. 
The boy is in the garden with his father and his mother. 

5. (II.) To the Second Class belong those nouns which, in the 
nominative, add a letter (usually s or e) to the pure stem : as, urb-s, 
(f.,) a city ; ret-e, (n.,) a net. 

Singular. Plural. 

(1.) iV. <k Voc. Urb-s, f., a city. Urb-es, cities. 

Gen. Urb-is. Urb-ium. 

Bat. Urb-i. Urb-ibus. 

Urb-es. 
Urb-ibus. 
net. Ret-Ia, nets. 

Ret-ium. 
Ret-ibus. 
Ret-ibus. 



Ace. 


Urb-em. 


AU. 


Urb-e. 


(2.) N. V. &Acc. 


Ret-e, n., 


Gen. 


Ret-is. 


Bat. 


Ret-i. 


All. 


Ret-i. 


(122/ 





13 FIEST LATIN READER. 

G. As x is equal to cs or gs, (see Section I. 6,) all nouns ending in 
x belong to this class ; thus, dux = dues, lex = legs. 

Singular. Plural. 

JV. dc Voc. Lex (leg-s), f., a law. Leg-es, laws. 

Gen. Leg-is. Leg-um. 

Bat. Leg-i. Leg-ibus. 

Ace. Leg-em. Leg-es. 

All. Leg-e. Leg-ibus. 

7. (Svntax) Rule VII. — Since two singulars are equal to a 
plural, two singular subjects connected by a co-ordinative conjunc- 
tion (et, ac, atque, -que, &c.) have a verb or adjective in the plural; 
as, Pater et filius sunt clari, the father and the son are famous. 



EXERCISE V. 

(1.) Hiemem. Plebis. Trabes. Urbium. Urbe. Inurbe. Exurbi- 
bus. Plebem. TrabL Trabes. Pace. Vocis. Magna voce. Justara 
legem. Aequas leges. Portae magnaram urbium. Longas trabes. 
In arce. Ad forniosum gregem. Duces sunt fessi bello. Regum 
coronae sunt splendidae. Pater meus est in urbe. Frater tuus 
est dux Belgarum. Tauri sunt feroces. Pater meus et mater sunt 
felices. Per sanctas leges. Bellum est atrox. Inter aquilas veloces. 

(2.) Mare est planum. Retia sunt rara. Inter rara retia. Monile 
est splendidum. Monile reginae est magnum. Undae maris sunt 
longae. Aqua est pura. Aqua maris. Longae sunt radices populi altae. 
Magnus grex corvorum. Magni sunt greges corvorum in silvis. 
Inter hiemem. Hiemes longas. Sedilia in horto regis sunt longa. 

The general of the Romans. The walls of the citadel. The laws 
of the city. The deep sea. The girl's magnificent necklaces. The 
king is just. The daughter of the fanner is happy. The master and 
his slave are foolish. The sailors' nets are wide-meshed. The farmer's 
wife is foolish. The queen's consort is happy. Around the walls of 
the city. The generals of the Romans are daring in war. Among 
the flocks of crows. Towards the level sea. In the wide-meshed 
nets of the sailors. 

8. Adjectives such as inops are declined like urbs, [but vvops makes 
gen. plur. in-ww;] those in. r, asfelix, are declined like ter, [but/W«> 
makes gen. plur. in -ium;] and those in e (i.e., the neuter of adjec- 



FIRST LATIN READER. 19 

tives, in -is, as mitis, mitis, mite) like rete. The rule for neuters, 
Section III., p. 14 (2. N.B.), applies in adjectives as well as in sub- 
stantives. For examples of adj ectives declined in full, see Section VII. 

9. (III.) In the Third Class are included those nouns which 
have a vowel inserted in the nominative between the stem and the 
inflexion ; as, caed-e-s for caed-s, gen. caed-is. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


N. S Voc. Clad-es, f., a defeat.* 


Clad-es, defeats. 


Gen. Clad-is. 


Clad-ium. 


Bat. Clad-i. 


Clad-ibus. 


Ace. Clad-em. 


Clad-es. 


Abl. Clad-e. 


Clad-ibus. 


N. dte Voc. Ap-is {or apes), f., a bee. 


Ap-es bees. 


Gen. Ap-is. 


Ap-um {or ap-ium.) 


Bat. Ap-i. 


Ap-ibus. 


Ace. Ap-em. 


Ap-es. 


Abl. Ap-e. 


Ap-ibus. 



-Am-o, 


Am-a-s, 


Am-a-t, 


/ love. 


Thou lovest. 


lie loves. 


-Am-a-mus, 


Am-a-tis, 


Am-a-nt, 


We love. 


You love. 


They love. 



10. A large class of adjectives are declined, in the masculine and 
feminine, like apis, (but see Section VII., p. 31, note *,) while tha 
neuter follows rete; thus, grav-is, grav-is, grav-e, heavy. 

11. The present indicative active of a verb of the First Conjuga- 
tion is declined as follows : — 

Sing.- 

Plur. 



EXERCISE VI. 

Avis volat. Aves volant. Saltamus. Canes civium festinant in 
silvas. Per oppidum festinat vir fortis. Omnes cives saltant. Amnes 
sunt alti. Aures canis breves sunt. Colla piscium sunt brevia. Per 
aquam natant pisces. Puella gracilis saltat in aula. Cives multi in 

* Nouns in -es and -is have the following peculiarities : — 1. Some in -is have -im 
in the accusative and -i in the ablative; as, sitis, thirst, sitim, siti: -while some have 
both -em and -im ; as, navis, navem or navim, nave or navi. 2. The gen. plur. ends 
in -ium (not -urn), in (1) those which have -i in the ablative or -e and -t both ; 
as, navis, nave or navi, navium ; (2) in those which have the same number of sylla- 
bles in the gen. sing, as in the nom. ; as, navis, navis, navium [Exception. — But vates, 
canis, juvenis, <tec, have -um only] ; (3) in those monosyllabic nouns in which final 
8 or x is preceded by a consonant ; as, urbs, urbium, arx, arcium. For exceptional 
see Schmitz's Grammar, pp. 46, 47. 



20 FIRST LATIN READER, 

aula regis coenant. Inter aures canis musca volat. Caesar festinat 
in Italiam. Coenatis. Cum patre festinas in silvam. Ensis est 
gravis auro. In tabernam tonsoris festinant nautae. Malus navis 
est altus. Mali navium sunt leves. Panis est lSvis. Juvenes cum 
caris sororibus in agricolae horto ambulant. Agricola arat. Fortes 
viri cum hostibus patriae pugnant. Rupes sunt altae. Vulpes est 
callida. Servi in agricolae casa coenant. Crines juvenum sunt nigri. 
Caper et capella saltant in agro. Vates sunt sancti. Breves sunt 
canis tui aures. 

The dove flies. The beautiful daughter of the king is walking in 
the citizen's garden. The queen's maid-servant is hastening to the 
palace. All the Belgians are brave. The months of spring are short. 
The hills are white. I am hastening to the territories of the Belgians. 
The cunning foxes are walking round the farmer's cottage. The 
months of spring are agreeable. Along with the wild boar. The 
young men's axes are sharp. 

12. (IV.) The Fourth Class includes those nouns which drop the 
last letter of the stem in the nominative : as, sermo (for sermon), 
sermonis; lac (for lad-), lactis; cor (for cord-), cordis; poema (for 
poemat-), poematis. 



SlKTJULAR. 


Plural. 


N. dk Voc. Sermo, m., conversation. 


Sermdn-es, conversations. 


Gen. Sermon-is. 


Sermon-urn. 


Bat. Sermon-i. 


Sermon-ibus. 


Ace. Sermon-em. 


Sermon-es. 


All. Sermon-e. 


Sermon-ibus. 


N. V. Jc Ace. Cor, n., the heart. 


Cord-a, hearts. 


Gen. Cord-is. 


Cord-tun. 


Bat. Cord-i. 


Cord-ibus. 


All. Cord-e. 


Cord-ibus. 


13. (Syntax) Rule VIII. — Transitive* verbs governf tie accus- 


ative. 





* For explanation of transitive verbs see Section XII. 

t By the term "govern" it Is simply meant that the practice of the Latins was to 
put an accusative case after a transitive verb. So in English it Is the practice to 
use that form of nouns which we call the objective case (accusative) after transitive 
verbs and prepositions: as, " He struck me" (not, He struck I) : " He walked with me" 
(nat,with I); and hence we say that transitive verbs and prepositions govern the 
objective- 



FIRST LATIN READER. 21 

14. (SrNTAx) Rule IX. — The word that expresses the instrument 
by which something is done, is put in the ablative; as, Necat ense, 
he kills with a sword. 



EXERCISE VII. 

Poeta laudat sermonem Ciceronis. Latrones amant praedam. 
Agricolae amant ligones. Agricola glebam ligone versat. Oratio 
Ciceronis erat dulcis. Gloria populi Romani erat magna. Alexander 
erat rex Maceddnum. Poemata sunt grata. Poema breve laudas. 
Condiciones pacis erant foedae. Laudo pavonis caudam. Agricolae 
servus asinum fusti dtflat. Asinus erat socius cum leone in silva. 
Maritimi praedones naves Romanorum fugant. Neptunus turgidum 
mare placat, et nubes fugat. Templum Junonis erat splendidum. 
Pan curat oves, atque ovium magistros. Cives cum civibus certant. 
Pater meus murum aedificat. Domini servos fustibus dolant. Corda 
agnorum sunt timida. Pueri recens lac amant. Agricolae amant 
pocula albi lactis. 

The fame of Scipio was great. The enemy puts to flight the Roman 
legions. Scipio slays his enemy with the sword. Nature gives (dat) 
to us (nobis) reason and speech. The Macedonian loves the fields of 
his own town. The pillars of the temple of Juno are high. The 
maid-servants love the queen. The husbandmen turn up the soil 
with spades. An ass and a lion were partners in the forests. The 
boy admires the splendid tail of the peacock. The farmers, along 
with their servants, are building a cottage. 

15. (V.) To the Fifth Class belong those nouns which omit t or 
d in the nominative before the final s ; as frons for fron-t-s, laus 
tor laitrd-s. In one word n is dropped — namely, sanguis foi 
mngui-n-s. 

Singular. Plural. 

N. & Voc. Laus {for Lau-d-s), f., praise. Laud-es, praises. 

Gen. Laud-is. Laud-um. 

Dat. Laud-i. Laud-ibus. 

Ace. Laud-em. Laud-es. 

Abl. Laud-e. Laud-ibus. 



22 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Singular. Pxural. 

N. & Voc. Frons {for Fron-t-s), f., the forehead. Front-es, foreheads. 

Gen. Front-is. Front-ium.* 

Dot. Front-i. Front-ibus. 

Ace. Front-em. Front-es. 

Abl. Front-e. Front-ibns. 

16. All participles ending in -ns, as avians, monens, &c, and all 
adjectives of similar termination, are declined like the nouns of thia 
class. 

EXERCISE VIII. 

Frons pueri est tenuis. Virtus parentium est magna dos. Laud- 
atis pietatem erga parentes. Mors aequo pSde pulsat et turres 
regum et pauperum casas. Gutta cavat lapidem. Puer passerem 
lapide necat. Auream aetatem laudant poetae. Laudes tuae patrem 
meum delectant. Montes sunt alti. Pons est latus. Avus stultus 
nepotem stultum amat. Mortis pes aequus est. Ungues aquilae 
sunt acutl Mens hominum nescia est sortis futurae. Ingentes 
lapides de montibus saltant. Mens regis est conscia recti Boves 
sunt fessi vomere. Dii sunt custodes urbium. Ad fontem dulcis 
aquae. Populi frondes sunt leves. Frondes silvarum sunt novae. 
Philosophia liberat mentem cupiditatibus. Libertas est donum Dei. 
Deus ! libertas est donum tuum. Patula arbor Jovis glandes suibus 
ministrat. Mens adolescentis est matura. Puer pedes in fonte 
lavat. Mors ducis erat salus civitatis. Nymphae sunt custodes 
montium. 

The shade of the wood delights the poet. My sister is taking-a- 
walk through the wood. The poet praises the brave sailors. The 
maid-servants love the farmer's daughter. My father and my mother 
are knocking at the door of the farmer's cottage. The neck of the 
ox is short. The maid-servant praises (i. e., likes to see) bowls of 
white milk. The robbers hasten to the woods. The servant ploughs 
his master's fields with sturdy oxen. Death's foot is impartial 
(i. e. y the visits of Death are impartial.) 

17. (VI.) The Sixth Class embraces those nouns in which the 

* Observe that monosyllabic words like frons, in which the final sorj is preceded 
by a consonant, take -turn in the genitive plural; but that ia those like Ictus, where 
a vowel precedes, the genitive plural makes -urn. For exceptions, see Schm?tz*s 
Grammar, pp. 4G, 47. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 23 

j final vowel of Die stem is changed in the nominative: as, Bteni, 
nornin, but nominative, nomen; stem, capit, but nominative, caput. 

Singular. Plural. 

JV. V. & Ace. Nomen, n., a name. Nomin-a, names. 

Gen. Nourin-is. Nomin-um. 

Bat. Nomin-i. Nomin-ibus. 

All. Nomin-e. Nomin-ibus. 

N. V. & Ace. Caput, n., the head. Caplt-a, heads. 

Gen. Capit-is. Capit-um. 

BaU Capit-i. Capit-ibus. 

All. Capit-e. Capit-ibus. 

18. The imperfect indicative active of a verb of the First Conjuga/- 
tion is declined as follows : — 

Sing.— Am-a-bam, Am-a-bas, Am-a-bat, 

/ was loving. Thou wast loving. He was loving. 

Tlur.— Am-a-bamiis, Am-a-batis, Am-a-bant, 

We were loving. You were loving. They were loving. 



EXERCISE IX. 

Pater mutat nomen filii. In regis capite corona est splendida. 
Poeta laudat flumina lactis. Pueri et puellae in gramine saltant. 
Multi pisces in flumine natant. Caput fluminis est parvum. Magis- 
ter pueros bonos amabit. Vulcanus fulmina Jovi ministrat. Ad 
latum flumen festinant servi. Pater alta capita cervorum filiis et 
filiabus monstrat. Carmina poetarum delectant sapientes. Mater 
filiabus caris nitidum ebur monstrabat. Gramma recentia boves 
delectant. Juvenes dabant nomina sua consuli. Numina montis sunt 
benigna. Pectines sunt eburnei. Regina dat aureum pectinem 
filiae carae. Dentes puellarum albi sunt. 

The river is deep. The rivers are deep. Sailors praise large 
rivers. The water of the river is pure. The farmer's servants were 
dancing on the grass. Caesar was a man of illustrious name (gen.) 
A lion was killing a tender lamb with his teeth. The dogs were 
swimming in the deep river. You were showing the pillars of the 
temple to your friend. The farmer points out the way to the boy. 
The consul was hastening into Italy with the Roman legions. The 
servants were walking in the shepherd's garden. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



19. (VII.) In the Sevexth Class are ranged those nouns in 
which the final letter of the stem is changed in the nominative into 
*:* as, mos (for mor), moris; flos (for Jlor) floris. 





SlKGULAR. 


Plural. 


r . & Voc. 


Flos, m., 


a flower. 


Flor-es, flowers 


Gen. 


Flor-is. 




Flor-um. 


Lot. 


Flor-i. 




Flor-ibus. 


Ace. 


Flor-em. 




Flor-es. 


All. 


Flor-e. 




Flor-ibus. 



EXERGISE X. 

Jus est aeternum. Columba dat oscula marl Mores Scytharura 
laudat poeta. In horto reginae multi sunt flores recentes. Mer- 
cator laudat rura oppidi sui. Amicus mens laudat rus in urbe. 
Antiqui Tellurem deam putabant. Agricola mures ex agris suis 
fugat. Aranearum crura longa sunt. Ante ora patris puer saltat in 
horto. 

The flowers in the shepherd's garden delight my sister. Your 
brother was praising the fields (rus) of his own city. On the banks of 
the river there are many flowers. The doves were giving kisses to 
their mates. The praises of the country are in the mouth of all 
poets. The earth is round. The husbandman was killing a little 
mouse with a stick. 

20. The seven classes above enumerated comprehend all the impor- 
tant simple varieties of this declension ; but there are many nouns, 
not yet exemplified, which exhibit the peculiarities of more than one 
class. Thus, judex, which makes the genitive judic-is, adds s to the 
stem, like the nouns of Class II., and changes the last vowel of the 
stem, like those of Class VI. So also vertex, princeps, and many 
others. Homo, ordo, cardo, imago, &c, drop the final n of the 
stem, like sermo, Class IV., and change the last vowel of the stem, 
like Class VI. Miles, eqxies, dives, and many others, omit t before 
s, like Class V., and change the final vowel of the stem, like Class 
VI. Corpus, tempus, vulmts, fiuius, &&, change the last vowel of 
the stem, as the nouns of Class VI., and substitute s for r, like those 
of Class VII. 

* That s and r were interchangeable in Latin, as they are in Greek, is evident from 
tnch forms as arbor and arbos, honor and hones, quaero and quaeto. <tc. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



25 



(1.) 


Classes II. & VI. Judex 


(2.) 


— IV. & VI. Homo 


(3.) 


— V. & VI. Miles 


(*•) 


— VI. & VII. Corpus 




Singular. 


11.) 


N. <k Voc. Judex, m., a judge. 




Gen. Judic-is. 




Dat. Judle-i. 




Ace. Judic-em. 




Abl. Judic-e. 



(stem, judic-), judic-is. 

(stem, homin-), homin-is. 

(stem, milit-), milit-is. 

(stem, corpor-), corpor-is. 

Plural. 
Judic-es, judges. 
Judic-um. 
Judic-ibus. 
Judic-es. 
Judic-ibus. 



(2.) JV. & Voc. Homo, ra., a man {mankind.) 
Gen. Homin-is. 
Dat. Homin-i. 
Ace. Homin-em. 
Abl. Homin-e. 

(3.) N. & Voc. Miles, m., a soldier. 
Gen. Milit-is. 
Dat. Kilit-i. 
Ace. Milit-em. 
Abl. Milit-e. 

(4.) N. V. <b Ace. Corpus, n., a body. 
Gen. Corp8r-is. 
Dat. Corpor-i. 
Abl. Corpor-e. 



Homin-es, men. 

Homin-um. 

Homin-ibus. 

Homin-es. 

Homin-ibus. 

Milit-es, soldiers. 

Milit-um. 

Milit-ibus. 

Milit-es. 

Milit-ibus. 

Corpor-a, bodies. 
Corpor-um. 
Corpor-ibus. 
Corpor-ibus. 



EXERCISE XI. 

Calcaria sunt decus equitis. Milites nostri in apertum latus 
hostium festinant. Mons altus, nomine Parnassus, sidera verticibus 
pulsat. Genera scelerum sunt diversa. Magna est vis consuetudinis. 
Pater dabat certa pignora filio. Filiae ducis carae vulnera militum 
curant. Itinere et frigore et vulneribus fessus est miles. Senum 
multorum cani sunt capilli. Somnus est mortis imago. Puellae 
munera matris carae laudabant. Helvetii multos obsides Caesari 
dant. Mens hominum est nescia sortis futurae. Tempora mores 
hominum mutant. Agricola laudat nemora et rura oppidi sui. 

The body of the horseman was defiled with dust. The groves 
supply a shade to the weary husbandmen. Anger supplies strength, 



26 



FIftST LATIN READER. 



Old men praise rest. The eagle flies down from the summit of the 
mountain. The sides of the mountain are white with deep snow. 
The father gives a great dowry to his beloved daughter. The shade 
of the trees delights the husbandman weary with his work. The forces 
of the enemy were hastening through the forest. The flank of the 
enemy's cavalry was exposed. 



SECTION V. 

FOURTH DECLENSION. 



1. The nouns of the Fourth Declension end, in the nominative, in 
-us or -u. Those in -us are masculine or feminine, and those in -u 
neuter. 



N. 



Singular. 

<fc Voc. Fruct-us, in. 
Gen. Fruct-us. 
Dat. Fruct-ui. 
Ace. Fruct-um. 
AM. Fruct-u. 



fruit. 



Plural. 

Fruct-us, fruits. 

Fruct-uum. 

Fruct-ibus. 

Fruct-us. 

Fruct-ibus. 



N. V. d; Ace. Gen-u, n., a knee. 
Gen. Gen-iis. 
Bat. Gen-u. 
AM. Gen-u. 



Gen-ua, knees. 
Gen-uum. 
Gen-ibus. 
Gen-ibus. 



N. A Voc. Domus, f., a house. 
Gen. Domus.* 
Dat. Domui (rarely domo). 
Ace. Domum. 
AM. Domo (rarely domu). 



Domus, houses. 

Domuum or domorum. 

Domibus. 

Domos (rarely domus^. 

Domibus. 



2. The following list contains those nouns which have usually 
-ubus instead of -ibus in the dative and ablative plural : — 
arcus, acus, portus, quercus,ficus, add, and artus; 
tribus, lacus, specus, too ; with veru, pecu, partus. 



* Do;r.i is uoed in the sense of " at home.' 



F1JIST LATIN READEK. 27 



fXERCISE XII. 

Agricolae laudant altas quercus. Alta est quercus in horto ducis. 
Lacus est altus. Domus sunt splendidae. Portus erant tuti. Folia 
quercus sunt lata. Puella laudat acutas acus. Puellae manus sunt 
parvae. Hostium equitatus erat in conspectu nostri exercitus. Avis 
puellam cantu delectat. Fructus arbores ornant. Pater meus 
domum amplam aedificabat. Fructus terrae agricolas delectant. 
Naves multae sunt in portu. Puer cornua tauri laudat. Cornua 
cervi ramosa sunt. Arcus Persarum sunt validi. Magnus erat 
exercitus in finibus hostium. Manus tua est magna. Nurus bona 
socruin am at. 

The waves of the sea are large. There are large waves in sight of 
the harbour. Kind-hearted mothers-in-law will love their daughters- 
in-law. Neptune calms the great billows of the sea. Chariots 
delight boys. The servants are washing their master's carriage. 
The boys swim in the billows. The carriage hastens through the 
city. Caesar, with his army, hastens into Italy. The steps of the 
temple are high. There are tall oaks in the king's garden. The 
boys were swimming towards the shore. We are building a spacious 
house for the king's brother. 



SECTION VI. 

FIFTH DECLENSION. 

1. The nouns of this declension have the nominative singular in 
-es, and the genitive in -ei. They are all feminine except dies, 
which is either masculine or feminine in the singular, but masculine 
in the plural. The compound meridies is masculine. 



days. 





Singular. 




Plural. 


A 7 . & Voc. 


Di-es, m. or f., 


a day. 


Di-es, m., 


Gen. 


Di-ei. 




Di-erum. 


Dat. 


Dl-ei. 




Di-ebus. 


Ace. 


Di-em. 




Di-es. 


AM. 


Die. 




Di-ebus. 



28 FIRST LATIN READER. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


N. <k Voc. R-es, f., a thing. 


"B-ea,' things. 


Gen. R-ei. 


R-erum. 


Dai. R-ei. 


R-ebus. 


Ace. R-em, 


R-es. 


Abl. R-e. 


R-ebus. 



2. Dies and res are the only words of this declension which have 
the plural complete. The seven nouns, acies, effigies, fades, glades, 
series, species, and spes have the nominative and accusative plural, 
but the others want the plural. 

3. (Syntax) Rule X. — The word indicating the point of time 
at which anything occurs is put in the ablative. 

4. The future indicative active of a verb ol the First Conjugation 
is declined as follows : — 

Sing. — Am-a-bo, Am-a-bis, Am-a-bit, 

I shaU love. Thou wilt love. He wUl love. 

Plur.— Am-a-bimus, Am-a-bitis, Am-a-bunt, 

We shall love. You will love. They will love. 

EXERCISE XIII. 

Spes victoriae milites delectat. Duces hostium fidem violabunt. 
Circiter meridiem milites ad magistratus festinant. Dea dabit filio 
decoram caesariem. Acies hostium est longa. Pecunia est materies 
multorum malorum. Postero die Caesar cum hostibus acie pugnat. 
Facies tauri torva est. Fortuna est domina humanarum rerum. 
Soror fidei est justitia. Solis occasu Caesar aciem Gallorum militibus 
monstrat. Taurus portam cornibus pulsat. Tauri contra leones 
cornibus pugnant. Cum hostibus patriae pugnabitis. 

On the following day Caesar routs the enemy's cavalry with (cum) 
great slaughter. Luxury is the source of many evils. At sunset 
Caesar's cavalry put to flight the army of the Gauls. The ice 
floats down the river. The father kept his promise. The boy's 
hopes were vain. The arrival of her father will delight the girl. 
Caesar will keep the promise which he gave (i.e., the promise given) 
to the army. The face of the girl was beautiful. Caesar was fight- 
ing with all his cavalry. At sunset the Britons rout the enemy's 
cavalry. The bulls were beating the doors with their horns. About 
sunset the enemy hasten towards the gates of the city. 



FIEST LATIN READER. 29 

SECTION VII. 
ADJECTIVES. 

1. Adjectives may be divided into three classes : — 

(1.) Those which have three forms — one for each gender: as, 
bongos, masc, bon-a, fem., bon-um, neut. ; tener, masc, 
tener-a, fem., tener-um, neut. 

(2.) Those which have two forms — one for the masculine and 
feminine in common, and one for the neuter : as, grav-is, 
masc, grav-is, fem., grav-e, neut. ; grav-ior, masc, 
grav-ior, fem., grav-ius, neut. 

(3.) Those which have only one form for all genders : as, felix, 
maze., felix, fem., felix, neut. ; par, masc, par, fem., 
far, neut. ; sapiens, masc, sapiens, fem., sapiens, neut. 

2. In adjectives of three forms, the feminine is declined like sub- 
stantives of the First Declension ; and the masculine and neuter like 
those of the Second. Tbus bonus, m., is declined like servus; bona, 
f., like mensa; and bonum, n., like templum: tener, m., is declined 
like puer; tenera, f., like mensa; and tenerum, n., like templum. 

Obs. — But there are a few adjectives of the Third Declension which have 
the masculine in -er, (sometimes -ris,) the feminine in -is, and the 
neuter in -e, all of the Third Declension ; as, celer (sometimes 
ceteris), masc, ceteris, fem., celer e, neut. 

3. Adjectives of two forms and those of one form belong to the 
Third Declension. Thus gravis (masc. and fem.) is declined like 
apis; and grave (neut.) like rete. Gravior (masc and fem.) is de- 
clined like honor; and gravius (neut.) like corpus. Felix is declined 
like lex, par like honor, and sapiens like frons. In the neuters of 
all these, the rule for the declension of neuter substantives (p. 14, 
2 N.B.) of course applies. (See also notes, p. 31.) 



CLASS I.— 


Singular. 




Masc 


Fem. 


Neut. 


Norn. Bon-us, good. 


Bon-a. 


Bon-um. 


Gen. Bon-i. 


Bon-ae. 


Bon-i. 


Dat. Bon-o. 


Bon-ae. 


Bon-o. 


Ace. Bon-um. 


Bon-am. 


Bon-um. 


Voc. Bon-e. 


Bon-a. 


Bon-um. 


All. Bou-o. 


Bon-a. 


Bon-o. 



30 



FIRST LATIN READER. 







Plural. 






Masc 


Fem. 


Neut 


N. <fc Voc. 


Bon-i. 


Bon-ae. 


Bon-a. 


Gen. 


Bon-orum. 


Bon-arum. 


Bon-orum. 


Bat. 


Bon-is. 


Bcn-is. 


Bon-is. 


Ace. 


Bon-os. 


Bon-as. 


Bon-a. 


Abl. 


Bon-is. 


Bon-is. 

Singular. 


Bon-is. 


N. <& Voc. 


Tener, tender. 


Tener-a. 


Tener-um. 


Gen. 


Tener-i. 


Tener-ae. 


Tener-i. 


Bat. 


Tener-o. 


Tener-ae. 


Tener-o. 


Ace. 


Tener-um. 


Tener-am. 


Tener-um. 


Abl. 


Tener-o. 


Tener-a. 

Plural. 


Tener-o. 


N. Jb Voc. 


Tener-i. 


Tener-ae. 


Tener-a. 


Gen. 


Tener-orum. 


Tener-arum. 


Tener-orum 


Bat. 


Tener-is. 


Tener-is. 


Tener-is. 


Ace. 


Tener-os. 


Tener-as. 


Tener-a. 


Abl. 


Tener-is. 


Tener-is. 


Tener-is. 



Obs. — Some adjectives are declined in the masculine like ager ; as,— 

Nom. Niger, Nigra, Nigrum. 
Gen. Nigri, Nigrae, Nigri, kc. 







Singular. 




N. & Voc. 


Celer, fleet. 


Celer-is. 


Celer-e. 


Gen. 


Celer-is. 


Celer-is. 


Celer-is. 


Bat. 


Celer-i. 


Celer-i. 


Celer-i. 


Ace. 


Celer-em. 


Celer-em. 


Celer-e. 


Abl 


Celer-i.* 


Celer-i. 
Plural. 


Celer-i. 


N. V. <k Ace. 


Celer-es. 


Celer-es. 


Celer-a. 


Gen. 


Celer-um.f 


Celer-um. 


Celer-um. 


Bat. 


Celer-ibus. 


Celer-ibus. 


Celer-ibus. 


Abl 


Celer-ibus. 


Celer-ibus. 


Celer-ibus. 



* See notes * and t, P- 31. 

f But celer is an exception, having -urn, not -turn. 
used only as a proper name. 



Its genitive plural, however, la 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



31 



CLASS II.— 


SlNOULAR. 




Masc 


Fem. 


Neut. 


N. & Voc. Grav-is, heavy. 


Grav-is. 


Grav-e. 


Gen. Grav-is. 


Grav-is. 


Grav-is. 


Dat. Grav-i. 


Grav-i. 


Grav-i. 


Ace. Grav-em. 


Grav-em. 


Grav-e. 


Abl. Grav-i.* 


Grav-i. 
Plural. 


Grav-i. 


N. V. d: Ace. Grav-es. 


Grav-es. 


Grav-Ia.f 


Gen. Grav-ium.f ' 


Grav-ium. 


Grav-ium. 


Dat. Grav-ibus. 


Grav-ibus. 


Grav-ibus. 


Abl. Grav-ibus. 


Grav-ibus. 

Singular. 


Grav-ibus. 


N. d- Voc. Gravior, heavier 


, Gravior. 


Gravius. 


Gen. Gravior-is. 


Gravior-is. 


Gravior-is. 


Dat. Gravior-i. 


Gravior-i. 


Gravior-i. 


Ace. Gravior-em. 


Gravior-em. 


Gravius. 


A bl. Gravior-e or -i.$ 


Gravior-e or -i. 
Plural. 


Gravior-e or -i 


N. V. ds Ace. Gravior-es. 


Gravior-es. 


Gravior-a. 


Gen. Gravior-um. 


Gravior-um. 


Gravior-um. 


Dat. Gravior-ibus. 


Gravior-ibus. 


Gravior-ibus. 


Abl. Gravior-ibus. 


Gravior-ibus. 


Gravior-ibus. 


CLASS III.- ! 


Singular. 




N. & Voc. Par, equal to. 


Par. 


Par. 


Gen. Par-is. 


Par-is. 


Par-is. 


Dat. Par-i. 


Par-i. 


Par-i. 


Ace. Par-em. 


Par-em. 


Par. 


Abl. Par-i.§ 


Par-i. 


Par-i. 



* Adjectives whose nominative neuter ends in -e have -t" in the ablative. 

t Nouns that have -t in the ablative singular, or -e and -i together, take -turn in 
the genitive plural ; and if neuter, have -ia (not -a only) in the nominative plural. 
But comparatives have only -um and -a. For exceptions, see Schmitz's Grammar, 
pp. 46, 47. 

t The ablative singular ends either in -e or-»— (1.) in all comparatives; and (2.) in 
those adjectives which belong to Class III. 

$ far, though of Class III., has the -i form (rarely -e) in the ablative singular. 



02 FIRST 


LATIN READER. 
Plural. 




ifasc 


Fem. 


Nent 


y. V. is Ace. Par-es. 


Par-es. 


Par-ia. 


Gen. Par-ium. 


Par-ium. 


Par-ium. 


Bat. Par-ibus. 


Par-ibus. 


Par-ibus. 


Abl. Par-ibus. 


Par-ibus. 
Singular. 


Par-ibus. 


iV. cfc Voc. FSlix, happy. 


Felix. 


Felix. 


Gen. Fellc-is. 


Felie-is. 


Felic-is. 


Dot. Felic-i. 


Felic-i. 


Felic-i. 


Ace. Felic-em. 


Felic-em. 


Felix. 


Abl. Felic-e or -i. 


Felic-e or -i. 
Plural. 


Felic-e or 


N. V.d-Acc. Felic-es. 


Felic-es. 


Felic-ia. 


Gen. Felic-ium. 


Felic-ium. 


Felic-ium. 


Dot. Felic-ibus. 


Felic-ibus. 


Felic-ibus. 


Abl. Felic-ibus. 


Felic-ibus. 


Felic-ibus. 



So, Nom. Sapiens, Sapiens, Sapiens. 

Gen. Sapient-is, Sapient-is, Sapient-is, &c. 



4. The second conjugation of verbs has its favourite vowel 5 (long) 
as, mon-ere, to advise. 



Sing.— Mon-e-o, 

I am advising. 
Plur.— Mon-e-mus, 

We are advising. 

Sing. — Mon-e-bam, 

I ivas advising. 

Plur.— Mon-e-bamus, 

We were advising. 



S ing. — Mon-e-bo, 

Isliall advise. 

Plur. — Mon-e-bimus, 

We shall advise. 



PRESENT. 

Mon-e-s, 

Thou art advising. 
Mon-e-tis, 

You are advising. 



Mon-e-t, 

He is advising. 
Mon-e-nt, 

They are advising. 



IMPERFECT. 

Mon-e-bas, Mon-e-bat, 

Thou wert advising. He was advising. 

Mon-e-batis, Mon-e-bant, 

You were advising. They were advising. 



FUTURE. 
Mon-e-bis, 

Thou wilt advise. 
Mon-e-bitis, 

You will advise. 



Mon-e-bit, 

He will advise. 
Mon-e-bunt, 

They will advise. 



FIRST LATIN REAPEK. 33 



EXERCISE XIV. 

Blandus dominus servum fidelem vocat. Servi fideles dominos be- 
nignos laudabunt. Copiae Caesaris in apertum campum festinant. 
Fessi milites ad castra festinabant. Cur ad urbem festinatis ? Acres 
servi pocula magna vino recentiimplent. Magister sedulus pueros bones 
docebat. Puellae et pueri magnam reginae coronam videbunt. Ferox 
lupus agnam tenerani lacerabat. Leo agnum asperis lacerat dentibus. 
Acer agricola terram vomere acuto lacerabit. Parvi pueri acreni 
lupura timent. Cur lupum times ? Regina pulcbra in horto magno 
ambulabat. Timeo hostes et {evert) dona ferentes. Brevi tempore 
hostes castra movent e campo. Cormni bovis sunt longa. 

The boy was filling his father's large cup. The active girls are 
filling the cup with leaves. The boys, along with their dear sisters, 
were filling the cups with leaves. The timid cows fear the fierce lion. 
The plough is heavy. The crow has black feathers. There are 
many tall oaks in the dense forest. The wise father has a foolish 
son. The walls of the city are high. The boys see beautiful fish in 
the river. The ball is round. The ball is smooth. The balls are 
round. The balls are smooth. The girls saw plenty of white milk 
in the farmer's house. Caesar's soldiers were brave. The horse- 
men's spurs are sharp. 



SECTION VIM. 

SOME IRREGULARITIES OF DECLENSION. 

I. SUBSTANTIVES. 

1. The following Nouns, of frequent occurrence, are irregular in 
tlteir declension : — 

Singular. Plural. 

N. <fc Voc. BSs, m. or f., an ox or cow. Bov-es, oxen. 

Gen. Bov-is. Bo-um. 

Dat. Bov-i. Bubus, or bobus. 

Ace. Bov-era. Bov-es. 

All. Bov-e. Bubus, or bobua. 

(122) 3 



34 



FIRST LATIN READER. 





Singular. 




Plural. 


y. & voc. 


Jupiter, m., Jupiter. 





Gen. 
Bat. 
Ace. 
All. 

N. & Voc. 


J6v-is. 
Jov-i. 
Jov-em. 
Jbv-e. 

Sene*,* ra. or f., 


















an old man 


Sen-es, old men or women 


Gen. 


Sen-is. 


[or woman. 


Sen-ttm. 


Bat. 


Sen-i. 




Sen-ibus. 


Ace. 


Sen-em, 




Sen-es. 


All. 


Sen-e. 




Sen-ibus. 


Nom. Vis, f., strength. 




VIr-es. 


Gen. 


(Vis, rare.) 




Vir-ium. 


Bat. 


(Vi, rare.) 




Vir-ibus. 


Ace. 


Vim. 




Vir-es. 


Voc. 







Vir-es. 


All. 


Vi. 




Vir-ibus. 



2. Respublica and jilsjurandum are compound words, res being 
written continuously with the adjective publico,, and jus with the 
gerundive (future participle pass.) jurandum. Each part of the 
compound takes its own peculiar inflexion :— 



Singular. Singular. 

N. & Voc. Res-public-a, f., a republic. 
Gen. Eei-public-ae. 
Bat. Rei-public-ae. 
Ace. Rem-public^am. 
AU. Ee-public-a. 

Plural. — Bes-publicae, &c 



Jus-jurand-um, n., an oath. 

Juris-jurand-i. 

Juri-jurand-o. 

Jus-jurand-um. 

Jure-jurand-o. 



3. Nix, fern., "snow," has the genitive niv-is, from which the 
other cases are regularly declined. 

4. In the Second Declension proper itames in -ius, and the two 
Common Nouns filius and genius, make the vocative in -I, instead of 
-ie: as, Appius, voc. Appl; filius, voc. fill. 

5. Substantives in -ius and -ium occasionally made the genitive 
3ingular in -*. instead of -ii ; as, oti for otii. 



,<knex is propeily an adjective. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 36 

II. ADJECTIVES. 

6. A few Adjectives make the genitive singular in -ius, and the 
dative in -i; as, — 

Singular. 

Masc. Fem. Neut. 

Norn. Un-us, one. XTn-a. TJn-um. 

Gen. TJn-ius. . Un-ius. Un-itis. 

Bat. Un-i. Un-i. tJn-i. 

Ace. TJn-um. Un-am. Un-um. 

Voc. TTn-e. Un-a, Un-um. 

Abl. TJn-o. Un-a. XTn-o. 

7. But the common forms of such adjectives, viz., -i in the geni- 
tive, and -o in the dative, are occasionally used by certain writers. 
The -i of the genitive singular is usually long. 

8. In the same way are declined the following : — 

Nullus, none. Neuter, neither of two. 

Ullus, any. liter, which of two. 

T5tus, ail, whole. Aiius, one {of many.) 

Unus, one. Alter, one {of two), &c. 

9. The plural of these words is regular, like bonus. 

10. (Syntax) Rule XI. — Verbs and adjectives which signify 
advantage or disadvantage, likeness or unlikeness, are followed by 
a dative. 

[That is, adjectives and verbs which, in English, ate followed by "to," 
usually govern a dative in Latin: as, Like to his father, similis patri; 
Useful to the state, utile reipublicae; Nocet amico, he does harm to his 
friend. Thus, verbs signifying to give to, compare with, take away from, 
hurt, resist, obey, &c, are followed by a dative.] 

EXERCISE XV. 

Vires leonis sunt ingentes. Senex est debilis artnis et morbo. 
Multorum senum capilli sunt cani. Fulmina Jovis sunt malis* 
inimica. Agricola laudat curva cornua boum. Agricolae servus 
pabulum bubus dabat. Jupiter magna vi tonat. Agricolae omnes 
Jovem magna voce invocant. In sepulchro pauper diviti part est. 
Voluntas est inimica virtuti. Virtus civinm est salus reipublicre. 
Caesar hastam validis viribus torquet. Vires virorum stint dispares. 

* The substantive is often omitted in Latin, as in Enalish, when the adjective suf- 
ficiently Indicates the meaning. So here, malis "to the wicked," persons being 
undcrotood. f But pa?- sometimes governs the genitive. 



36 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Pastor fidus jusjurandum non violabit. Pater meus jiirejurando 
stat. Neutri consulum milites coronam dant. Principatum toth\3 
Galliae obtinet Caesar. Alteri* divitiae, alteri ingentes vires sunt. 

Tlie old men were teaching the boys. The priests will ornament 
the heads of the oxen. The soldier was hurling the javelin with 
powerful strength. The shepherds dread the lion's immense strength. 
The soldier's mother was invoking Jupiter with a loud voice. The 
wicked dread Jove's thunderbolts. The farmer's servant fills the 
stall of the oxen with fodder. In the grave the poor are on au 
equality with the rich. The exiles were hostile to the republic. 
The slaves are preparing (to make) war against the republic. Tha 
guide points out the temple of Jupiter to the old man. 



SECTION IX. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

1. There are three Degrees of Comparison — the Positive, the 
Comparative, and the Superlative. 

2. The Positive degree is the simple adjective ; as, bonus, malus. 
niger, alius. 

3. General Rule. — To form the comparative and superlative 
degrees, add -ior (-ior, /., -ius, n.) and -issimus (-a, /., -urn, n.), 
respectively, to the stem of the positive; as, — 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

Clar-us, clear. Clar-ior. Clar-issimus. 

Saev-us, cruel. Saev-ior. Saev-issimus. 

Grav-is, heavy. Grav-ior. Grav-issimus. 

Lev-is, light. Lev-ior. Lev-issimus. 

4. Exceptions: — 

(I.) When the Positive ends in r, the Superlative takes 
-rimus; as, — 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

Tener, tender. Tener-ior. Tener-rimus. 

Pulcher (stem pulchr-), fair. Pulchr-ior. Pulcher-rimus. 

Acer (sfetn acr-), sharp. Acr-ior. Acer-rimus. 

* Literally, "there are to Cite one;" t.e., "tlie one has." 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



37 



(2.) Six Adjectives, ending in -lis, take -limus in the Superlative; 



Positive. 
Facil-is, easy. 
Gracil-is, slender. 
Humil-is, low. 
Simil-is, like. 
Difficil-is, difficult. 
Dissimil-is, unlike. 



Comparative. 
Faeil-ior. 
Gracil-ior. 
Humil-ior. 
Simil-ior. 
Difficil-ior. 
Dissimil-ior 



Superlative. 
Facil-limus. 
Gracil-limus. 
Humil-limus. 

Si mil-limns. 

Difficil-limus. 

Dissimil-limus. 



(3.) Compound Adjectives ending in -dicus, -ftcus, and -volus, take 
-entior and -entissimus, as if from Positives in ens; as, — 
Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

Maledic-us, abusive. Maledicent-ior. Maledicent-issimua. 

iVlalefic-us, vicious. Maleficent-ior. Maleficent-issimus. 

Malevol-us, ill-disposed. Malevolent-ior. Malevolent-issimus. 



tgen-us, needy. 
Provid-us, foreseeing. 



Egent-ior. 
Provident-ior. 



Egent-issimus. 
Provident-issimus. 



5. The following list contains those Irregular Comparatives and 
Superlatives which most frequently occur : — 



Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


Bonus, good. 


Melior. 


Optimus. 


Mains, bad. 


Pejor. 


Pessimns. 


Magnus, great. 


Major. 


Maximus. 


Multus, much. 


Plus. 


Plurimus. 


Parvus, small. 


Minor. 


Minimus. 


Nequam, worthless. 


Nequior. 


Nequissimus. 


Senex, an old man. 


Senior. 


Natu maximus, 


Juvenis, a young man, 


Junior. 


Natu minimus. 



6. A few Adjectives have two forms in the Superlative ; as, — 



Extents, being outside. 
Inferns, being under. 

Posterus, being behind. 
BupSrus, being above. 



Exterior, outer. S Extremns, (sometimes 

(. extimus,) the last. 
Inferior, lower. Infimus, or Imus. 

( Postremus, the last; 
( Posterior , farther] and Postiimus, one 
\ back, later. J born after his fa- 

[ ther's death. 

( Supremus, the last (in 
Superior, higher. < time); summus, tht 

K hightst. 



38 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



7. A few have no proper Positive, but the positive stem appears in 
adverbs or other indeclinable words ; as, — 



Positive Stem. 


Comparative. 




Superlative 


(Ante, before.) 


Anterior. 




- — 


(Citra, on this side.) 


Ulterior. 




Citimns. 


(De, down.) 


Deterior. 




Deterrimns. 


(Intra, within.) 


Interior. 




Intlmus. 


(owc^s, swift.) 


Ocior. 




Ocissimns. 


(Pris, or prae, before.) 


Prior. 




Primns. 


(Prope, near.) 


Propior. 




Proximus. 


(Secus, otherwise. ) 


Sequior, (n. 


seqnius or 





(Ultra, beyond.) 


Ulterior. 


[seems.) 


Ultimus. 



8. (Syntax) Rule XII. — The comparative degree governs t/te 
ablative of the object with which comparison is instituted : as, Dulcior 
melle, sweeter than honey; FUia pulchrior matre, a daughter more 
beautiful than her mother. 



EXERCISE XVL 

Aurum gravius est argento. Argentum vilius est auro, virtutibus 
aurura. Tullus Hostilius ferocior erat Romulo. Puella pulchrior est 
pulcbra matre. Nihil est praestantius virtute. Nemo Romanorum 
eloquentior erat Cicerone. Lupi ferociores sunt quani* canes. 
Honesto {to the honourable man) carior est fides, quam pecunia. 
Equus est celerior quam canis. Magister est doctissimus omnium. 
Onus erat gravissimura. Hieme dies breviores sunt quam noctes. 
Romam, urbem Italiae clarissimam, laudabat poeta. Filius major 
est patre. Liberi parentibus sunt simillimi. Filia pulchra pulch- 
errimae matri est simiUima. Lima minor est terra. Sol est max- 
imus planetarum. Caesarem, et virum fortissimum, et imperatorem 
summum, laudabunt posteri. Cura est ocior ventis. Portus erat 
oeleberrimus. Juvenis erat nequissimus omnium aequalium. Hostes 
extremum oppidum Sequanorum oppugnabant. Hieme pauperes 
sunt egentissimi. Senem sapientissimum omnes amant. Gloria 
populi Romani erat summa in re militari. 
, , | 

* When quam, "than," is expressed, the second substantive agrees with the first J 
in case. 



I IKST LATIN READEll. 



39 



The boy was wiser than his sister. The work was very easy. 
The works were very difficult. The girl was very naughty. The 
sons were more fortunate than their parents. The girl is more slen- 
der than her brother. Dogs are more sagacious than cats. In the 
king's garden there are very sweet apples. The peacock's tail is very 
splendid. In the forest beside the river there were very many poplar- 
trees. The queen is the most wretched of all women. The bridge 
is broader than the road. The lion's teeth are very strong. Cornelia 
was the oldest of the sisters. The crane has a very long neck. Men 
often dread the smallest evils. 



SECTION X. 



THE NUMERALS. 

1. Most of the Numerals are in reality adjectives. The two prin- 
cipal classes are the Cardinals and the Ordinals. Of the cardinals, 
the first three are declinable, but from 4 up to 100 they are all inde- 
clinable; from 200 to 1000 they are regularly declined, like the 
plural of bonus. The ordinals are regular adjectives, like bonus. 

2. For unus, see p. 35. 



Masc. 


Fem. Neut 


Masc. 


Fem. 


Neut. 


Nom. Du-o. 


Du-ae. Du-o. 


Tres. 


Tres, 


Tria. 


Gen. Du-6rum. 


Du-arum. Du-6rum. 


Trium. 


Trium. Trium. 


Bat. Du-6bus. 


Du-abus. Du-6bus. 


Tribus. 


Tribus. Tribus. 


A cc. Du-5s. 


Du-as. Du-o. 


Tres. 


Tres. 


Tria. 


Abl. Du-obus. 


Du-abus. Du-obus. 


Tribus. 


Tribus. Tribus. 


CARDINALS. 


ORPINALS. 


DISTRIBUTIVES. 


MCLTIPLICA- 










T1TES (ADT.) 


1. Unus, una, un- 
um, one. 


> Piim-us, a, um, first. 


( Singuli, ae, a, ) 
\ one each time. ) 


Semel, once. 


2. Duo, duae, duo 


( Se"cund-u,s, a, um, or \ 
I alter. ] 


BIni, ae, 


a. 


Bis. 


3. TrSs, tres, trla. 


Terttra. 


Terni, or 


trinl. 


Tev. 


4. Quatuor. 


Quartus. 


Qu&terai 




Quater. 


5. Quinque. 


Quintus. 


Qulni. 




Quinqules 


6. Sex. 


Sextus. 


SEni. 




Sexies. 


7. Septem. 


Septimus. 


SeptSni. 




Septies. 


8. Octo. 


Octavus. 


Octon|. 




Octies. 


9. NOvem. 


NOnns. 


Nflveni. 




N6vies. 


10. DScem. 


Dgclmus. 


DenL 




Uficies. 



10 



FIRST LATIN HEADER. 



CARDINALS. 


ORDINALS. 


DISTRIBUTIVES. 


MCLTIPLICA- 
TIVE8 (ADV.) 


11. Undecim. 


Undecimus- 


Undent 


Un decies. 


12. Duodecim. 


Duodecimus. 


DuodenL 


Duodecies. 


13. TrBdecim. 


Tertius decimus. 


Terni deni. 


Terdecies. 


14. Quatuordecim. 


Quartus decimus. 


Quaterni denL 


Quaterdeciea 


15. Quindecim. 


Quintus decimus. 


Qulni denL 


Quinquiesdecie; 


16. Sedeciin. 


Sextus decimus. 


Seni denL 


( Sexiesdecies, or 
\ sedeciea. 


17. Septendecim. 


Septimus decimus. 


Septeni denL 


Septiesdeciea 


18. DuodevigintL 


DuodSvicesimus. 


( Octoni deni, or 
\ duodeviceni. 


Octiesdecies, or 
duodevicies. 


19. UndevigintL 


Undevicesiinus. 


\ KCveni deni, or 
\ undevicenL 


Noviesdecies, or 
undevicies. 


20. Viginti. 


Vicesimus. 


VicenL 


Vicies. 


21. Viginti unus. 


Unus et vicesimus. 


Vicer.i singulL 


Semel et viciea 


22. VIginti duo. 


( Alter et vicesimus, or \ „. . „ . 
\ . . j M iceni binL 
| vicesimus secundus. J 


Bis et vicies. 


30. Triginta. 


I Tricesimus, or tri 
\ gesimua, 


J TricenL 


Tricies. 


40. Quadraginta. 


Quadragesimus. 


QuadraggnL 


Qaadragies. 


50. Quinquaginta. 


Quinquagesimus. 


QuinquagenL 


Quinquagies. 


60. Sexaginta. 


Sexagesimus. 


SexagenL 


Sexagies. 


70. Septuaginta. 


Septuagesimus. 


SeptuagenL 


Septuagies. 


80. Octoginta. 


Octogesimus. 


Octogeni. 


Octogies. 


90. Nonaginta. 


Nonagesimus. 


NonagenL 


Nonaries. 


100. Centum. 


Centesimus. 


Centeni. 


Centies. 


101. Centum et un- 

us, or centum 
unus. 

102. Centum et duo 


\ Centesimus primus. 
) 


( Centeni 6ing- 
\ ulL 


Centie« et 
semeL 


Centesimus secundus Ccntenl biuL 


Centies et bis. 


200. Ducenti, ae, a. 


Duccntesimus. 


Duccni. 


Ducenti es. 


300. Tricenti, ae. a. 


Trecentesimua 


TreceuL 


Trecenties. 


400. Quadringenti, 
as, a. 


!• Quadringentesimus. 


QuadringenL 


Quadringenties 


500. Quingenti,ae, a 


Quingentesimus. 


QuingenL 


Quingentiea. 


600. Sexcenti, ae, a. 


Sexccntesimus. 


SexcenL 


Sexcentiea 


700. Septingenti,ae, 
a. 


\ Septingentesimus. 


SeptingenL 


Septingenties. 


800. Octingenti, ae, 
a. 


> Octingentesimus. 


OctiugenL 


Octingenties. 


900. Nongenti, ae, a. 


Nongentesimus. 


NongenL 


Non centies. 


1000. Mille, 


Millesimus. 


Singula millia. 


Millies. 


2000. Duo niillia, or 
bis mille. 


> Bis millesimus. 
Decies millesimus. 


Bina millia. 


Bis millies. 


10.000. Decern millia 


Dena millia. 


Decies millica 


100,000. Centum millia. 


Centies millesimus. 


Centena millia. 


Centies mttbm 



For other Numerals, see Gram) 



FIRST LATIN READER. 41 

SECTION XI. 

THE PRONOUNS 

1. A Pronoun is a word which is used to supply the place of a sub- 
stantive, or to refer to some substantive going before or following. 

I. SUBSTANTIVE OR PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Singular. 
1 Pers. 2 Pers. 3 Pers. 

Norn. Ego, /. Tu, thou. 

Gen. Mei, of me. Tui, of thee. Siii, of himself, dec 

Dat. Mini, to or for me. Tibi, to or for thee. Sibi, to or for himself, 

dc 
Ace. Me, me. Te, thee, Se, himself, herself, 

itself. 

Voc. Tu, thou. 

Abl. Me, with, by, from, Te, with, die., thee. Se, with himself, dec. 
or in me. 

Plural. 

Nom. Nos, we. Vos, ye or you. 

(Jen. Nostri, or nostrum, Vestri, or vestrum, Siii, of themselves. 

of us. of you. 

Dat. Nobis, to or for us. Vobis, to or for you. Sibi, to or for them- 



Ace. Nos, us. Vos, you. Se, themselves. 

Voc. — Vos, ye or you. 

Abl. Nobis, with, from, Vobis, with, from, Se, with, from, dec, 

dec, us. doc, you. themselves. 

2. Se is rather a reflexive pronoun than a personal, since it refers 
to the subject of its own clause, or sometimes to the subject of the 
principal clause. When a person or thing different from the subject 
is referred to, him, his, &c, must be expressed by the proper case of 
is, ea, ia; Me, ilia, illud; or hie, haec, hoc. Is, ea, id, is often used 
as the substantive pronoun of third person. 



42 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



II. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

3. (I.) The Possessive Pronouns are formed from the persona^ 
and are regular adjectives, like bonus or tener: as, meus, mea, meum, 
"my" or "mine;" tuus, tua, tuum, "thy" or "thine;" suits, sua, 
suum, "his, hers, its, theirs;" noster, nostra, nostrum, "our;" 
vester, vestra, oestrum, "your." Meus has the vocative singular 
masculine mi. 

4. (II.) The Adjunctive Pronoun ipse, "self," though sometimes 
used as an emphatic personal pronoun, is generally attached to other 
pronouns, or to substantives, to give additional emphasis. It is 
declined as follows : — 

Singular. 

Neat 
Ipsum, self. 
Ipsius. 
Ipsi. 
Ipsum. 





Mrsc. 


Fem. 


Norn 


. Ipse. 


Ipsa. 


Gen. 


Ipsius. 


Ipsius. 


Dot. 


Ipsi. 


Ipsi. 


Ace. 


Ipsum. 


Ipsam. 



Voc. ■ 

Abl. Ipso. Ipsa. 



Ipso. 





Plural. 




Mast 


Fern. 


Neat 


Ipsi. 


Ipsae. 


Ipsa. 


Ipsorum. 


Ipsarum. 


Ipsoruni 


Ipsis. 


Ipsis. 


Ipsis. 


Ipsos. 


Ipsas. 


Ipsa. 



Ipsis. 



Ipsis. 



Ipsis. 



5. (III.) A Demonstrative Pronoun draws special attention to an 
object, or the description of an object. Hie, haec, hoc, "this," re- 
fers to what is near the speaker, or to what has been most recently 
mentioned ; ille, ilia, illud, " that," to what ii distant from the 
speaker, or to what has been mentioned farther back : — 

Singular. Plural. 

Masc. Fem. Neut 

Hi. Hae. Haec 

Horum. Harum. Horum 

His. His. His. 

Hos. Has. Haec. 





Masc. 


Fem. 


Vent. 


Xom 


Hie. 


Haec. 


Hoc, this. 


Gen, 


Hujus. 


Hujus. 


Hujus. 


Dat. 


Huic. 


Huic. 


Huic. 


Ace. 


Hunc. 


Hanc. 


Hoc. 


Voc. 








Abl. 


Hoc. 


Hac. 


Hoc. 



His. 



His. 



His. 



Nom. Ille. Ilia. Illud, that. 

Gen. Illius. Illius. Illius. 

Dot. Illi. Illi. Illi. 

Ace. Ilium. Illam. Illud. 

Voc. 

Abl. Illo. Ilia. Illo. 



Illi. Illae. Ilia. 

Illorum. Illarum. Illorum 

Illis. Illis. Hlis. 

Illos. Illas. Ilia. 



Illis. 



Illis. 



Illis. 



FIRST LATIN READER 



43 



6. Iste, ista, istud, " that of yours," has reference to the second 
person. It is declined like Me, ilia, Mud. 

7. Is, ea, id, " the person or thing before mentioned," is more of 
a personal than demonstrative pronoun. It is very often equivalent 
to " he, she, it." 



Singular. 
Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Nom. Is. Ea. Id, this {here). 

Gen. Ejus. Ejus. Ejus. 

Bat. Ei. Ei. Ei. 

Ace. Eum. Earn. Id. 

Voc. 

All. Eo. Ea. Eo. 





Plural. 




Masc 


Fem. 


Neut. 


Ii. 


Eae. 


Ea. 


Eorum. 


Earuin. 


Eorum. 


lis or eis. 


lis, eis. 


lis, eis 


Eos. 


Eas. 


Ea. 



lis or eis. lis, eis. lis, eis. 



■ 8. Idem, eadem, idem, " the same," is mao^e up of is, ea, id, and 
the suffix -dem. 





Singular. 




Masc, 


Fem. 


Neut. 


Nom. Idem, the same. 


Eadem. 


Idem. 


Gen. Ejusdem. 


Ejusdem. 


Ejusdem 


Bat. Eidem. 


Eidem. 


Eidem. 


Ace. Eundem. 

Voc. 

AU. ESdem. 


Eandem. 


Idem. 


Eadem. 


Ecdem. 



Plural. 

Nom. Iidem. Eaedem. 

Gen. Eprundem. Earundem. 

Bat. Iisdem or eisdem. Iisdem, &c. 

Ace. Eosdem. Easdem. 

Voc. 

AU. Iisden* or eisdem. Iisdem, &c. 



Eadem. 
Eorundem. 
Iisdem, &c. 
Eadem 

Iisdem, &c. 



9. (IV.) The Relative Pronoun qui, quae, quod, "who," "which," 
refers to a noun (called the " antecedent") in a foregoing clause. The 
compound, quicunque,quaecunque, quodcunque, signifies "whoever," 
" whichever," and is declined like qui, quae, quod, the suffix -cunquc 
being attached to the several cases. 



u 



FIRST LATIN READER. 







Singular 






Plural. 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Kent 


Masc. 


Fein. 


Kent 


Som 


.Qui. 


Quae. 


Quod. 


Qui. 


Quae. 


Quae. 


Gen, 


Cujus. 


Cujus. 


Cujus. 


Quorum. 


Quarum. 


Quorum 


Bat, 


Cui. 


Cui. 


Cui. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 


Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 


Quern. 


Quam. 


Quod. 


Quos. 


Quas. 


Quae. 


Quo. 


Qua. 


Quo. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 



10. (V.) The Interrogative Pronoun quis, quae, quod or quid 
who," " which," " what," differs but slightly from the Relative :— 







Singular 






1'lural. 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neat 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Keut 


Worn 


. Quis. 


Quae. 


Quod or quid. 


Qui. 


Quae. 


Quae. 


Gen. 


Cujus. 


Cujus. 


Cujus. 


Quorum. 


Quarum. 


Quorum 


Bat, 


Cui. 


Cui. 


Cui. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 


Ace. 


Quern. 


Quam. 


Quod or quid. 


Quos. 


Quas. 


Quae. 


Voc. 




















Abl. 


Quo. 


Qua. 


Quo. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 


Quibus. 



11. Qui, quae, quod, the other Interrogative, is declined exactly 
as the Relative. 

12. (VI.) The Indefinite Pronouns are for the most part compounds. 
Those of common occurrence are quis, quae, quod or quid, " some 
one," " any one," declined as the interrogative : aliquis, aliqua, ali- 
quod or aliquid, "some one;" quidam, quaedam, quoddam or 
quiddam, " a certain one," " some one or other ;" quisquam, quae- 
quam, quidquam or quicquam, "anyone;" quicunque, quaecunque, 
quodcunque, " whosoever," &c. &c. Observe that aliquis, siquis, 
and ecquis have the nominative singular feminine in a, not ae. 

13. The present indicative of the verb " to le" is declined as 
follows : — 



Sing. — Sum, / am, 
Plur.— Sumus, ice are. 



£s, thou art. 
Estis, you are. 



Est, he is. 
Sunt, Giey arc. 



14. (Syntax) Rule XIII. — The relative, qui, quae, quod, agrees 
with its antecedent in gender, number, and person : as, Miles, 
quern laudas, est fortis ; Mulieres, quas vides, graciles sunt ; Oarmina, 
quae canto, sunt nova. 



PIRST LATIN READER. it 



EXERCISE XVII. 

Pater meus te amat. Soror tua mihi dabat pecuniam. Mi pater, 
te laudo. Libros meos servus mihi (for me) portat. Mater tua me 
uon laudabit. Ego te amo, sed mater mea te non amat. Quis me 
vocat ? Quern times ? Quos deos invocas ? Ipse me laudo. Ego 
sum pastor, tu es latro. Stultus sibi est inimicus. Pueri inertes 
se non amant. Ille dies erat tristissimus. Haec nox est laetissima. 
Miles quern laudas fidem non servat. Omnes nobismet* inimici 
sumus. Ego et frater ambulamus. Sunt mihif quatuor equi et 
quinque canes. Omnia;}: mea" mecum § porto. Haec carmina quae 
laudas sunt gratissima mihi. Quid est praestantius virtute 1 Istum 
amicum laudo. Ista poemata sunt nobis grata. Omnia animalia 
quae sanguinem habent, cor habent. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt 
Belgae. Sorores tuae mecum in horto ambulabant. Vos vobiscum 
pugnatis. Cui coenam paras ? Quid est nequius aut turpius ? 
Milites quos laudas jurejurando non stant. Quem deorum non 
invocabis ? 

They will praise us. Covetous men are hostile to themselves. We 
are wretched ; you are happy. My father will give me useful books. 
That book of yours is smaller than mine. This slave is active ; that 
one is idle. My sister and I \say, I and my sister] were walking 
about in our fathef s garden. The fault is ours. My son and I are 
hastening to the city. The farmer gives us bread and milk. 
Those slaves whom you praise are most worthless. The one boy is 
diligent ; the other is idle. On the same day the cavalry of the 
Romans rout the enemy. All of us do not praise the same things. 
What was the cause of the war? Who is tending the wounded 
soldiers ? These apples are sweet ; those are sour. Our native 
land is dear to us. They are good citizens who adorn the state 
by their military-glory, and their own homes by their virtues. 

* The syllable met, " self," is often added to the different cases of the personal 
pronouns, to make them more emphatic. It is not added, however, to the genitive 
plural, or to the nominative and vocative singular of tu. 

t Literally, " there are to me ;" i.e., " I have." 

t Adjectives often stand without substantives, when the meaning is readily dis- 
covered from the* context. Here omnia and mea are neuter plural, and we therefore 
supply in English the word "things," or "goods." 

5 When the preposition cum governs me, te, se, nobis, vobis, it is attached to the 
pronoun, so that the two form one word ; as, mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum, Ac. 



46 FIRST LATIN READER. 

SECTION XM. 
THE VERB. 

1. A Verb is that part of speech which is Used to make an asser- 
tion about something. 

2. Verbs are divided into two classes, according to their meaning,— 

(1.) Transitive, in which the action or feeling is represented 
as passing over to some object ; as, I strike the dog ; 
He loves his -father. 

(2.) Intransitive, in which (a) the action or feeling is repre- 
sented as not passing over to an object, but as confined 
to the subject ; as, / run, T walk, I reflect ; or in 
which (t) a state or condition is expressed ; as, / am, 
1 stand, I rejoice. 

3. Verbs have two voices — the Active and the Passive. 

4. The forms of the Active Voice indicate that the subject of the 
sentence represents the doer of the action expressed by the verb ; as, 
The boy strikes the dog. 

5. The forms of the Passive Voice indicate that the subject of 
the sentence represents the object of the action expressed by the verb ; 
as. The dog is struck by the boy. 

6. There are four Moods— Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, 
and infinitive. 

7. Besides these there are three other forms, which partake partly 
of the nature of the verb, and partly of that of the noun : (1.) The 
Participle, which is a verbal adjective,— as, amans, declined like 
sapiens (p. 32) ; and amaturus, -a, -u?n* like bo?ius, -a, -urn : 
(2.) The Supine, which is a verbal substantive of the Fourth De- 
clension, having an accusative and an ablative case : and (3.) The 
Gerund, which is a verbal substantive. 

8. Tense means time. Verbs have six Tenses. Three of these, 
the Present, Perfect, and Future, are called principal or leading 
tenses, as they represent the three great divisions of time, the pres- 
ent, the past, and the future. The other three, the Imperfect, Plu- 
perfect, and Future Perfect, are called secondary tenses. The Perfect 

* The student will observe, in the Table of the Verb, that, in the Active Voice, 
the participle of past time is wanting. The defect is remedied by what is called the 
ablative absolute, or by a relative clause, introduced usually by guum. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 47 

Tense serves not only as a proper Perfect, I have written, but also as 
an Indefinite (aorist) Tense, 1 wrote. 

9. Three tenses, the Present, Imperfect, and Future, represent 
an action as incomplete ; and three, the Perfect, Pluperfect, and 
Future Perfect, represent it as completed. 

10. There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural ; and three Per- 
sons in each Number. 

11. Verbs are divided, according to their stems and inflexions, 
into four classes, called Conjugations, which are distinguished by the 
termination of the present infinitive ; thus, — 

I. The First Conjugation has -are', as Smarg, to love. 
II. The Second . < . -erg, as monere, to warn. 

III. The Third . . . -erS, as lege're', to choose. 

IV. The Fourth . * . -ire, as audire', to hear. 

12. The stem of amare is, properly speaking, ama-; of monere, 
mone-; and of audire, audi-; but for convenience in conjugation, 
and for the purpose of avoiding confusion, the four classes are printed 
uniformly as if the stem of each ended in a consonant, — i.e., as if 
am- were the stem of amare, mon- of monere^ and aud- of audire, 
as leg- is of legSre. 

13. While ama-j as seen in the present imperative, is the primary 
and proper stem of the whole verb, it will be found advantageous to 
make use of certain secondary stems appearing in different tenses of 
the verb. Thus, while ama- or am- is the stem of all presents and 
imperfects, dmav- (perfect) may be taken as a secondary stem run- 
ning through all the perfects and pluperfects ; and amat-, occurring 
in supines, future participles, and future subjunctives. 

14. Thus there are four parts of the verb, which exhibit all the 
possible stems (primary and secondary), namely, the present indica- 
tive, perfect indicative, supine, and present infinitive. These are 
called the principal parts, because when they are once known every 
other form of the verb may be readily ascertained. 

Ohs. — In the following Tables of Verbs, all the parts of the same Mood 
are on the same column, and the same Tense extends across the 
Table. It will also be observed, that the three incomplete tenses come 
together, and have the same stem; that the three complete tenses 
are likewise together; and that these two classes of tenses are separ- 
ated by a double line. The Leading Tenses are printed in bold 
type, to give them due prominence. To these some Teachers may 
prefer to confine the attention of boys, in the first instance. 



48 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



SECTION XIII.— REGULAR 

ACTIVE 

Principal Parts — Amo, Amavi, 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—(I love, or I am loving, &c.) 


(I may love, or I may be loving, <fcc.) 


S. Am-o, Am-as, Am-at 


Am-em, Am-es, Am-et 


P. Am-amiis, Am-atis, Amant 


Am-emus, Am-etis, Am-ent 


IMPERF.—(l was loving, <fcc.) 


(I might, could, would, or should be 




loving, <fec) 


S. Am-abam, Am-abas, Am-abat 


Am-arem, Am-ares, Atn-aret 


P. Am-abamus, Am-abatis, Am- 


Am-aremus, Am-aretis, Am-arent 


abant 




FUT.—{\ shall or will love, or be loving, 


(I may be about to love, «fec.) 


&c.) 




S. Am-abo, Am-abis, Am-abit 


Amaturus sim,* Amaturus sis, 




Amaturus sit 


P. Am-abimiis, Am-abitis, Am- 


Amaturi simus, Amaturi sitis, 


abunt 


Amaturi sint 


PERF.—l have loved, <fec, or I loved, <fec.) 


(I may have loved, <fec.) 


S. Amav-i, Amav-isti, Amav-it 


Amav-erim, Amav-eris, Amav» 




erit 


P. Amav-imus, Amav-istis, Am- 


Amav-erimus, Amav-eritis, Am- 


av-erunt, or ere 


av-erint 


PLUPERF.—Q. had loved, &c.) 


(I might, could, would, ox - should 




have loved, &c) 


S. Amav-eram, Amav-eras, Am- 


Amav-issem, Amav-isses, Amav- 


av-erat 


isset 


P. Aniav-eramus, Amav-eratis, 


Amav-issemus, Amav-issetis, Am- 


Amav-erant 


av-issent 


FUT. PEEF.—(1 shall have loved, <fcc.) 




S. Am£v-ero, Amav-eris, Amav- 




erit 





P. Amav-erimus, Amav-erltis, 




Amav-orint 





SUPINES. 

1st, Amat-um, to lore. 
2d, Ama-tu, to be loved. 



* The pupil will refer to verb sum, Sectio T XVI L 



FIRST LATIN READER. 49 

VERBS — FIRST CONJUGATION. 

VOICE. 

Amatum, Amare, to love. 


1MPKRATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Love thou, &c) 
— , Am-a 
— , Am-ate 


(To love.) 
Am-are 


(Loving.) 

Am-ans, -axis, -ans [&c. 
Am-antis,-antis,-antis 











(Tliou shalt love, &c.) 
— , Am-ato, Am-ato 

— , Am-atote, Am- 
anto 


(To be about to love.) 

Amat-urum*) 

uram > esse 

urum ) 

[See Fut. Participle.] 


(About to love.) 

Amat-urus, -uri 
Amat-ura, -urae 
Amat-urum, -uri, &c. 

[From stem of supine.] 


■ 


(To have loved, <tec.) 
Amav-isse 








— 










— 


GEKUNl). 
Ace. Amand-um, loving. 1 Dal, Amand-o, to or for loving. 
Gen. Amand-i, of loving. Ahl. Amand-o, by, from, or in loving. 


* In the compound Inflr 
found in the accusative cas 
[122) 


itive the Participle (amah 
e, and it is therefore so prir 

4 


irus, <fec.) is most frequently 
ted in the Tables. 



50 



FIR3T LATIN READER. 



REGULAR VERBS.- 

PASSIVB 

Principal Parts — Amor, Amatus 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES. — (I am loved, <fec.) 


(I may be loved, Jkc) 


S. Am-or, Am-aris {or -are), Am- 


Am-er, Am-eris {or -ere), Am- 


atur 


etur 


P. Am-amur, Am-amini, Am- 


Am-emur, Am-emini, Am-entur 


antur 




IMPERF.—{\ was [being] loved, <fec.) 


(I might or should be loved, <fec) 


S. Am-abar, Am-abaris [or -abare), 


Am-arer, Am-areris [or -arere\ 


Am-abatur 


Am-aretur 


P. Am-abamur, Am-abamini, Am- 


Am-aremur, Am-aremini, Am- 


abantur 


arentnr 


FUT.—Q. shall or will be loved, 




<fcc.) 




S. Am-abor, Am-aberis, {or 




-abere), Am-abitur 


* 


P. Am-abimur, Am-abimini, Am- 




abuntui" 




PERF.—(l was, or I have been, loved, 


(I may have been loved, <kc) 


&c) 




S. Amat-us (-a, -urn) sum, Amat- 


Amat-us (-a, -um) sim, Amat-us 


us es, Amat-us est 


sis, Amat-us sit 


P. Amat-i (-ae, -a) sumus, Amat-i 


Amat-i (-ae, -a\ simus, Amat-i 


estis, Amat-i sunt 


sitis, Amat-i sint 


PLUPERF.—Q. had been loved, <fcc) 


(I might or should have been loved. <tcJ 


S. Amat-us eram, Amat-us eras, 


Amat-us essem, Amat-us esse?. 


Amat-us, erat 


Amat-us esset 


P. Amat-i eramus, Amat-i eratis, 


Amat-i essemns, Amat-i e ; 


Amat-i erant 


Amat-i essent 


FUT. PERF.—<J shall have been loved, 




<fcc) 




S. Amat-us ero, Amat-us eris, 




Amat-us erit 





P. Amat-i erimus, Amat-i erltis, 




Amat-i erunt 





* It will be observed that in the Pitsaice 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



51 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 

VOICE. 

sum, Amari, to be loved. 




IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Be thou loved, &c.) 
— , Am-are 

- , Am- amini 


(To be loved.) 
Ama-ri 


* 





■ 





(Thou shalt be loved, 

Ac.) 

--, Am-ator, Am-ator 

— , Am-abimini, Am* 
alitor 


(To be about to be loved, 
&c.) 

Amat-um Iri 


(Deserving or requiring to 

be loved.) 
Am-andus, -anda, 

-andum 
Am-andi, -andae, 

-andi, &c. 




(To have been loved.) 
Amat-um ) 


(Loved, or having been 
loved.) 

Amat-us, -a, -um 
Amat-i, -ae, -i, &c. 










! 


-^__ 





i 





J 


Voice there is no Present P 


irticiple. 





52 FIRST LATIN" READER. 

1. (Syntax) Rule XIV. — Verbs of giving, declaring, and taking 
away, govern the dative with the accusative : as, Poeta dat carmiDa 
reginae, the poet gives verses to the queen; Puer rem omnem patri 
indicavit, the boy declared the whole matter to his father. 

2. The indicative mood is used to state facts. 

3. The subjunctive mood is used to express what is conceived 
as possible, or contingent on circumstances. It is often used for the 
imperative, especially in the present tense. 

EXERCISE XVIII. 

Pastor parat insidias lupo. Puellae, quas laudas, ad mediam noc- 
tem saltabant. Aquilae volabunt ad astra. Agricola cum servis 
suis coenaverat. Hostes silvas nocte occupaverunt. Pater meus id 
curaverat. Vos rogaveratis ; ego recusavi. Si hostes occupaverint 
silvas, nostros equites facile fugabunt. Pueri, parentes amate. Si 
quis rem magistratui indicaverit, mercedem impetrabit magnam. 
Omnes servi panem humeris portabant. Pueri, pilas secum portantes, 
in agros ex urbe festinabant. Festinate, puellae, ut collera occu- 
petis. Servus, ignem portans, per fomm festinavit. Multos lepores 
necavimus. Quot hostium necavistis ? Duri agricolae, nudi arate. 
Milites scalas secum portant, ut urbem facile intrant* Milites 
scalas secum portabant, ut urbem facile intrarent.* Xautae, panem 
secum portantes, per undas ad navem nabunt. Milites frumentum 
in castra secum portanto. Omne frumentum vobiscum ne portetis. 
Cervus laudavit ramosa cornua, nimiam tenuitatem crurum vituper- 
avit. Cives cum civibus de virtute certabanfc. 

Give me bread. The forces of the enemy were hastening through 
the island. The poet gave a letter to the queen. The wolves will 
lay {prepare) snares for the sheep. The master had called-on his 
slave. Why do you call on the slave ? The messenger points out 
the way to the general. The servant wis preparing medicine for his 
master. Let us take a walk in the garden. The farmer rides 
through his fields. The farmer used-to-ride (impert) through his fields 
every day. The master often praised his pupils. When Caesar had 
entered the city, the citizens, with many tears, obtained peace. The 
husbandman sailed over the fields which he had lately ploughed. 

* Observe that, as a general rule, when the verb of the leading clause u 
present or future time, the verb of the subordinate clause is in the present or future 
subjunctive; and that when the verb of the leading clause expresses past time, the 
verb of the secondary clause is In a past tense of the subjunctive. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 53 

4. (Syntax) Rule XV. — The word expressing the agent is, after 
passive verbs, usually put in the ablative with a or ab ; as, Pueri 
laudantur a magistro, the boys arc 'praised by the master. (See 
Rule IX., p. 21.) 

5. But the agent is sometimes put in the dative without a preposition ; 

and sometimes in the accusative, with }:er, more especially after 
active verbs. 

EXERCISE XIX. 
Pueri boni a magistro laudantur. Tu laudaris a me. Insidiae 
lupo parantur. Ager arabitur. Laudamur a rege. Auxilium a 
legato rogabatur. Nostri equites ab hostibus sunt fugati. Filia 
pulchra a matre amabatur. Medicina a servo paretur. Miles gladio 
est vulneratus. Laudat me, ut laudetur a me. Montes occupati 
erant ab Jhostibus. Bestiae turbantur voce aselli. Inutilis erat rex, 
qui fuerat datus. Mandata furtim Mercurio dantur ad Jovem. 
Graculus Pavonum rostris fugatus est. Laudamini a magistris. 
Fac* ut lauderis a magistro. Facite ut laudemini a magistro. 
Operam dedit puer, ut a patre laudaretur. Primam partem tollo, 
quia nominor leo. Donum puero datum est. Dona puero data 
sunt. Persae solem adorant. Caesar ab hibernis in Italiam 
maturans, legatos convocat. Copiae a Cassio revocantur. Insidiae 
latroni parentur. Domina blanda a servis suis est amata. Milites 
dueenti in praelio vulnerati erant. Quingenti equites in pugna apud 
Philippos sunt vulnerati. Caesar bellum per legatos suos gessit. 
Fur non est amandus. Laudabat amicum, ut ab amico laudaretur. 

Bread is given to the dogs. The road is pointed out to the 
general by the shepherd. Corn will be brought into the camp by 
the Gauls. Many hares had been killed during the winter. The 
kind master will be loved by his pupils. You will be loved by your 
friends. The farmer's daughters had been praised by the queen. 
Snares had been laid for Caesar. The poet was praised by the king. 
The king was killed by an arrow. The husbandman is asked about 
his children. The house was built during summer. The temple 
was built by the king's orders. We were freed from fear. The 
temples of the gods were built by the people. Letters were given to 
the messenger for the general. The j ackdaw will be beaten off by the 
peacocks. The jackdaw will be beaten off by the beaks of the peacocks. 

* Fac {or facite) ut, " see that" 



54 



FIEST LATIN FvEADER. 



SECTION XIV.— REGULAR 

ACTIVE 

Principal Parts — MSneo, Monfti, 



INDICATIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



PRES.—Q. advise, &c) 
S. Mon-eo, Mon-es, Mon-et 
P. Mon-emus, Mon-etis, Mon-ent 



(I may advise, <fcc.) 
Mon-eam, Mon-eas, Mon-eat 

Mon-eamus , Mon-eatis, Mon-eant 



IMPERF.—(l was advising, &c) 
S. Mon-ebam, Mon-ebas, Mon-ebat 
P. Mon-ebamus, Mon-ebatis, Mon- 

ebant 



(I might, could, <fcc, be advising, <fcc.) 
Mon-erem, Moij-eres, Mon-eret 
Mon-eremus, Mon-eretis, Mon- 
erent 



FUT.—a shall or will advise, *c) 
S. Mon-ebo, Mon-ebis, Mon-ebit 

P. Mon-ebimus, Mon-ebltis, Mon- 
ebunt 



(I may be about to advise, <fcc.) 
Monlturas sira, Moniturus sis, 

Moniturus sit 
Mouituri simus, Monitori sitis, 

Monituri sint 



PERF.—(l have advised, &c.) 
S. Monu-i, Monu-isti, Monu-it 

P. Monu-Imus,Monu-istis,Monu- 
erunt, or Monu-ere 



(I may have advised, <fcc) 
Monu-erim, Monu-eris, Monu- 

erit 
Monu-erimus. Monu-erftis, 

Monu-erint 



PLUPERF.-(l had advised, &c.) 
S. Monu-eram, Monu-eras, Monu- 

erat 
P. Monu-eramus, Monu-eratis, 
Monu-erant 



(I might, could, <fcc., have advised, &c) 
Monu-issem, Monu-isses, Monu- 

isset 
Monu-issem us, Monu-issetis, Monu- 

issent 



FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have advised, &c) 
S. Monu-ero, Monu-eris, Monu-erit 
P Monu-erimus, Monu-eritis, 
Monu-erint 



SUPINE. 

1st, Monit-um, to advise. 
2d, Momt-u, to be advised- 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



5& 



VERBS— SECOND CONJUGATION. 

VOICE. 

Monitum, Monere, to advise. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Advise thou, <fcc.) 
— , Mon-e 
— -, Mon-ete 


(To advise.) 
Mon-ere 


(Advising.) 
Mon-ens, -entis, &c. 
Mon-ens, -entis 
Mon-ens, -entis 





- — 





(Thou shalt advise, <fec.) 

— , Mon-eto, Mon-eto 


(To be about to advise.) 
Monit-urum \ 


(About to advise.) 
Monit-urus, -uri, &c. 
Monit-ura, -urae 
Monit-urum, -uri 
[From stem of supine.] 


— , Mon-etote, Mon- 
ento 




[See Fut. Participle.] 





(To have advised, <fcc.) 

Monii-isse 





— ■ 






■ 


T 





Ace. Monend-um, advising. 

Gen. Monend-i, of advising. 

J) at. Monend-o, to or for advising. 

All. Monend-o, by, from, or in advising. 



56 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



REGULAR VERBS.— 

PASSIVE 

Principal Parts — Monoor, Monitus 



INDICATIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 





PRE&— (I am advised, <fec ) 


(I may be advised, <fec.) 


s. 


Mon-eor, Mon-eris, (or -ere,) 


Mon-ear, Mon-earis, (or -eare,) 




Mon-etur 


Mon-eatur 


p. 


Mon-emur, Mon-enrini, Mon- 


Mon-eamur, Mon-eamini, Mon- 




entur 


eantur 




TMPERF.—{1 was advised, «fcc) 


(I might or should be advised, &c) 


8. 


Mon-ebar, Mon-ebaris, (or 


Mon-erer, Mon-ereris, (or -erere,) 




-ebare,) Mon-ebatur 


Mon-eretur 


P. 


Mon-ebamur, Mon-ebamini, 


Mon-eremur, Mon-eremini, Mon- 




Mon-ebantur 


erentur 


FUT.—(l shall or will be advised, «kc) 




s. 


Mon-ebor, Mon-eberis, (or 






-ebere,) Mon-ebitur 


~~~~~ 


p. 


Mon-ebimur, Mon-ebmuni, 
Mon-ebuntur 






PERF.- (I have been advised, <fcc) 


(I may have been advised, <fec) 


s. 


Monit-us (-a, um) sura, Monit- 


Monit-us (-a, -um) sim, Monit-us 




us es, Monit-us est 


sis, Monit-us sit 


p. 


Monit-i sumus, Monit-i estis, 


Monit-i simus, Monit-i sitis. 




Monit-i sunt 


Monit-i sint 


PLUPERR—Q. had been advised, &c ) 


(I might or should have been advised, 






<fcc.) 


8. 


Montt-us eram, Monit-us era*. 


Monit-us essem, Monit-us 




Monit-us erat 


Monit-us esset 


P. 


Monit-i eramus, Monit-i erati-:, 


Monit-i essemus, Monit-i esseti?, 




Monit-i erant 


Monit-i essent 




FIT. PERF.—Q. shall have beep 






advised, &c) 




S. 


Monit-us ero, Monitus eri?, 
Monit-us erit 




P. 


Monit-i erlmus, Monit-i, eritis. 
Monit-i erunt 





FIRST LATIN READER. 



57 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 

VOICE. 

sum, Moneri, to be advised. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Be thou advised, «fcc.) 

— , Mon-ere 
— , Mone-mini 


(To he advised.) 

Mon-eri 














(Thou shalt be advised, 
&c.) 

— ,Mon-etor, Mon-etor 

— , Mon-ebimini, Mon- 
entor 


(To be about to be 
advised.) 
Monit-um iri 


(Deserving or requiring 

to be advised.) 
Mon-endus, -enda, 
-endum 

Mon-endi, -endae, 
-endi, &c. 




(To have been advised.) 
Monit-um ) 


(Advised, or having been 
advised.) 

Monit-us, -a, -urn 
Monit-i, ae, i, &c. 



















■ 




- — 



58 FIRST LATIN HEADER. 

1. (Syntax) Rule XVI. — Substantives which stand in apposi- 
tion to one another agree in case; as, Romam, urbem Italiae, Rome^ 
a city of Italy. 



EXERCISE XX. 

Servus poculum vino implet. Servus poculum domino implebat. 
Agricola nudo capite in horto ambnlabat. Sacci tument multo hordeo. 
Latrones mulum ferro sauciant. Vacuus viator non timet latrones. 
Mula spoliata casus flevit suos. Graculus superbus segregi pavonum 
formoso immiscuit. Ferox lupus agnum nece injusta laceravit. 
Agna, superior stans, sic lupo respondit. Canis per flumen natans, 
simulacram suum in speculo lympharum vidit. Canes cibum ore 
tenebant. Pater deorum risit, atque ranis regem dedit parvum 
tigillum. Motus sonusque tigilli pavidas ranas terruit. Inertes 
ranae, necem frustra fugitabitis. Mandata ad Jovem Mercurio 
demus. Nonne domos aedificatis, ut in iis habitetis ? Quum tigillum 
in limo diu jacuisset, rana quaedam, ceteris audacior, comites 
cunctas evocat. Serve, aquam vino mihi misce. Si in speculum 
lympharam aspectes, simulacrum tuum videbis. Quum Divitiacus 
pluribus verbis flens rogaret, ut veniam peccatis daret fratris, Caesar 
benigne respondit. Caesar hostes castra movere jubet. 

The. enemy move their camp. Let us obey our parents. Yob 
warned your friend in vain. When the log was lying {imperf. sulj.) 
for a long time in the mud, a certain frog called out all her asso- 
ciates. The deserters hasten to the river, through fear of punish- 
ment. If the messenger will carry {i.e., will have carried) my message 
to the king, I shall not fear. The Belgians have many towns. The 
shepherd saw a savage wolf near the stalls. You have avoided many 
dangers. The helpless frogs vainly endeavoured-to-escape-froin 
{imperf.) death. The queen lamented her misfortunes. With bitter 
tears the father lamented the death of his only son. The barns 
swell with a plentiful harvest. The robbers will maim the she- 
mule with the sword. The father had in vain warned his foolish 
son. The helpless crowd of frogs was vainly endeavouring to escape 
from a violent-death. Let the maid-servant mix some wine with 
water for me. The shepherd orders his dog to hold the flesh in his 
mouth. The boys saw a dog swimming over a broad river. 






FIRST LATIN HEADEE. 59 



EXERCISE XXI. 

Poculum vino impletur. Poculum vino impletum est. Pocula 
vino impleta sunt. Agnus nece injusta laceratus est a lupo. Stultus 
ridetur. Castra Gallorum tenebantur a Romanis. Mons tenetur a 
Labieno. Ranae territae sunt motu sonoque tigilli. Vinura aqua 
miscetur. Aqua vino mixta erat. Fac ut vinura aqua misceatur. 
Recte dedistis* operam ut vinum aqua misceretur. Cibus ore canis 
tenebatur. Castra hostium propius urbem moventur. Agricolae 
amici frustra erant moniti. Dona pueris' dentur ! Britanni a 
Caesare obsides dare jubentur. Pueri et puellae a magistro doce- 
bantur. Corvus celsa sSdet arbore. Qualis videtur tibi opera vocis 
meae ? Simius sedit judex inter lupum et vulpem. Una pars 
oppidi flumine rapido continetur. Britanni figura navium Romanorum 
sunt permoti. Socrates habebatur sapientissimus. Moniti sunt pas- 
tores, ut periculum vitarent. Puer a patre suo doceatur. Pueri sunt 
docendi, dum aetas sit tenera. Moniti eramus, ut pravos comites 
vitaremus. Puer ab avunpulo docebatur. 

Gifts had been given to the faithful servants. The shepherds were 
warned in vain. The girls will have been warned in vain. The goddess 
was moved by the tears of the suppliants. Let children be taught by 
their parents. Let the cups be filled with milk. The camp of the 
Germans had been shifted the day before. The forces of the Gauls 
are terrified at the sight of the Roman cavalry. Caesar was in vain 
warned not to (ne with imperf. subj.) enter the senate-house. A 
sword was given to the soldier. If a sword be given to the soldier, 
he will fight against the enemies of his native country. The king 
was dreaded by all his subjects (citizens). The inhabitants of the 
island were terrified by the arrival of the enemy's, fleet. The timid 
race (of frogs) was terrified by the motion and splash (noise) of the 
shallow-water. The first share was given to the lion, because he 
was brave. See that gifts be given to the farmer's sons and daugh- 
ters. See to it, lieutenants, that the mountain be occupied by 
our men. 



* Dare operam, "to give one's labour " to an object; i.e., to exert one's self to 
tLe utirjDst. 



CO 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



SECTION XV.— REGULAR 

ACTIVE 

Principal Parts — Lggo, Legi, 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—(l choose, <fcc) 

S. Leg-o, Leg-is, Leg-it 

P. Leg-imiis, Leg-itis, Leg-unt 


(I may choose, <fcc.) 
Leg-am, Leg-as, Leg-at 
Leg-amus, Leg-atis, Leg-ant 


IMPERF.—{\ was choosing, <fcc) 
S. Leg-ebam, Leg-ebas, Leg-ebat 
P. Leg-ebamus, Leg-ebatis, Leg- 
ebant 


(I might choose, <fcc.) 
Leg-erem, Leg-eres, Leg-eret 
Leg-eremus, Leg-eretis, Leg-eriint 


FUT.—Q. shall or will choose, <tc.) 
S. Leg-am, Leg-es, Leg-et 

P. Leg-emiis, Leg-etis, Leg-eut 


(1 may be abont to choose, <fec) 
Lecturus (-a, -urn) sim, Lecturus 

sis, Lecturus sit 
Lecturi (-ae, -a) simus, Lecturi 

sltis, Lecturi sint 


PERF.—(J have chosen, &c.) 
S. Leg-i, Leg-istI, Leg-it 
P. Leg-imus, Leg-istis, Leg- 
erunt or -ere 


(I may have chosen, <fcc) 
Leg-erim, Leg-eris, Leg-erit 
Leg-erlmus, Leg-eritis, Leg- 

erint 


PLUPERF.—{\ had chosen, Ac.) 
S. Leg-eram, Leg-eras, Leg-erat 
P. Leg-eramus, Leg-eratis, Leg- 
erant 


(I might have chosen, <tc) 
Leg-issem, Leg-isses, Leg-isset 
Leg-issemus, Leg-issetis, Leg- 
is<ent 


FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have chosen, 
<fcc) 
8. Leg-ero, Leg-erls, Leg-erit 
P. Leg-erlmus, Leg-eritis, Leg- 
erint 






1st, 
ML 



SUPINES. 

Lect-um, to chocs?. 
Lect-u, to be chosen. 



FIEST LATIN READER. 



61 



VERBS.— THIRD CONJUGATION. 



VOICE. 

Lectum, LegSre, to choose. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Choose thou, &c.) 
-, Leg-e 
— , Leg-ite 


(To choose.) 
Leg-ere 


(Choosing.) 
Leg-ens, -ens, -ens 
Leg-entis,-entis,-entis 
&c. 




■ 





(Thou shalt choose, <fcc.) 
— , Leg-ito, Leg-ito 

— . Leg-itote, Leg- 
nnto 


(To be about to choose.) 
Lect-urum ) 

uram > esse 

urum ) 

[See Fut. Participle.] 


(About to choose.) 
Lect-urus, -ura, -urum 
uri, -urae, -uri, 

&c. 
[From stem of supine.] 





(To have chosen, <fec.) 
Leg-isse 









-■ | 










GERUND. 

Ace. Legend-um, choosing. 
Gen. Legend-i, of choosing. 
Dat. Legend-o, to or for choosing. 
Abl. Legend-o, by or in choosing. 



62 



FIEST LATIN READER. 



REGULAR VERBS.- 

PASSIVE 

Principal Parts — 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—Q. am chosen, <fec.) 


(I may be chosen, <fec) 


S. Leg-or, Leg-eris {or -ere), Leg- 


Leg-ar, Leg-aris {or -are), Leg- 


ltur 


atur 


P. Leg-imur, Leg-Imini, Leg- 


Leg-amur, Leg-amini, Leg- 


untur 


antur 


IMPERF.~-(l was chosen, <fec) 


(I might or should be chosen, ifcc.) 


S. Leg-ebar, Leg-eb5ris {or -ebare), 


Leg-erer, Leg-ereris {or -erere), 


Leg-ebattir 


Leg-eretnr 


P. Leg-ebamur, Leg-ebamini, Leg- 


Leg-Sremur, Leg-eremTni, Leg- 


ebantur 


erentur 


FUT. — (I shall or will be chosen, Ac.) 




S. Leg-ar, Leg-eris {or -ere), Leg- 




etur 


— 


P. Leg-emur, Leg-emini, Leg- 




entur 




PERF.—(l have been chosen, ic) 


(1 may have been chosen, <tc) 


S. Lect-us (-a, -urn) sum, Lect-us 


Lect-us sim, Lect-us sis, Lect-us 


es, Lect-us est 


sit 


P. Lect-i siimus, Lect-i estis, 


Lect-i simus, Lect-i sitis, Lect-i 


Lect-i sunt 


sint 


PLUPERF.—Q. had been chosen, <fcc.) 


(I might or should have been chosen. 




«fcc) 


S. Lect-us eram, Lect-us eras. 


Lect-us essem, Lect-ns esse*. Lect- 


Lect-us erat 


us esset 


P. Lect-i eramus, Lect-i eratis. 


Lect-i essemns, Lect-i aw 


Lect-i erant 


Lect-i essent 


FUT. PERF.—(l shall have been chosen, 




&c) 




S. Lect-us ero, Lect-us eris, Lect-us 




erit 





P. Lect-i erimus, Lect-i eritis, 




Lect-i erunt 








FIRST I ATTN READER. 



63 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 

VOICE. 

LSgor, Lectus sum, Legi. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Be thou chosen, &c.) 
— , Leg-ere 

— , Leg-Im.rni 


(To be chosen.) 
Leg-i 





* — 


— 





(Thou shalt be chosen, &c.) 

— , Leg-ltOf , Legator 

— , Leg-emini, Leg- 
untor 


(To be about to be chosen.) 

Lect-um in 


(About to be chosen, &c.) 

Leg-endus, -end a, 

-endum 
Leg-endi, -endae, 

-endi, &c. 





(To have been chosen.) 

Lect-um ] 

-am f esse 

urn 


(Chosen, or having been 

chosen.) 
Lect-us, -a, -nm 

Lect-I, -ae, -i, &c. 





- — 








1 





64 FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 



EXERCISE XXII. 

Dens mundum regit. Pueri currant per agros. Hostes legates 
ad Caesarem mittunt. Puella epistolam ad matrem scribebat. 
Curramus in hortum. Curramus in horto. Puella nuntium ad 
parentes suos mi sit. Antiqui Britanni lacte et came vivebant. Copias 
Romano-rum duxit Caesar. Catilina conrligere cum Antonio statuit. 
Multas epistolas ne scribas. M&ui legatos ad Labienum miserunt, 
qui de pace agerent. Caesar Britannos vicit. Die* niihi hoc tantum. 
Pastor sedulus oves ad rivum duxit. Omnia vincit amor. Regina 
Britannorum omnes hostes vincat ! Dux Qermanoram exercitum 
trans flumen Rhenum duxerat. Puerum, epistolam ad patrem 
scribentem, laudavit magister. Caesar cum omni equitatu facit 
impetum in hostes. Quondam sol duxit uxorem. Vacca et capelia 
et ovis cervum vasti corporis in saltibus ceperant. Primam partem 
leoni tribuetis, quia plus valet. Passerem, fletus edentem graves, 
accipiter rapuit. Cur fecisti aquam turbulentam mihi bibenti ? 
Rauae magno clamore regem a Jove petierunt. Quum omnia 
dixeris, respondebo. 

The Belgians will send ambassadors to Caesar, to treat concerning 
peace. The dogs run. The sheep were running towards the fold 
through fear (abl.) of the wolf. The forces of the Belgians hasten 
towards the city. A great part of the army leaves the city. The 
general had sent a messenger to the camp of the enemy. The kins: 
will give honours to the soldiers who did not abandon the city. If 
you will write me a letter, I shall feel gratefid to yon. The boys 
were running through the farmers' fields. Ariovistus married two 
wives. May the citizens overcome all their enemies ! Why have you 
taken my book ? Octavia, sister of Octavianus, married Antony. 
Antony married Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. The Germans 
send an ambassador to Caesar to beg peace. 



EXERCISE XXIII. 

Mundus a Deo regitur. Legati ad Caesarem sunt missi. Principes 
civitatis ad hostium ducem mittantur. Epistola ad matrem suam a 

* The verbs dico, I say, duco, I lead, facio, I do, or make, and fero, I brinir. 
drop the final e of the 2d singular imperative, and make tfo, due, /or, and/er. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 65 

puella est missa. Copiae Romanorum in Britannos sunt ductae. 
Legati ab ^Eduis ad Labienum missi erant, qui paceni et societatem 
peterent. Barbari a Caesare sunt victi. Impetus in hostes factus 
est. Cervus vasti corporis in saltibus captus erab. Lepores multi 
in silvis capientur. Prima pars leoni tribuitur, quia plus valet. 
Aqua lupo bibenti facta est turbulenta. Lupus repulsus est viribus 
veritatis. Septimo die post praelium factum omnes Belgarum copiae 
ex castris eductae sunt. Docemur. Monebimini. Hydrus, dente 
aspero, ad ranas est missus. Secunda pars leoni tribuitur, quia est 
fortis. Exitus noti a bestiis, leonis metu, petuntur. Socrates habe- 
batur sapiens. A parentibus mittens ad urbem. A parentibus 
mitteris ad urbem. Brachia sua pandit quercus. Oves fugiunt 
lupum. Relinquebatur una via per Sequanos. Magna multitudo 
hominum celeriter coacta est Mulieres flentes sese Caesari ad pedes 
projecerunt. Nemo cunctam spectans terrain, de divina providentia 
dubitabit. Romani templum Jani bis post Numae regnum clauser- 
unt. Principes civitatis ad_Caesarem gratulatum* convenerunt. 
Legati ab iEduis venerunt auxilium postulatum. Legati ab ^Eduis 
venerunt, ut auxilium postularent. Legati ab iEduis venerunt, qui 
auxilium postularent. 

The forces of the Romans are led by Crassus. Crassus was slain 
by the Parthians. The Gauls were conquered by the Romans. 
Hostages will be sent to the Germans. Let a messenger be dis- 
patched to the city to ask help. The towns of the Belgians were 
fortified. A letter will be written by my father. Many houses 
were built in the plain. The master is feared, but is not loved. 
The letters were written by my sister's friends. I was led to the cave 
by the cry of an infant. I shall be sent to the enemy's camp, to 
sue for {say, that I may sue for) peace. The war was successfully 
conducted by Caesar's lieutenant-generals. Three ambassadors will 
be sent to the general's tent. Two girls were sent to the queen, to 
beg for the life of the citizens. Many names were enrolled by the 
consuls in one day. The house was set on fire by the robbers. 
Many hares were caught by the farmer's dogs. The general's tent 
had been set on fire by the barbarians. Two stags of huge size 
(body) were caught by the huntsmen in the woods. Letters were 
sent by the boys to their parents. 

* The supine in -urn is used after Terbs of motion, to indicate a pvrpose. 
(122) 5 



66 



FIRST LA.TIN READER. 



SECTION XVL— REGULAR 

ACTIVE 

Pkincipal Parts — Audio. 





INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—(l hear, or am heating, &c.) 


(I may hear, .fee.) 


S. 


Aud-io, Aud-is. Aud-it 


Aud-iam, Aud-ias, Aud-iat 


P. 


And-imus, Aud-Itis, Aud-iunt 


Aud-Iamus, Aud-iatis, Aud-iant 




IMPERF.—(l was hearing, &c.) 


(I might hear, <fcc) 


s. 


Aud-iebam, Aud-iebas, Aud- 
iebat 


Aud-lrem, Aud-ires, Aud-iret 


p. 


Aud-iebamus, Aud-iebatis, Aud- 
iebant 


Aud-Iremus, Aud-iretis, Aud-irent 




FUT.—Q. shall or will hear, <fec.) 


(I may be about to hear, «fcc.) 


s. 


Aud-iam, Aud-ies, Aud-iet 


Auditurus sim, Auditurus sis, 
Auditurus sit 


p. 


Aud-iemus, Aud-ietis, Aud- 


Audituri simus, Audituri sitis, 




ient 


Audituri sint 




PERF.— {1 have heard, <fcc.) 


(I may have heard, «fcc.) 


8. 


Audlv-i, Audiv-isti, Audiv-it 


Audiv-erim, Audiv-eris, Audiv- 
erit 


P. 


Audiv-imus, Audiv-istis, Aud- 


Audiv-erimus, Audiv-erltis, 




iv-erunt, or -ere 


Audiv-erint 




PLUPERF.—(l had heard, &c) 


(I might have heard, £c.) 


s. 


Audlv-eram, Audiv-eras, Aud- 


Audiv-issem, Audiv-isses, Audiv- 




iv-erat 


isset 


P. 


Audiv-eramus, Audiv-eratis, 


Audiv-issemus, Audiv-issetis, Aud- 




Audiv-erant 


iv-issent 


PUT. PERF.—(J shall have heard, <fcc.) 




S. 


Audlv-ero, Audiv-eris, Audiv- 






erit 





P. 


Audiv-erlmus, Audiv-erltis, 
Audiv-erint 





SUPINES. 

1st, Auditum, to Tiear. 
2d, Auditn, to be heard. 






FIRST LATIN READER. 



67 



VERBS— FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



VOICE. 

Audivi, Auditum, Audire. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Hear thou, &c) 
— , Aud-i 
— , Aud-Ite 


(To hear.) 
And-Ire 


(Hearing.) 
Aud-iens, -ientis 
Aud-iens, -ientis 
Aud-iens, -ientis, &c. 











(Thou shalt hear, <fcc.) 
— , Aud-ito, Aud-ito 


(To be about to hear.) 
Auditur-um J 


(About to-hear.) 
Auditur-us, -i 
Auditur-a r -ae 
Auditur-um, -i, &c. 


— , Aud-Itote, Aud- 
innto 









(To have heard.) 
Audiv-isse 
























GERUND. 

Ace. Audiendum, hearing. Dat. Audiendo, to or for hearing. 

Oen. Andiendi, of liearing. j Abl. Audiendo, by hearing. 



€3 



FIRST LATIN READER 



REGULAR VERBS.— 

PASSIVE 

Principal Parts — Audior 



INDICATIVB. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—(L am heard, <fcc.) 


(I may be heard, <fec.) 


S. Aud-ior, Aud-iris, (or -ire,) 


Aud-Iar, Aud-iaris, Aud-iatur 


Aud-itur 




P. Aud-imur, Aud-Imini, Aud- 


Aud-iamur, Aud-iamiui, Aud- 


iuntur 


iantur 


IMPERF.- (I was beard, Ac.) 


(I might or should be heard, &c.) 


S. Aud-Iebar, Aud-iebaris, (or 


Aud-Irer, Aud-ireris, (or -irere,) 


-iebare,) Aud-iebatur 


Aud-iretur 


P. Aud-iebamur, Aud-iebamini, 


Aud-iremur, Aud-iremini, Aud- 


Aud-iebantur 


irentur 


FUT.—Q. shall or will be heard, <fcc) 




S. Aud-Iar, Aud-ieris, (or -iere,) 




Aud-ietur 


~ ~ ~ 


P. Aud-iemur, Aud-iemini, Aud- 




ientur 




PERF.—(l have been heard, &c) 


(I may have been heard, <fcc) 


S. Audit-us (-a, -urn) sum, Audit- 


Audit-us sim, Audit-us sis, 


us es, Auditus est 


Audit-us sit 


P. Audit-i sumus, Audit-i estis, 


Audit-i simus, Audit-i sitis, 


Audit-i sunt 


Auditi-i sint 


PLUPERF.—Q. had been heard, <fcc.) 


(1 might or should have been heard, 




<fcc) 


S. Audit-us eram, Audit-us eras, 


Audit-us essem, Audit-us esses, 


Audit-us erat 


Audit-us esset 


P. Audit-i eramus, Audit-i eratis, 


Audit-i essemus, Audit-i essetis, 


Audit-i erant 


Audit-i essent 


FUT. PERF.—{1 shall hare been heard, 




<fcc) 




S. Audit-us ero, Audit-us eris, 




Audit-us erit 




P. Audit-i erimus, Audit-i eritis, 




Audit-i erunt 





' 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



69 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

VOICE. 

Auditus sum, Audiri, to be heara. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Be thou heard, <&c.) 
-, Aud-ire 

— , Aud-Imini 


(To be heard.) 
Aud-iri 


■ 











(Thou shalt be heard, <fec.) 

— , Aud-itor, Aud-itor 

— , Aud-iemini, Aud- 
iuntor 


(To be about to be heard.) 
Audit-um iri 


(Deserving or requiring 

to be heard.) 
Audiend-us, -i 
Audiend-a, -ae 
Audiend-um, -i 





(To have been heard.) 

Audit-um ) 

am > esse 

* um J 


(Heard, or having been 

heard,) 
Audit-us, -i 
Audit-a, -ae 
Audit-um, -i 




















70 FIRST LATIN READER. 



EXERCISE XXIV. 

Pueri in cubiculo donniaut. Pueri totam noctem in cubiculo dor- 
miebant. Pastor ad magnum oppidum venit. Ad rapidum flumen 
veniet viator. Caesar bina castra muniit.* Hostes castella in monti- 
bus muniebant. Canis dormit in antro. Lupus et agnus ad rivum 
eundem venerant. Copiae Belgarum ad urbem venerunt. Quum 
Caesar ad castra munita venisset, hostes ad eum legatos miserunt, 
qui pacem peterent Ranae petiere regem a Jove. Turba ranarura 
supra lignum insilit. Lignum quum ranae omni contumelia inqui- 
nassent, misere ad Jovem, alium rogantes regem. Cupiditatibusf 
servit malus. Cupiditatibus ne servias. Aper venit ad leonem ful- 
mineis dentibus. Calorem solis sentimus. Caesar duo maxima bella 
aestateunafiniit. Nonne clamorem magnum sentitis? Miles quidam 
perfidus portas urbis hostibus aperuit. Varios fundit humus flores. 
Summos fulgura montes feriunt. Igne micant oculi. Cives urbem 
novam condiderunt. Omnis parturit arbos. Parturiunt montes. Nos 
patriae fines linquimus. Formosus puer in parvo cubiculo dormiet 
Crassus castra sua munierat. Bina castra muniet Caesar. Puer in 
cubiculum suum dormitum missus est. Improbus latro irae servit. 
Pueri boni parentibus obediunt. Magistro obedite. Dionysius 
tyrannus ludum Corinthi (at Corinth) aperuisse dicitur. 

You came to the gate of the city late at night. Let us not be 
slaves to our passions. The frogs leapt up on the top of the log. 
Do you feel the sun's heat ? The father and his son were sleeping 
in a small chamber. The sheep came in terror to the shepherd's 
hut. The boy will sleep the livelong night. Caesar had finished 
the very serious war with (of) the Helvetii in one summer. I sing ; 
my friend hears. The Romans are coming to a large town. Ambas- 
sadors had come to the Roman general to sue for peace. A messen- 
ger had come from the camp of the Belgians about (de) peace. My 
brother and I had come to the same house. The enemy will have 
fortified many castles on the banks of the river. Let us send a 
messenger to Jupiter, and beg (i.e., begging) for another king. We 
finished the work yesterday. We heard the sound of trumpets in 
the camp. My father and mother will come to-morrow. 

* In the perfect and derived tenses of the Fourth Conjugation ihe. c is often 
omitted, so that munivit becomes muniit. 
t See (Syntax) Rule XX., p. 77. 



FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 71 



EXERCISE XXV. 

Servus malus a domino merito punitur.* Corpora canum in horto 
scpeliuntur. Ingens fragor in silvis auditur. Porta urbis hostibus 
aperitur. Porta urbis ab hostibus aperitur. Fur pessime, merito a 
magistratu punitus es. Pueri non merito puniuntur. Bellum cum 
barbaris uno die finitum est. Animi militum luxuria molliti erant. 
Audiris, mi amice. Audiatur vox justitiae ! Terra floribus vestitur. 
Merito ego punior, sed frater meus injuste. Sonus tubarum auditus 
est in aula. In montibus castellum erat ingens, natura munitum. 
Oppida Belgarum muniebantur. Italia Alpibus munita est. Puellae 
a matre erudiuntur. Mater curat ut filiae diligenter erudiantur. 
Nova urbs a civibus est condita. Omnis unda a mari frangitur 
in rapes. Consulis jussu pons rescinditur. Praeceptis magistra- 
tuum parere atque obedire jubemur. Exercitus Romanus ab Hel- 
vetiis pulsus et sub jugum missus est. Haec munera puerilibus 
annis conveniunt. Maxime prohibenda est ira in puniendo. Hel- 
vetii jam per angustias transduxerant copias suas, et in iEduorum 
fines pervenerant. Oppidani portas aperuerunt hostibus. 

The body of Caesar was buried by his sorrowing friends. The 
oamp was fortified by Crassus. The hills are clothed with grass. 
You will be punished by the magistrates if you transgress the laws, 
{i.e., shall have transgressed.) The wicked boys were deservedly 
punished. The sound of the trumpets was heard from afar. The 
Britons were clothed with skins. The city had been fortified with 
the greatest labour. The bodies of the soldiers who perished in the 
battle with the Gauls were buried on the following day. Let us 
take care that our children are carefully trained. The magistrates 
will take care that all the wicked robbers be. punished. Let the 
work be speedily finished. Many towns of the Helvetii were 
strongly fortified by nature. Let the gates of the city be opened to 
the enemy. The bodies of the soldiers had been buried by their 
comrades. Let the gates of the city be thrown open to the con- 
queror. Many towns had been fortified by the Helvetii. Many 
towns of the Belgians were set on fire by the enemy. 

_ * But punior is sometimes used as a deponent verb. See Section XVIL, 
pi 72. 



72 



FIRST LA.TIN READER. 



SECTION XVII- 

Deponent Verbs are those which have the inflexions of the Passive Voice, 
known, as in Regular Verbs, by the favourite vowel. Deponents 
and four participles. They are the only verbs which have a perfect 
Advanced Grammar, p. 114. 

FIRST CONJUGATION— 



INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES. — (I admonish, &c.) 
S. Hort-or, -aris, &c. 


(I may admonish, <fec.) 
Hort-er, -eris, &c. 


IMPERF.— 
S. Hort-abar, &c. 


Hort-arer, &c. 


FUT.— 

S. Hort-abor, -aberis, &c. 


Hortaturus sim, &c. 


PERF.— 

S. Hortat-us sum, kc. 


Hortat-us sim, &c. 


PLUPERF.- 
S. Hortat-us eram, &c. 


Hortat-us essem, &c. 


FUT. PERF.— 
S. Hortat-us ero, &c. 






Supine — Hortatum, &c. 

SECOND CONJUGATION- 



PRES.—Q. fear, <fec.) 

S. Ver-eor, -eris, &c. 


(I may fear, .fee.) 
Ver-ear, -earis, &c. 


IMPERF.— 
S. Ver-ebar, &c. 


Ver-Srer, &c 


FUT.— 
S. Ver-ebor, &c. 


Verit-urus sim, &c. 


PERF.— 

S. Verit-us sum, &c. 


Verit-us sim, &c. 


PLUPERF.— 
S. Verit-us eram, &c. 


Verit-us essem, &c. 


FUT. PERF.— 
S. Verit-us ero, &c 






S upine — Veritum. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



73 



DEPONENT VERBS. 

but the meaning of the Active. The conjugation to which each belongs is 
have more forms than Regular Verbs : thus, they have a supine, a gerund, 
participle active, (see p. 46, note.) For other peculiarities, see Schmitz's 

Hortor, I admonish. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Admonish thou, &c.) 
— ,Hort-are,-amini,&c. 


(To admonish, &c.) 
Hort-ari 


(Admonishing, &c.) 
Hort-ans, &c. 








■ 


— , Hort-ator, &c. 


Hortatur-um^ 


(About to admonish.) 
Hortat-urus, &c. 




(Deserving to be admon- 
ished.) 
Hortand-us, -a, -urn 




umJ 





Hortat-um esse 


(Having admonished.) 
Hortat-us, -a, -urn, &c. 





. 















Gerund — Hortandum, &c. 



Vereor, I fear. 



(Fear thou, &c.) 
— , Ver-ere, -emini, &c. 


(To fear, &c.) 
Ver-eri 


(Fearing, &c.) 

Ver-ens, &c. 











— , Ver-etor, &c. 


Verit-unim esse, &c. 


Verit-urus (act.), and 
Ver-endus (pass.) 

Verit-us, -a, -um, &c. 


. 


Verit-um esse 





















Gerund — Verendum, &c. 



74 



FIRST LATIN READER, 



DEPONENT 

THIRD CONJUGATION- 





INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 




s. 


PRES.—(l speak, <fcc) 
Loqu-or, -eris, -itur, &c. 


(I may speak, &c ) 
Loqu-ar, -aris, &c. 


s. 


IMPERF.— 
Loqu-ebar, &c. 


Loqu-erer, &c. 




s. 


FUT— 
Loqu-ar, -eris, &c. 


Locuturas sim, &c. 


s. 


PERK— 

Locut-us sum, &c. 


Locut-us sim, &c. 


s. 


PLUPERF.— 
Locut-us eram, &c. 


Locut-us essem, &c. 


s. 


FUT. PERK— 
Locut-us ero 





Supine — Locut-um. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION- 



PMB&—Q. divide, <fcc) 
S. Part-ior, -Iris, -Itur, fee. 


(I may divide, <fcc,) 
Part-iar, -iaris, &c. 


IMPERF.— 
S. Part-Iebar, &c. 


Part-lrer, &c. 


FUT— 

S. Part-iar, -leris, &c. 


Partitur-us sim, kc. 


PERK— 

S. Partlt-us sum, &c. 


Partit-us sim, &c. 


PLUPERF.— 
S. Partit-us eram, &c. 


Partit-us essem, &c. 


FUT. PERK— 
S. Partit-us ero, &c. 



Supine — Partit-uin. 



FIRST LATIN HEADER. 



75 



VERB S — continued. 
Loqu-or, I speak 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Speak thou, <&c.) 
— , Loqu-ere, -imini 


(To speak, <&c.) 
Loqu-i 


(Speaking, &c.) 
Loqu-ens, &c. 








— 


— , Loqu-itor, &c. 


Locuturum esse, &c. 


Locut-iirus, -ura, &c. 
Loquend-us,-a,-um,&c. 

(Requiring to be spoken.) 





Locut-um esse, &c. 


(Having spoken.) 
Locut-us, -a, -ura 





















Gerund — Loqu-endum. 



Part-ior, I divide. 



(Divide thou, &c.) 

— , Part-Ire, -imini, &c. 


(To divide, &c.) 

Part-Iri 


(Dividing, <fcc.) 

Part-iens, &c. 











— , Part-itor, &c. 


Partiturum esse, &c. 


Partit-urus, -ura, &c. 
Partiend-us,-a,-um,&c. 





Partit-um esse, &c. 


Partit-us, -a, -urn, &c. 





. 















Gerund — Part-iendum. 



76 FIRST LATIN READER, 

1. (Syntax) Rule XVII. — The accusative is used to express 
duration of time and extension of space : as, Dorniiunt totam 
hiemem, they sleep the whole winter; Cives murum sexaginta pedes 
altum exstruxerunt, the citizens built a wall sixty feet high. 

2. (Syntax) Rule XVIII. — The verbs utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, 
potior, vescor, &c, usually govern the ablative : as, Utebantur aere, 
they used brass ; Fungitur officiis, he performs his duties. 

EXERCISE XXVI. 

Caesar milites hortatur. Caesar, milites hortatus, in hostes pro- 
ficiscitur. Haec, quae supra scripta sunt, eo spectant, ut te horter 
et suadeam. Pueros ad laudem hortemur. Cornibus tauri, apri 
dentibus se tutantur. Opus magnum conamur. Me haec agere 
conantem deterruit pudor. Imperator legiones hortabatur, ne fidem 
fallerent. Peccata mea fatebor. Principes conabantur totius Galliae 
potiri.* Gloria virtutem, tanquam umbra, sequitur. Homines vir- 
tute, non fortnna, metimur. Canes pastorem libenter sequebantui. 
Romani per Britanniam iter facere conati sunt. Pater filium amplec- 
titur. Filiam caram amplexa erat mater. Consul sic locutus, in 
hostem profectus est. In Galliam proncLscamur. Manibus, pedibus, 
noctesque et dies conati eramus. Haec a me sunt scripta, ut te 
hortarer et monerem, ne id faceres. Exempla virorum fortium 
sequSre. Cicero saepe nobiscum de virtute et de ammo loquebatur. 
Me, vel imperatore vel milite, utiminl Caesar paucos dies in his 
locis moratur, navium parandarum causa. Filiam teneram, dulce 
loquentem, amplexus est pater. Commius hospitio Ariovisti usus 
erat. Fractarum navium materia atque aere ad reliquas (naves) 
reficiendas utebatur Caesar. 

The general exhorted his soldiers to fight bravely. ^Eneas in 
vain endeavoured to embrace the shade (spirit) of his wife. The boys 
were enjoying the cool shade of the oak tree. Let us willingly follow 
our commander into every danger. The consul, having thus spoken, 
attacked the enemy's camp. The Helvetii were endeavouring to 
force a passage through the province against Caesar's will, (i.e., 
Caesar being unwilling.) Let us endeavour to make ourselves mas- 
ters of the whole of Gaul. The chiefs will endeavour to lead the 
army across the Rhine. The Romans followed glory. On the same 
day Caesar set out from the camp, and hastened into Italy. 

* Potior often governs the genitive, as here. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 77 

3. (Syntax) Rule XIX — When motion towards is expressed, the 
frames of towns and islands are put in the accusative, without 
a preposition : as, Romam accessit, he approached Rome; Reversus 
est Rhodum, he returned to Rhodes. 

4. (Syntax) Rule XX. — Verbs signifying to persuade, command, 
serve, resist, spare, believe, envy, &c, are followed by a dative : as, 
Persuadet amico, he prevails on his friend; Servit irae, he is a 
slave to passion. 



EXERCISE XXVII. 

Avium multarum cantu maxima nobis praebetur voluptas. Vir 
fortis non ullis periculis movebitur. Sentimus calere ignem, nivem 
esse albam, dulce mel. Praefecti regis Persiae legatos miserunt 
Athenas questum, quod Chabrias adversus regem bellum gereret. 
Cicero quaestor (as quaestor) Siciliam profectus est. Multi e 
Graecis, qui Trojam profecti erant, domum reversi sunt nunquam. 
Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Helvetii reliquos Gallos vir- 
tute praecedunt. Praeceptum erat Labieno, ne praelium committeret, 
nisi Caesaris copiae visae essent. Edimus ut vivamus, non vivimus 
ut edamus. Dux imperavit ne* milites stationes suas desererent. 
Orgetorix persuadet Dunmorigi, ut idem conetur. Orgetorix persua- 
sit Dumnorigi, ut idem conaretur. Helvetii persuadent Rauracis, 
uti cum iis proficiscantur. Maledixisti mihi, agne. Ranae, vagantes 
paludibus, Jovem obsecrant, ut afflictis succurrat. Ranae clamorem 
ad sidera sustulere. 

The boys returned to Athens along with their father. The king's 
sons persuaded their father to make war on the neighbouring states. 
Do not envy the rich. This pleases me. Cornelia will marry Scipio. 
Scipio will marry Cornelia. He spared not only himself, but also 
his horse. Let us obey the laws of our country. Nobody will be- 
lieve a liar, even when speaking (dat. of pres. part.) the truth. 
The fool is-a-slave to his passions. Do not be-a-slave to your pas- 
sions. Let us learn to govern our temper. The judge had been-a- 
slave to passion for many years. Hurt no one. The Christian will 
injure no one. The army returned to Rhodes without their general. 
Let us return to Sicily, to see (that we may see) our parents. 

* Ne, "lest," is equal to ut non. 



78 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



SECTION XVIII. - 

The following Verbs differ from the paradigms already given, either 

adding the inflexions 

ESSE, to be. Principal 



INDICATIVE. 


subjunctive. 


PRES.—Q. am, <fec ) 

S. Sum, Es, Est 

P. Sumus, Estis, Sunt 


(I may be, &c) 
Sim, Sis, Sit 
Simus, Sitis, Sint 


IMPERF.—d was, .fee) 
S. Eram, Eras, Erat 
P. Eramus, Eratis, Erant 


(I might or should be, <fcc.) 
Essem, Esses, Esset 
Essemus,f Essetis, Essent 


FUT.—(I shall or will be, <fec.) 
S. Ero, Eris, Erit 

P. Erimus, Eritis, Erant 


(I may be about to be, <fcc.) 
Futuras sim, Futuras sl3, 

Futuras sit 
Futuri simus, Futuri sitis, 

Futuri sint 


PERF.—(l have been, <fec.) 
S. Fiii, Fuisti, Fuit 
P. Fuimus, Fuistis, Fuerunt, or 

Fuere 


(I may have been, <fec.) 
Fu-erim, -eris,^-erit 
Fu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 


PLUPERF.—Q. had been, <fec.) 
S. Fu-eram, -eras, -erat 
P. Fu-eramus, -eratis, -erant 


(I might or should have been, <kc.) 
Fu-issem, -isses, -isset 
Fu-issemus, -issetis, -issent 


FUT. PERF.—(I shall have been, .fee.) 
S. Fn-ero, -eris, -erit 
P. Fu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 






Like sum are declined its compounds, absitm, "I am away from;" adsum, "I 
a d in those parts in which the simple verb begins 
f Form, fores, ford. &c, are often used instead of essem, &c 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



79 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

in the manner of forming the Perfect and Supine, or in the mode of 
to the stem. 

Parts — Sum, Fui, Esse * 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Be thou, Ac.) 

- Es 
— , Este 


(To be.) 
Esse 














(Thou shalt be, <fec.) 
— , Esto, Esto 


(To be about to be.) 
Futur-um ) 

am > essej 

am ) 


(About to be.) 
Futur-us, -i 


— , Estote, Sunto 


urn, -i, &c. 





(To have been.) 
Fuisse 























Bra present;" desum, " I am wanting," <fec But prosum, "I am useful to," inserts 
with an e; as, pro-d-es, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, &c 

X Fore is often used instead offuturum esse. 



80 



FIEST LATIN READER. 



IRREGULAR VERBS— continued. 

POSSUM, / am able. 

Possum is compounded of pot-, the stem of the adjective potts, "able," and 
sum, "I am." Whenever the parts of sum begin with an e, the t of 
pot- is retained ; but when they begin with s, the t is assimilated to * : 
as, pot-es, pot-eram • but possum for pot-sum, possim for pot-sim. In 
the perfect and derived tenses, the / of fui is omitted ; as, pot-ui for 
pot-fui. The Imperative is wanting, and the Present Participle, potens, 
is used as an adjective. Posse is for pot-esse. 

Principal Parts — Possum, Pottii, Posse. 



INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—(I am able, <fec) 
S. Possum, Potes, Potest 
P. Possumus, Potestis, Possunt 


(I may be able, <fec.) 
Possim, Possls, Possit 
Possimus, Possitis, Possint 


IMPERF.—Q. was able, &c) 
S. Pot-eram, -eras, -erat 
P. Pot-eramus, -eratis, -erant 


(I might or should be able, &c) 
Poss-em, -es, -et 
Poss-emus, -etis, -ent 


FUT.—{1 shall be able, <fcc) 
S. Pot-ero, -eris, -erit 
P. Pot-erimus, -eritis, -erunt 





PERF.—(l have been able, <fcc) 
S. Potu-i, -isti, -it 
P. Potu-imus, -istis, -erunt, or 
-ere 


(I may hare been able, <fec.) 
Potu-erim, -eris, -erit 
Potu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 


PLUPERF.—(l had been able, <fec) 
S. Potu-eram, -eras, -erat 
P. Potu-eramus, -eratis, -erant 


(I might have been able, etc) 
Potu-issem, -isses, -isset 
Potu-issemus, -issetis, issent 


FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have been able, 

&C.) 

S. Potu-ero, -eris, -erit 

P. Potu-erlmus, -eritis, -erint 






INFINITIVE. 

PRES.— Posse, to be able. 

PERF.— Potu-isse, to have been alle. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



81 



IRREGULAR VERBS— continued. 

PRO SUM, I am useful to, I do good to. 

Principal Parts — Prosum, Profm, Prodesse. 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.— Q. am useful to, Ac.) 
S. Pro-sum, Prod-es, Prod-est 
P. Pro-sumus,Prod-estis,Pro-sunt 


(I may be useful to, Ac.) 
Pro-sim, -sis, -sit 
Pro-slmus, -sitis, -sint 


IMPERF.—(l was useful to, Ac.) 
S. Prod-eram, -eras, -erat 
P. Prod-eramus, -eratis, -erant 


(T might or should be useful to, Ac.) 
Prod-essem, -esses, -esset 
Prod-essemus, -essetis, -essent 


FUT.—Q. shall be useful to, Ac.) 
S. Prod-ero, -eris, -erit 
P. Prod-erimus, -eritis, -erunt 


(I may be about to be useful to, Ac.) 
Profuturus sim, sis, sit 
Profuturi simus, sitis, sint 


PERF — (I have been useful to, Ac.) 
S. Profu-i, -isti, -it 
P. Profu-imus, -istis, -erunt, or 
-ere 


(I may have been useful to, Ac.) 
Profu-erim, -eris, -erit 
Profu-erimus, eritis, erint 


PLUPERF.—{\ had been useful to, Ac.) 

S. Profu-eram, -eras, -erat 

P. Profu-eramus, -eratis, -erant 


(I might have been useful to, Ac.) 
Profu-issem, -isses, -isset 
Profu-issemus, -issetis, -issent 


FUT. PERF.— (I shall have been 
useful to, Ac.) 
S. Profu-ero, -eris, -erit 
P. Profu-eriinus, -eritis, -erint 





IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES.- 


(To be useful to.) 
Prod-esse 


FUT.— 

S. — , Prod-esto, Prod-esto 
P. — , Prod-estote, Pro-sunto 


(To be about to be useful to.) 
Profutur-um \ 

■ am > esse, or Profore. 

— um ) 


PART.— 

Profdtur-us, a, urn 


PERF.— (To huve been useful to.) 
Profu-isse 



(1221 



32 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



IRREGULAR 

( EO, I go. Principal Paets 

Eo belongs to the Fourth Conjugation. Its stem, -t, becomes -e before 
indicative eo for io ; 3d plural present eunt for iunt. The imperfect 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES. — (I go, or am going, <fec.) 
S. Eo, Is, It 
P. Imus, Itis, Eunt 


(I may go, &c) 
Earn, Eas, Eat 
Eamus, Eatis, Eant 


IMPERF.—(\ was going, <fec) 
S. Ibam, Ibas, Ibat 
P. Ibamu3, Ibatis, Ibant 


(I might, <fct, go, <fce.) 
Irem, Ires, Iret 
Iremus, Iretis, Irent 


FUT.— (I shall or will go, Ac.) 
S. Ibo, Ibis, Ibit 
P. Ibinms, Ibitis, Ibuat 


(I may he about to go, <fcc.) 
Iturus sim, Iturus sis, kc. 


PERF.—{\ have gone, Ac.) 
S. Iv-i, -isti, -it, &c. 


(I may have gone, <fcc) 
Iv-erim, -eris, -erit, kc. 


PLUPERF.—Q had gone, <tc.) 
S. Iv-eram, -eras, &c. 


(I might have gone, <fec.) 
Iv-issem, -isses, &c. 


FUT. PERF.—(l shall have gone, <fec.) 
S. Iv-ero, -eris, &c. 


- 



Supine — Itum, Itu. 
Note (1.) That eo has a passive voice only in the 3d singular ; as, itur, '• it 
"to go away ;" irieo, " to enter ;" redeo, u to return," &c.) are conjugated 
are usually contracted into u, iisti [isti). (3.) That some of the compounds 

FIO, I am made, or I become. Principal 

Fio serves as the Passive Voice o(facio, " I 



PRES.—Q. become, <fec) 
S. Flo, FIs, Fit 
P. Fl-mus, Fl-tis, Fi-unt 


(I may become, <fcc.) 
Fi-am, -as, -at 
Fi-amus, -atis, -ant 


IMPERF.—a became, <fcc.) 
S. Fl-ebam, -ebas, &c. 


(I might become, &c.) 
Fi-erem, -eres, &c. 


FUT.— (I shall become, Ac) 
S. Fi-am, -es, -et, kc. 






FIEST LATIN READER. 



83 



VERB S — continued. 
— Eo, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 

the vowels a, o, u : thus, present subjunctive earn for iam ; present 
is ibam, and not i-e-bam ; and the future ends in bo, and not in am. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Go thou, Ac.) 
— , Ite 


(To go, <fec.) 
Ire 


lens, Euntis 
lens, Euntis 
lens, Euntis 











(Thou shalt go, &c) 

— , Ito, Ito 

— , Itote, Eunto 


(To be about to go.) 
Itur-um J 

am > esse 

um ) 


(About to go.) 

Itur-us, -i 
Itur-a, -ae 
Itur-um, -i, &c. 





(To have gone, <fcc.) 

Iv-isse 


■ ■ 


• 





. 












Gerund — Eundum, Eundi, &c. 
is gone;" ibatur, " it was gone," &c. (2.) That the compounds of eo [abeo, 
in the same way as the simple verb ; but that ivi, ivisti, &c, in the perfect 
occasionally take -am instead of -bo in the future ; as, redeam, redies, &c. 

Parts — Flo, Factus sum, Fieri. 

make." It is of the Fourth Conjugation. 



(Become thou.) 
-, FI 
— , Fite 


(To become.) 
Figri 

















(To be about to become.) 
Factum iri 


(Deserving, or requiring, to 
be made or to become.) 
Faciend-us, -i 
Faciend-a, -ae 
Faciend-um, -i, &c. 



81 



FIKST LATIN HEADER. 



IRREGULAR 

FIO, I am made, 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PERF.—(l have become, .fee.) 
S. Factus sum, Factus es, kc. 


(I may have become, <fcc.) 
Factus sim, Factus sis, &c. 


PLUPERF.—Q. had become, <fec) 
S. Factus eram, Factus eras, &c. 


■ 
(I might have become, <fec.) 

Factus essem, Factus esses, &c. 


FUT. PERF.—Q. shall have become, 
<fcc.) 
S. Factus ero, Factus eris, &c. 






FERO, I bring or bear. Principal 

Fero is of the Third Conjugation, but is irregular in the Perfect and 
thus,/ers for fer-i-s, fert for fer-i-t, ferre for/er-e-re, 

ACTIVE 



PRES.—(l bear, <fcc) 
S. Fero, Fers, Fert 
P. Fer-Imus, Fer-tis, Fer-unt 


(I may bear, «tc.) 

Fer-am, -as, -at, kc. 


IMPERF.—{\ was bearing, &c.) 
S. Fer-ebam, -ebas, &c. 


(I might bear, <fcc.) 
Fer-rem, -res, -ret, &c. 


FUT.— (I shall or will bear, Ac) 
S. Fer-am, -es, -et, kc. 


(I may be about to bear, <fcc.) 
Laturus sim, 6is, kc. 


PERF. — (I have borne, <tc.) 
S. Tiil-i, -isti, -it 
P. Tul-imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere 


(I may have borne, <tc.) 
Tul-erim, -eris, -erit, kc. 


PLUPERF.—(l had borne, <fec) 
S. Tul-eram, -eras, &c. 


(I might have borne, <fcc.) 
Tul-issem. -isses. Sec. 


FUT. PERF.— (I shall have borne, <fcc) 
S. Tul-ero, -eris, &c 






Supine— Lat-um, Lat-u. 






FIRST LATIN READER. 



85 



VERB S — continued. 
or 1 become — continued. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 





(To have become.) 
Fact-um \ 

am > esse 

nm ) 


(Having become.) 
Fact-us, -i 
Fact-a, -ae 
Fact-um, -i, &c. 





















Parts — Fero, Ttili, Latum, Ferre. 

Supine and derived tenses. In some parts it omits the connecting vowel 
ferris (2d singular present passive) for fer-e-ria, &c. 

VOICE. 



(Bear thou, &c.) 
— , Fer 
— , Fer-te 


(To bear.) 

Fer-re 


(Beaiing.) 

Fer-ens, -entis 
Fer-ens, -entis 
Fer-ens, -entis, &c. 











(Thou shalt bear.) 

— , Fer-to, Fer-to 
— , Fer-tote, Fer-unto 


(To be about to bear.) 

Latur-um \ 


(About to bear.) 
Latur-us, -i 
Latur-a, -ae 
Latur-um, -i 











(To have borne.) 
Till-isse 
























Gerund — Ferend-um, -i, &c. 



86 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



IRREGULAR 

Fgror, Latus 
PASSIVE 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PEES.— (1 am borne, <fec.) 
S. Fer-or, Fer-ris, Fer-tur 
P. Fer-imur, -imini, -untur 


(I may be borne, <fcc.) 
Fer-ar, -aris, -atur 
Fer-amur, -amini, -antur 


IMPERF. — (I was borne, Ac.) 

S. Fer-ebar, -ebaris, &c. 


(I might be borne, <fcc) 
Fer-rer, -reris, -retur, &c 


FUT.—d shall be borne, <fcc) 
S. Fer-ar, -<jris, -etur, &c 





PERF.—Q. have been borne, <fcc) 
S. Latus sum, Latus es, &c. 


(I may have been borne, &c) 
Latus sim, Latus sis, &c. 


PLUPERF. — (I had been borne, <fcc) 
S. Latus eram, eras, &c. 


(I might have been borne, Ac.) 
Latus essem, esses, &c. 


FUT. PERF.—{1 shall have been 
borne, <fcc) 
S. Latus ero, eris, &c. 






In the same way are conjugated 



Affero (ad fero) 
Effero (e or ex fero) 
Perfero (per fero) 



Attuli 
Extuli 
Pertuli 






FIRST LATIN READER, 



87 



VERB S — continued. 

sum, Ferri. 

VOICE. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


(Be thou borne.) 
~, Fer-re 
— , Fer-imini 


(To be borne.) 
Fer-ri 





- — 





■r— 


(Thou shalt be borne.) 
— , Fer-tor, Fer-tor 
— Fer-emin}, Fer-un- 
tor 


(To be about to be borne.) 
Latum iri 


(Requiring to. be borne.) 
Ferend-us, -i 
Ferend-a, -ae, 
Ferend-um, -i, &c 


-^r- 


(To have been borne.) 
Lat-um ) 

am > esse 

um J 


(Borne.) 
Lat-us, -i 
Lat-a, -ae 
Lat-um, -i, &c 



















the compounds of Fero : — 



Allatum 
Elatum 
Perlatum 



Afferre. 
Eflfe.rre. 
Perferre, &c. &o. 



88 FIRST LATTBT READER. 

1. (Syntax) Rule XXI. — The infinitive mood usually depend* 
on another verb; as, Cupio discere, I am eager to learn. 

2. (Syntax) Rule XXII. — The subject to a verb in the infinitivt 
mood is put in the accusative; as, Hostes parare bellum videt, 
he sees that the enemy are preparing {for) war. 

3. (Syntax) Rule XXIII. — Tlie compounds of sum, except pos- 
sum, govern the dative; as, Interfuit praelio, he was present at the 
battle. 

EXERCISE XXVIII. 

Caesar vir magnus et clarus fuit. Nonne in horto fuistis agri- 
colae? Nonne in horto fuistis, agricolae? Nunquam deerit tibi 
laus, si probus fueris. Ante Ciceronis aetatem oratores multi atque 
clari fuerunt. Ante bellum Punicum secundum imperatores multi 
ac clari fuerant, nee postea defuerunt. Multis praeliis interfuerant 
miiites. Divitiacus copiis iEduoram praefuit. Si Caesar ipse equi- 
tatui praefuisset, hostes non effugissent. 

Beatus esse sine virtnte potest nemo. Mons altissimus impendet, 
ut facile perpauci prohibere hostes possint. Mons altissimus im- 
pendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere hostes possent. Romani con- 
sequi hostes non potuerunt. ■ Divitiacus plurimum poterat apud 
suos cives. Possunt, quia posse videntur. Non est dubiuni quin* 
totius Galliae plurimum Ilelvetii possint. Viri boni sumus, si iis 
prosumus, quibus (prodesse) possumus. Caesar negat se posse iter 
ulli per provinciam dare. Qui possum facere quod quereris ? Canis 
non potuit attingere cibum, quem petebat 

You cannot be happy without virtue. If you are (pres. subj.) 
rich, you will never want friends ; (i. e., friends will never be wanting 
to you.) Labienus commanded Caesar's cavalry. Labienus, as lieu- 
tenant-general, was in charge of the camp. Our soldiers were not 
able to repulse the enemy. Caesar's ships had not been able to 
reach the island. Divitiacus was very powerful at home {domi) 
and in the rest of Gaul. The king who had been given (them) 
was useless. The dogs were not able to reach the flesh which they 
were aiming at. Let us be useful to all our friends. Cicero had been 
of great service to the state. 

* Quin is equal to qui (old ablative of quis) and Jion or ne, and means ". 
"in what manner, not," or "how, not." It is usually translated, " but that," and 
is generally followed by the subjunctive. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 80 



EXERCISE XXiX. 

Multi dolorem morbi ferre non possunt. Aulus fert talos nuces- 
que sinu laxo. Improbi cives arma contra patriam ferunt. Aura 
secunda naves per mare feret. Omnia ferebant atque agebant* hostes. 
Multa tulit fecitque puer. Flumen Rhenus longo spatio per fines 
Germanorum fertur. Quodvis pete munus, ut illud, me tribuente, 
feras. Sapiens nomen insani ferat. Helvetii admirati sunt, Cae- 
sarem injurias tam diu impune tulisse. Ariovistus tantam arrogan- 
tiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur. Lupus causam jurgii 
intulit. Si res adversas mihi fortuna imposuisset, animo aequo 
tulissem. Duae mulae ibant gravatae sarcinis. Muli ferebant fiscos 
cum pecunia. Rana qnaedam caput e stagno profert. Canis per 
flumen natans, carnem ferebat. Canis aliam praedam ab alio {cane) 
ferri putabat. Leo improbus totam praedam abstulit. Eodem 
anno bellum Romanis illatum est. Caesari nuntiatum est Ariovistum 
Populo Romano bellum intulisse. 

The boy was not able to bear the pain of the disease. The Hel- 
vetii carried their baggage to one place. Bring help to the wretched 
and the poor (inops). The wise man bears injuries with contented 
mind. The poets say {ferunt) that the giants made war {accus. with 
inf.) against the gods. The farmer's son used to carry apples and 
nuts in the loose fold (of his robe). Let the son bear his father's 
name. If the Gauls shall wage {fut. perf.) war on the Romans, the 
consuls will hasten over the Alps with the legions. All the baggage 
was brought together into one place. The soldiers had waged war 
against their fellow-citizens. Some dogs swimming over a river, 
carrying flesh, saw their own forms in the clear water. The whole 
Helvetian state waged war on the Romans with all their forces. 
Let wise men receive (bear) the name of fools. The ships were borne 
over the sea with a favouring breeze. Caesar bore for a long time 
the injuries of {i.e., done by) the Helvetii. Rich men are able to be 
of great service to the poor. Let us not wage war against our 
fellow-citizens. There is no doubt but that Caesar is able to make 
himself master of all Gaul. 

* The phrase, Ferre et agere, is used to denote a general plunder : ferre applies to 
the carrying of inanimate tilings, and agere to the driving of live stock. 



90 



FIRST LATIN HEADER. 



IRREGULAR 

VOLO, 1 
This verb is irregular in the present indicative and 

Principal Parts — 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PRES.—QL am willing, <fec.) 
S. Volo, Vis, Vult 
P. VSlumus, Vultis, Volant 


(I may be willing, Ac.) 
Vel-im, -is, -it 
Vel-Imus, -itis, -int, &c. 


IMPERF.—Q. was willing, <fcc.) 
S. Vol-ebam, -ebas, &c. 


(I might be willing, <fec.) 
Vel-lem, -les, -let, &c. 


FUT. — (I shall be willing, Ac.) 

S. V61-am, -es, -et, &c 





PERF. — (I have been willing, Ac.) 
S. Volu-i, -isti, -it, &c. 


(I may have been willing, Ac.) 
Volu-erim, -eris, &c. 


PLUPERF.—Q. had been willing, Ac.) 
S. Volu-eram, -eras, &c. 


(I might have been willing, Ac) 
Volu-issera, -isses, &c. 


FUT. PERF— (J. shall have been 
willing, Ac.) 
S. V51u-ero, -eris, &c. 






NOLO, lam 
Nolo is composed of ne or non, " not," and 

Principal Parts — 



PRES.—Q. am unwilling, Ac) 

S. Nolo, Noiuvis, Non-volt 

P. Nolumus, Non-vnltis, Nolunt 


(I may be unwilling, Ac.) 
N61-im, -is, -It 
Nol-imus, -itis, -int 


1MPERF.—QL was unwilling, Ac) 
S. Nol-ebam, -ebas, -ebat, &c. 


(I might be unwilling, Ac) 
N5l-lem, -les, -let, &c. 


FUT.— (I shall be unwilling, Ac.) 
S. Nol-am, -es, -et 






FIRST LATIN READER. 



91 



VERB S — continued. 

am willing. 

present infinitive, and the tenses derived from them. 

Volo, Volui, Yelle. 



IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 





(To be willing.) 

Velle 


(Willing.) 

Volens 
Volentis, &c. 























(To have been willing.) 
Volu-isse 





— 








— ■ 


: 






unwilling. 

v&lo ; the first syllable is therefore long. 

Nolo, Nolui, N511e. 



(Be thou unwilling.) 
— ,N61i 
— , Nolite 



(To be unwilling.) 
Nolle 



(Unwilling.) 
Nolens 
Nolentis, &c. 



(Thou shalt be unwilling.) 
j — , Nolito, Nolito 
-, Nolitote, Nolunto 



92 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



IRREGULAR 

NOLO, / am 



INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PERK— (I have been unwilling, &c) 
S. N61ii-i, -isti, -it, &c. 


(I may have been unwilling, <kc.) 
N51u-erim, -eris, kc. 


PLUPERF.—{1 had been unwilling, <fcc.) 
S. Nolu-eram, -eras, &c. 


(I might have been unwilling, &c) 
Nolu-issem, -isses, &c. 


PUT. PERF.—(l shall have been 
unwilling, <tec) 
S. Nolu-ero, -eris, &c. 






MALO, I am 
Mdlo is composed of magis or mage, "more," 

Principal Parts — 



PRE&—(1 am more wihing, &c.) 
8. Malo, Mavis, Mavnlt 
P. Malumus, Mavnltis, Malunt 


(I may be more willing, <fcc) 
Mal-im, -is, -it 
Mal-imus, -itis, -int 


IMPERF.—(l was more willing, Ac) 
S. Mal-ebam, -ebas, &c. 


(I might be more willing, <fec) 
Mal-lem, -les, -let, &c 


FUT. — (I shall be more willing, <fcc.) 

S. Mal-am, -es, -et, kc. 





PERF.— (I have been more willing, <fcc.) 
S. Malu-i, -isti, -it, kc. 


(I may have been more willing, &c) 
Malu-erim, -eris, kc. 


PLUPERF.—Q. had been more 
willing, <fcc) 
S. Malu-eram, -eras, &c. 


(I might have been more willing, 
<fca) 
Malu-issem, -isses, &c. 


FUT. PERF.—{1 shall have been more 

willing, <fcc.) 
S. Malu-ero, -eris, &c. 

1 ] 






FIRST LATIN READER. 



S3 



1 
VERBS — continued. 

vn willing — continued. 




IMPERATIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


PARTICIPLE. 


— 


(To Jiave been unwilling.) 
Noluisse 





— 








! 





, 


more willing. 

, and volo, and has the first syllable long. 

j 

Malo, Malui, Malle. 


— 


(To be more willing.) 
Malle 











■ 


■ — 








— 


(To have been more 
willing.) 
Malu-isse 





— 








! 
i 








i 

| 







94 FIRST LATIN READER. 



EXERCISE XXX. 

Non eadem volo senex, quae volui adolescens. Quia noluistis ves- 
tram ferre bonum, malum perferte. Noli mentiri. Nolite, judices, 
de me ita existimare. Quod volumus, libenter credimus. Idem velle 
etidem nolle, ea firma amicitia est. Nosti* ingenium mulierum ; 
nolunt, ubi velis,— ubi nolis, cupiunt ultro. Nemo, me nolente, pecu- 
niam Aulo meo auferet. Iracundia non vult regi. Caesar ab Hel- 
vetiis discedere nolebat. Si vis amari, ama. Stultus corvus, dum 
vocem ostendere vult, emisit ore caseum. Noli coram pluribus cani- 
bus panem craore tinctum mittere, ne nos vivos devoreut. Dum 
rana vult inflare sese validius, rupto jacuit corpore. Noli imputare 
vanum beneficium mihi. Quum mustela, ab homine prensa, in- 
stantem necem effugere vellet ; parce, inquit, mihi, quae domum tibi 
molestis muribus purgo. Senex asino suadebat fugere, ne possent 
capi. Hydras ranas singulas aspero dente corripere coepit.t Gracu- 
lus ad proprium genus redire coepit maerens. Si voluisses pati quod 
natura dederat, banc repulsam non sentires. 

A lion was anxious to go-a-hunting, (i e., to hunt,) with a donkey 
for a companion. The stag begins to run over (per) the plain. The 
foolish crow was anxious to show off its voice. The enemy began to 
assemble from all parts. The inhabitants began to cultivate the 
fields. Ambassadors were sent to Rome to the senate, to sue for 
peace. The enemy began to retreat. The soldiers, worn out (dt- 
fessus) with wounds, had begun to retreat. Don't be at all (imperat. 
of nolo) afraid ; (i. e., do not fear.) We know (novi) the wisdom of 
Socrates, (and) the justice of Aristides. The citizens began to build 
a new city. 



SECTION XIX. 

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

1. Defective Verbs are those which want some of their parts. 
Thus, volo, malo, &c, are not only Irregular, but also Defective 
Verbs. The following, however, are more largely defective, since they 
either want the present and derived tenses, or have only a few 

* Nosti, for novisti, perfect of notco, but often translated as a present Sea 
next page, t For coepi, see next page. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



95 



isolated parts, principally of the present stem. Thus, eoepi, " I begin;" 
memini, "I remember;" 6di, "I hate;" and novi, "I know," have 
only the perfect (preterite) tense and the forms derived from it : from 
which circumstance they are sometimes called Preteritive Verbs. 

2. The perfects are translated as presents, the pluperfects as per- 
fects indefinite or imperfects, and the future perfects as futures. 
The reason of this change is evident when we remember that mem- 
ini literally means, "I have called to mind," i.e., "I remember;" 
odi, " I have conceived a hatred," i. e., " I hate," &c. 





INDICATIVE. 






PERFECT. 




Coepi. 


Memln-L 6d-i. 


N6v-I. 


Coep-istl. 


Memin-istl. Od-isti. 


Nov-istL 


Coep-it, &o. 


Memm-it, &c. Od-it, &c. 
PLUPERFECT. 


N6v-it, &c 


Coep-eram, 


MSmln-eram. 6d-eram. 

FUTURE PERFECT. 


N6v-eram, 


Coep-gro. 


Memfti-ero. 6d-ero, 


N5v-8ro. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PERFECT. 

Coep-2rim. Memin-erim. 6d-erim. Nov-erim. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Coep-issem. Mgmln-issem. Od-issem. Nov-issem. 

IMPERATIVE. 

FUTURE. 

S. Memen-to. | P. Memen-tote. 



Coep-isse. 



INFINITIVE. 
Memin-isse. Od-isse. 



Nov-isse. 



PARTICIPLES. 

PERFECT. 

6-sus {obsolete.) (No-tua.) 

FUTURE. 

6-surus. 



96 

3. Ajo or aio, 
parts : — 



FIE5T LATIN EEADER. 

" I say," a I say yes," has only the following 



PRESEXT IXDICA TIYE. 
S. AJO, AlS, Alt. 

P. — , — , Aiunt. 

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. 
S. Aiebam, Aiebas, Aiebat. 
P. Aiebamus, Aiebatis, Aiebant. 



PRESEXT SUBJUXCTIYE. 
8. — , Aias, Aiat. 
P. — , — , Aiant. 

PARTICIPLE PRESEXT. 
Aiens, affirming. 



4. Tnquqm, " I say," is likewise very defective. Of inquam it 
must be noticed, (1) that it is only used (like our "says I") in quot- 
ing the words of a person ; and (2) that it never stands as the first 
word of a clause : — 



INDICATIVE. 



PRESEXT. 

S. Inqtiam, Inquis, Inquit. 

P. Inquimus, Inquitis, Inquiunt. 

PERFECT. 
S. , Inquisti, Inquit. 



S. 



IMPERFECT. 

, Inquiebat. 

FUTURE. 

Inquies, Inquiet. 



IMPERATIVE. 
Pres. Sing. Inque. | Fut. Sin?. Inquito. 



SECTION XX. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

1. Impersonal Verbs are used only in the third person singular, and 
have no personal subject—/. <?., have no substantive or substantive 
pronoun as their subject. They are like the English phr 
snows, it rains, it happens, &C. 

2. The third singular of regular verbs is sometimes used imper- 
sonally; as, accidit, "it happens," from accido, "I fall in with," 
u happen on." 

.'I The following refer to the weather and certain natural pheno- 
mena:— 






FIRST LATIN READER. 



97 



Pluit, it rains. 
Ningit, it snows. 
Grandinat, it hails. 
Lapidat, or lapidatum est, stones 
fall from heaven. 



Lucescit and illucescit, it dawns. 
Fulgiirat and fulmlnat, it lightens. 
Tonat, it thunders* 
Vesperaseit and advesperascit, it 
grows dark. 



4. The following six, referring to feelings of the mind, take the 
accusative of the person experiencing the feeling ; as, Miseretme tui, 
" I pity you," (literally, " It pities me of you") :— 



MIseret (me), I pity; perf. miserit- 

um est, misertum est, or miser- 

uit. 
Piget (me), I regret ; perf. piguit, 

or pigitum est. 
Poenitet (me), / repent; perf. poen- 

ituit. 



Piidet (me), / am ashamed; perf. 

puduit, or puditum est. 
Taedet (me), / am disgusted; perf. 

pertaesum est, and rarely taed- 

uit. 
Oportet (me), it is necessary for me, 

1 must; perf. oportuit. 



5. Some have a substantive as their subject, and are used in the 
the third plural, with a neuter plural as subject ; as, Parvum parva 
decent : — 



Decet (me), it becomes me; perf. 

•decuit. 
Dedecet (me), it does not become me; 

perf. dedecuit. 
Liquet, it is obvious; perf. licuit. 



Libet, or lubet (mihi), I like, 
choose; perf. llbuit, or libitum 
est. 

Licet (mihi), T am permitted; perf. 
licuit, or licitum est. 



6. Some personal verbs are used impersonally in the third person 
singular, and with a meaning more or less different from that of the 
personal forms : — 



Interest and refert, it is of impor- 
tance to. 

Accidit, evenit, contingit, or fit, 
it happens. 

Accedit, it is added to, or in addi- 
tion to. 

Attinet and pertinet (ad), it con- 
cerns or pertains to. 

Conducit, it is conducive. 

Convenit, it suits. 

Constat, it is known or established. 

Expedit, it is expedient. 



Delectat and jiivat (me), it delights 
me. 

Fallit, fugit, and praeterit (me), 
it escapes me. 

Placet, it pleases, perf. placuit, or 
placitum est. 

Praestat, it is better. 

Restat, it remains. 

Vacat, it is wanting. 

Est, in the sense of licet, it is per- 
mitted. 



* Some of these are occasionally used as personal Thus we find Jupiter tonat: 
and in a figurative sense, orator tonat. 
(322) 7 



98 FIRST LATIN READEE. 

7. Most verbs may be used impersonally in the Passive Voice. 
This usually happens in the case of intransitive verbs, which other- 
wise have no passive ; as curritur, " they run ;" literally, " it is run," 
£.«., "running is taking place." Thus, pugnatur, "they fight," 
(the battle is carried on ;) pugnabatur, " they were fighting ;" pitg- 
natum est, "they fought," &c. : vivitur, "people live," (i.e., life is 
maintained :) ventum est, " they came," &e. 

8. (Syntax) Rule XXIV. — An impersonal verb governs the 
dative: as, Expedit reipublicae, it is profitable for the state. 

9. Exceptions : — 

(1.) Refert and interest govern the genitive ; as, Refert regis, 
"it concerns the king;" Interest civium, "it is the 
interest of the citizens." * 

(2.) Miseret, poenitet, pudet, taedet, and piget govern an 
accusative of the person (who feels pity, regret, shame, 
&c), and the genitivef of the object (which excites the 
feeling) ; as, Pudet mepeccati, " I am ashamed of my 
fault." 

(3.) Decet, delectat,juvat, and oportetX govern the accusative 
of a person with the infinitive ; as, Non decet te irasci, 
" it does not become you to be angry." 

10. For further exceptions, and other minutia', consult an advanced 
grammar, or a dictionary under each verb. 

EXERCISE XXXI. 

Licet nobis esse beatis. Nobis gloriari licet, nulli gentium mitiores 
placuisse poenas. Caesari placuit castra defendere. Caesari placuit, 
ut ad Ariovistum legates mitteret. Tibi ire licet. Tibi ire licuit. 
Quod tibi lubet, idem mibi lubet. Vobis venire licuit. Non cuivis 
contingit adire Corinthum. Legatus petebat, ut sibi discedere 
liceret. 

Omnium interest vera {accus. pi. neut.) dicere. Mea, interest virtu- 



• But when the possessive pronouns accompany these verbs, they are used in the 
forms nua, tua, sua, nostra, vestra; as, Non mea refert, " it does not concern me." 
Some scholars consider these forms as in the ablative sinpular feminine, agreeing 
with re; while others regard the phrases as abbreviations for rem meam fert, and 
inter rem est meam. (See Key, Latin Grammar, § 910.) 

t The infinitive mood is occasionally used instead of the genitive; as, Pudet nt 
p-atrem hocfecisse, " I am ashamed that my brother has done tins." 

J Oportet is also followed by the subjunctive, but rarely. 



FTRST LATIN READER. 99 

kem colere. Refert civitatis omnes legibus obtemperare. Id me5 
minime refert. Quid id refert tua ? Quid patris mei interest, ubi tu 
sis ? Tua et mea maxirae interest, te valere. Tua quod nihil refert, 
percontari desinas. 

Miseret me tui. Non me poenitet hujus consilii. Inertem poenit- 
ebit aliquando ignaviae. Pueros ineptiarum poenitebat. Socratem 
non puduit fateri, se multas res nescire. Nos miseret casus tui. 
Morum civitatis me piget atque taedet. Nunquam Caesarem suscepti 
negotii pertaesum est. Quern poenitet peccasse paene est innocens. 
An poenitet vos, quod exercitum trans flumen transduxerim ? Sunt 
homines quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque taedeat neque 
pudeat. 

Adolescentem verecundum esse decet. Pudet me peccati mei. 
Sunt quos delectet segnem traducere vitam :— et sunt quos studiis 
invigilare juvet. Pueros diligentes esse oportet. Caesarem oportet 
ad Ariovistum venire. Ariovistus dixit, Caesarem oportere ad se 
venire. Hoc fieri et oportet et opus est. Pecunia his civitatibus 
pro frumento dari oportuit. Hoc te oportuit facere. Haec facta 
esse a civibus oportebat. 

EXERGISE XXXII. 

Diu et acriter pugnatum est. Gloriae maxime invidetur. Nemini 
parcetur. Omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere. Nuntiatum 
est Caesari Germanos in fuga esse. His rebus fit, ut Helvetii minus 
late vagentur. His rebus fiebat, ut Helvetii minus late vagarentur. 
Vivitur ex rapto. 

Milites vulneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt. Caesar milites 
hortatur ut veteris gloriae meminerint. Legati dixerant, se portus 
insulasque novisse. Multi te oderunt, si te solum amas. Multi te 
oderint, si te solum ames. Germani superbiam atque saevitiam 
Lucii Varii odisse coeperant. Tullus Hostilius, ut ait Livius, ferocior 
etiam Romulo fuit. Novimus Aristidis justitiam, novimus Socratis 
sapientiam. Socrates interrogatus quinam homines tranquilliter 
viverent : qui, inquit, nullius turpitudinis sibi conscii sunt. Pater 
tuus, inquit, maledixit mihi. Vos quoque, ait, cives ! sustinete 
hoc. Tunc contra deus ; — quia noluistis, inquit, vestrum bonum ferre, 
malum perferte. Equidem, inquit alter, me contemptum esse gaudeo. 
Nunc, inquit, sol unus omnes exurit lacus. Quid refert mea cui 
serviam, dum clitellas portem meas 1 



100 



FIRST LATIN READER 



SECTION XXI 



INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
I. ADVERBS. 

1. Adverbs are words joined to verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, to 
modify their signification. Adverbs are either (1) simple; as saepe, 
" often ;" post, "after :" or (2) derived from adjectives ; as docte, from 
doct-us, -a,-um; merito, from merit-us,-a,-um ; facile, from factt-ds, 
-is,-e; fortiter, from fort-is, -is, -e: or (3) certain forms which were 
originally cases of nouns ; as, noctu (by night), partim, ibi, ubi, &c. 

2. Many adverbs, especially those derived from adjectives, are sub- 
ject to comparison. The comparative of the adverb is generally 
the nominative singular neuter of the adjectival comparative ; thus, 
doctior, doctior, doctius, — this neuter, doctius, being used as the com- 
parative of the adverb docte. From the superlative, doctissimijbs, is 
formed the adverb doctissime. 

ADVERBS. 



ADJECTIVES. 

Doctus, 

learned. 
Felix, fortunate. 
Fortis, brave. 
Gravis, heavy. 
Similis, like. 
Liber, free. 
Pulcher, beautiful. 
Aeger, sick. 
Audax, bold. 
Amans, loving. 
Prudens, wise. 



POSITIVE. 

Docte, 

learnedly. 
Feliciter. 
Fortiter. 
Graviter. 
Similiter. 
Libere. 
Pulchre. 
Aegre. 
Audacter. 
Amanter. 
Prudenter. 



COMPARATIVE. 

Doctius, 

more learnedly. 
Felicius. 
Fortius. 
Gravius. 
Similius. 
Liberius. 
Pulchrius. 
Aegrius. 
Audacius. 
Aniantius. 
Prudentius. 



SUPERLATIVE. 

Doctissime, 

most learnedly. 
Felicissime. 
Fortissime. 
Gravissime. 
Simillime. 
Liberrime. 
Pulcherrime. 
Aegerrime. 
Audacissime 
Amantissime. 
Prudentissime. 



3. In comparison, adverbs follow the irregularities of the adjec- 
tives from which they are derived ; as, — 



Bonus, good. 



Bene, well. Melius, better. Optime, best. 



Malus, bad. Male. Pejus. Pessime. 

Multus, much, many. Multum. Plus. Plurlmum. 

Magnus, great Magnum. Magis. Maxime. 

(Propinquus, near.) Prope. Propius. Proxime. [mo. 

(Pro or prae, before.) Prius. Primum, orpn- 

Validus, strong. Valde. Validius. Validiasime. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



101 



4. Only a few of the primitive adverbs suffer comparison :- 



Diu, long. 

Saepe, often. 

Secus, otherioise. 

Temperi, in time. 

Nuper, lately. 

Satis, enough, or sufficient. 


Diutius. 
Saepius. 
Secius. 
Temperius. 


Satius. 



Diutissime. 
Saepissime. 



Nuperrime. 



II. PREPOSITIONS. 

5. Some Prepositions govern the accusative, some the ablative, 
and a few either the accusative or ablative : — 



(1.) The accusative : — 

Ad, to, up to, near, or nearly. 
Adversus or adversum, opposite, 
Ante, before. [against. 

Apud, near, with. 
Circa or circuxn, around, about. 
Circiter, about (in regard to time or 

number"). 
Cis or citra, on this side of. 
Contra, against. 
Erga, towards. 

Extra, without (opposite of within). 
Infra, below, beneath. 
Inter, between, among. 
Intra, within. 

(2.) The ablative :— 

A, ah, or abs, from. 
Absque, without {wanting). 
Coram, in the presence of. 
Cum, with. 

De, down from, concerning. 
E or ex, out of, of. 



Juxta, near to, or beside. 
Ob, against, or on account of. 
Penes, in the power of. 
Per, through. 
Pone, behind. 
Post, after. 

Praeter, besides, excepting. 
Propter, on account of, close by. 
Secundum, next after, in accord- 
ance with. 
Supra, above. 

Trans, on the other side of, beyond. 
Ultra, beyond. 
Versus, towards {a place). 



Prae, before, in consequence of. 
Prd, before, instead of. 
Palam, with the knowledge of. 
Sine, without (i.e., not with.) 
Tenus, up to, as far as. 



(3.) The accusative or ablative: the accusative, when motion to- 
wards is signified ; the ablative, when rest, or position in, is 
meant : — 



102 FIRST LATIN READER. 

With the Accusative. With the AblatlTa. 

In, into, against. in. 

Sub, under, about, towards. under. 

Super, above, over. upon, concerning. 

Subter, under, beneath; generally with the accusative in either 

sense, rarely with the ablative. 



III. INTERJECTIONS. 

6. Interjections are words used to express some emotion of the 
mind, such as joy, grief, astonishment, contempt, &c. ; as, eheu, 
alas! euge, bravo! ecce, lo! heus, holla! Interjections are thrown 
in between the parts of a sentence without influencing the syntax. 
Some of them, however, when used in connection with a noun, prefer 
a special case ; thus, 0, heu, proh, take a vocative of address, but an 
accusative of exclamation ; as, formose puer, beautiful boy ! 
Heu me infelicem, ah ! luckless me ! Ileus tu, holla, you there ! 

Vae, woe, prefers the dative (rarely the accusative) ; as, Vae mihi, 
woe's me ! Hei mihi, ah me ! 

7. Other parts of speech are frequently used as interjections ; as, 
pax, peace! hush! — infandum, monstrous! shame! — miserum, 
wretched ! — cito, quick ! — Mehercule, by Hercules ! 



IV. CONJUNCTIONS. 

8. Conjunctions serve to connect words, clauses, or sentences. 
Some of them are (1) simple; as, et, ac, sed, aut, &c. : or (2) com- 
pound; as, atque, itaque, quamvis, &c. 

9. Those conjunctions which are employed to connect clauses 
that are on an equality with one another — that is, either primary 
(independent) clauses or secondary (dependent) clauses, which stand 
in the same relation to the governing clause — are called co-ordinative; 
as, et, ac, -que (which last never stands alone, but is always attached 
to a word), atque, sed, vel, aut, &c. : and those which connect a 
secondary (dependent) clause to a primary or leading clause, are 
railed suhordinative ; as, ut, si, quum, ne, quo, ubi, dum* &c. 

* Some of these so-called conjunctions are, more strictly speaking, adverbs, but 
to avoid confusion the usual classification has been retained. 



THE DECLENSIONS, &c. WITH THE CASES IN 
AN ALTERED ORDER. 



FIRST DECLENSION. 



Singular. 
Worn. Mens-a, a table. 
Voc. Mens-a, table 1 
Ace. Mens-am, a table. [table. 
Gen. Mens-ae, a table's, or of a 
Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. 
Abl. Mens-a, from, with, in, or 
by a table. 



Plural. 
Mens-ae, tables. 
Mens-ae, tables/ 
Mens-as, tables. 

Mens-arum, tables', or of tables. 
Mens-is, to or for tables. 
Mens-is, from, with, in, or by 
tables. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Nom. Serv-us, masc, a slave. 


Serv-I, slaves. 


Voc. Serv-e, slave! 


Serv-i, slaves ! 


Act. Serv-um, a slave. 


Serv-6s, slaves. 


Gen. Serv-I, of a slave. 


Serv-orum, of slaves. 


Dat. Serv-6, to ox for a slave. 


Serv-Is, to or for slaves. 


Abl. Sevv-b,from, &c, a slave. 


Serv-Is, from, &c, slaves. 


T . V. <k Ace. Mal-um, neut., an apple. 


Mal-a, apples. 


Gen. Mal-i, of an apple. 


Mal-orum, of apples. 


Dat. <fc Abl. Mal-o, to an apple. 


Mal-is, to apples. 


THIRD DECLENSION. 


Singular. 


Plurai 


N. dc Voc. Honor, masc, honour. 


Honor-es, honours. 


Ace. Honor-em. 


Honor-es. 


Gen. Honor-Is. 


Honor-urn. 


Dat. Honor-I. 


Honor-Ibus. 


Abl. Honor-e. 


Honor-Ibns. 


N. «fc Voc. Frater, m., a brother. 


Fratr-es, brothers. 


Ace. Fratr-em. 


Fratr-es. 


Gen. Fratr-is. 


Fratr-um. 


Dat. Fratr-i. 


Fratr-ibus. n 


Abl. Fratr-e. 


Fratr-ibus. 



104 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



SINGULAR. 

A. V. Jb Ace. Animal, n., an animal 

Gen. Animal-is. 
Dot. <fc Abl. Animal-i. 

N. ds Voc. Urb-s, f., a city. 

A cc. Urb-em. 

Gen. TJrb-is. 

Dot. Urb-i. 

Abl. Urb-e. 

K. V. <k Ace. Ret-e, n., a net. 
Gen. Ret-is. 
Dai. & Abl. Eet-i. 

N. & Voc. Miles, m., a soldier. 
Ace. Milit-em. 
Gen. Milit-is. 
Bat. Milit-i. 
Abl. Milit-e. 



Plural. 
Animal-ia, animals. 
Animal-ium. 
Animal-ibus. 

Tlrb-es, cities. 

TJrb-es. 

TJrb-ium. 

Urb-ibus. 

Urb-ibus. 

Ret-Ia, nets. 

Ret-ium. 

Ret-ibus. 

Milit-es, soldiers. 

Milit-es. 

Milit-um. 

Milit-ibus. 

Milit-ibus. 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. <k Voc. Fruct-us, ra., fruit. 


Fruct-us, frui 4 * 


Ace. Fruct-um. 


Fruct-us. 


Gen. Fruct-us. 


Fruct-uum. 


Bat. Fruct-ui. 


Fruct-ibus. 


All. Fruct-u. 


Fruct-ibus. 


y V.dcAcc. Gen-u, n., a knee. 


Gen-ua, knees. 


Gen. Gen-us. 


Gen-uum. 


Bat. <fc Abl. Gen-u. 


Gen-ibus. 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 
Singular. Plural. 

A r . d' Voc. Di-es, m. or f., a day. Di-es, m., days. 

Ace. Di-em. Di-es. 

Gen. Di-ei. Di-erum. 

Bat. Di-ei. Di-ebus. 

Abl. Di-e. Di-ebus. 

y. <£• Voc. R-es, f., a thing. R-es, thinys. 

Ace. R-em. R-es. 

Gen. R-ei. R-erum. 

Bat. R-ei. R-ebus. 

Abl. R-e. R-ebus. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



10/) 





ADJECTIVES. 






Singular. 




Maso. 


Fern. 


Neut 


Norn,. Bon-us, good 


Bon-a. 


Bon-um. 


Voc. Bon-e. 


Bon-a. 


Bon-um. 


Ace. Bon-um. 


Bon-am. 


Bon-um. 


Gen. Bon-i. 


Bon-ae. 


Bon-i. 


Dat. Bon-o. 


Bon-ae. 


Bon-o. 


Abl. Bon-o. 


Bon-a. 

Plural. 


Bon-o. 


N. de Voc. Bon-i. 


Bon-ae. 


Bon-a- 


Ace. Bon-os. 


Bon-as. 


Bon-a. 


Gen. Bon-orum. 


Bon-arum. 


Bon-orum. 


Dat. <k Abl. Bon-is. 


Bon-is. 

Singular. 


Bon-is. 


N. da Voc. Grav-is, heavy. Grav-is. 


Grav-e. 


Ace. Grav-em. 


Grav-em. 


Grav-e. 


Gen. Grav-is. 


Grav-is. 


Grav-is. 


Dat. ds Abl. Grav-i. 


Grav-i. 
Plural. 


Grav-i. 


N. V. d Ace. Grav-es. 


Grav-es. 


Grav-Ia. 


Gen. Grav-ium. 


Grav-ium. 


Grav-ium. 


Dat. d Abl. Grav-ibus. 


Grav-ibus. 

Singular. 


Grav-ibus. 


N. d Voc. Gravior, heavier. Gravior. 


Gravius. 


Ace. Gravior-em. 


Gravior-em. 


Gravius. 


Gen. Gravior-is. 


Gravior-is. 


Gravior-is. 


Dat. Gravior-i. 


Gravior-i. 


Gravior-i. 


Abl. Gravior-e or 


-i. Gravior-e or -i. 
Plural. 


Gravior-e or -i 


A T . V. d Ace. Gravior-es. 


Gravior-es. 


Gravior-a. 


Gen. Gravior-um. 


Gravior-um. 


Gravior-um. 


Dat. d A bl. Gravior-ibus 


i. Gravior-ibus. 


Gravior-ibus. 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 




Singular. 




1 Pers. 


2 Pers. 


3 Pei s. 


Nom. Ego, /. 


Tti, thou. 






Voc. 


Tu, thou. 


\UscK 


yllSt'J 


Ace. Me, me. 


Te, thee, 


Se, himself, herself, 


(fen. Mei, of me. 


Tiii, of thee. 


Siii, of himself, dec. 


Dat. Mini, to or for me. 


libi, to or for thee. 


Sibi, to or for himself, 


[or in me. 




dc. 



Abl. Me, with, by, from, Te, with, dc, thee. S§, with himself dc. 



106 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



Norn. Nos, we. 

Voc. 

Ace. Nos, us. 

Gen. Nostri, or nostrum, 

of us. 
Dat. Nobis, to or for us. 
Abl. Nobis, with, from, 

&c., us. 



Plural. 
Vos, ye or you. 
Vos, ye or you. 
Vos, you. 
Vestri, or vestrum, 

of you. 
Vobis, to or for you. 
Vobis, with, from, 

d'C, you. 



Se, theniselvcs. 
Sui, of themselves. 

[selves, 
Sibi, to or for them> 
Se, with, from, d-c., 
themselves. 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 







Singular. 






Plura l. 






Masc 


Fem. 


Neat 


Masc 


Fem. 


Nent. 


A T om 


.Hie. 


Haec. 


Hoc, this. 


Hi. 


Hae. 


Haec. 


Voc. 














Ace. 


Hunc. 


Hanc. 


Hoc. 


Hos. 


Has. 


Haec. 


Gen. 


Hujus 


Hujus. 


Hujus. 


Horum. 


Harum. 


Horun 


Dat. 


Huic. 


Huic. 


Huic. 


His. 


His. 


His. 


Abl. 


H5c. 


Hac. 


Hoc. 


His. 


His. 


His. 



Singular. Plural. 

Masc. Fem. Nent. Masc Fem. NeuL 

Xom. Is. Ea. Id, this {here). Ii. Eae. Ea. 

T^oc. ■ ■ I 



Ace. Eum. Earn. Id. 

Gen. Ejus. Ejus. Ejus. 

Dat. Ei. Ei. Ei. 

Abl. Eo. Ea. Eo. 



Eos. Eas. Ea. 

Eorum. Earum. Eorum. 

lis or eis. lis, eis. lis, eis. 

lis or eis. lis, eis. lis, eis 



Singular. 

Masc Fem. Neut. 

Nom. Qui. Quae. Quod. 

Voc. 

Ace. Quern. Quam. Quod. 

Gen. Cujus. Cujus. Cujus. 

Dat. Cui. Cui. Cui. 

Abl. Quo. Qua. Quo. 





Plural. 




Masc. 


Fem. 


Neut. 


Qui. 


Quae. 


Quae. 



Quos. Quas. Quae. 

Quorum. Quarum. Quorum, 

Quibus. Quibus. Quibus. 

Quibus. Quibus. Quibus. 



LISTS OF WORDS USED IN EACH EXERCISE. 



I. 
Substantives. 

Ancilla,/, a maid-servant. 

Ancdra, /., an anchor. 

Aquila,/., an eagle. 

Aula,/., ahall, court, palace. 

Cdsa,/., a hut, cottage. 

Did, /., a goddess. 

Filia, /., a daughter. 

Funda, /., a sling. 

Gt/ict,/., a cheek, 

lanua, /., a door. 

Lingua, /., a tongue, lan- 
guage. 

Luna,/., the moon. 

Musca, /., a fly. 

Nauta, m., a sailor. 

Nympha,/., a nymph, mai- 
den. 

Penna, /., a quill. 

Pera, /., a bag, wallet, 
pocket 

Ptla/, a ball. 

Porta, /., a gate. 

Ptklla/., a girL 

Pugna, /., a fight, battle. 

Regina, /., a queen. 

Silva,/., a wood, forest. 

Umbra,/., a shade, shadow. 

II. 
Substantives. 

Agricdla, m., a farmer, hus- 
bandman. 

Ala,/., awing. 

Ara,/., an altar. 

Belga, to. or/., a Belgian. 

Cauda, /., a tail. 

C6ma,/., hair. 

D&mina, /., a mistress ; 
owner. 

Formica,/., an ant 

Laurea,/., a bay-tree; lau- 
rel. 



Ltipa, /., a she- wolf. 
Mensa, /., a table. 
Pluma, /., down, feather. 
Ptf&a, to., a poet 
Vacca. /., a cow. 
Via,/, a way, path, road, 
street. 

Adjectives. 

Angust-us, a, urn, narrow. 

Apert-us, a, um, Qpen. 

BMt-us, a, um, blessed, 
happy. 

Caec-us, a, um, blind. 

Clar-us, a, um, bright, 
clear; famous. 

Curv-us, a, um, crooked, 
bent, arched. 

Dens-us, a, um, dense, 
thick, shaggy. 

Fess-us, a, um, wearied, 
tired. 

Flav-us, a, um, yellow, 
golden, auburn, fair. 

Formos-us, a, um, beauti- 
ful (especially in shape). 

Lat-us, a, um, broad, wide. 

Long-us, a, um, long. 

Me-us, a, um, my, mine. 

Mult-us, a, um, much, 
many. 

Pallld-us, a, um., pale, wan. 

Parv-us, a, um, small, little. 

Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, 
beautiful (especially in 
/eatures). 

R6tund-us, a, um, round. 

Sanct-us, a, um, holy, reve- 
rend, venerable. 

Sedul-us, a, um, diligent. 

Splendid-us, a, um, magni- 
ficent, splendid. 

■Tu-us, a, um, thy, your. 

Valid- us, a, um, strong, 
powerful 



Verbs. 

Est, (3d sing.,) (he, she, or 

it) is. 
Sunt, (3d pi.,) (they) are. 

Prepositions, with 
Ablative. 

In, in, among. 
Cum, along with. 

III. 

Substantives. 

Ager, agri, m., a field. 

Amic-us, m., a friend. 

Arv-um, n., a field (plough- 
ed). 

Asfn-us, to., an ass. 

Coll-um, n., a neck. 

Cycn-us, to., a swan. 

De-us, m., a god. 

Digit-us, m., a finger, a toa. 

Don-urn, n., a gift. 

Equ-us, m., a horse. 

FOli-um, n., a leaf; pi. 
foliage. 

Oiner, m., a son-in-law. 

Hort-us, m , a garden. 

LibSr-i, -orum, pi. m., chil- 
dren. 

Magister, magistr-i, to., a 
master (who teaches.) 

Mal-um, n., an apple. 

OcUl-us, m., an eye 

Odi-um, n., hatred. 

Ov-um, n., an egg. 

Pom-um, n., fruit, (usually 
in the pi.) 

Popul-us, /., a poplar-tree. 

Puer, m., a boy. 

Ram-us, to , a branch. 

Serv-us, m., a slave, ser- 
vant 

Sdcer, soccr-i, m., a father- 
in-law. 



108 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



Templ-um, n., a temple. 
Vtr, m., a man. 
VUHl-us, m,, a call 

Adjectives. 

Acut-us, a, um, sharp. 

Alb-us, a, um, white. 

Alt- us, a, um, high, tall; 
deep. 

Ampl-us, a, um, spacious, 
large. 

Asper, a, um, rough. 
<!ar-us, a, um, dear, much- 
loved. 

Fid-us, a, um, faithful. 

Magn-us, a, um, great, ] 
large; loud, (of sound.) 

Mdtur-us, a, um, ripe. 

Miser, a, um, wretched. 

Odios-us, a, um, hatefuL 

Su-us, a, um, his own, her 
own, its own, their own. 

Tiner, a, um, tender, deli- 
cate, weak. 

Prepositions, with. 
Accusative. 

Ad, to, towards. 

In, into ; towards, against 

Inter, among. 

IV. 

Substantives. 

Agger, m., a mound, ram- 
part 

Animal, n., a living crea- 
ture, animal 

Anser, m. or /., a gander, 
goose. 

Arator, m., a ploughman. ! 

A rbor (or arbos), /., a tree. 

Cadaver, »., a corpse, dead 
body. 

Caesar, Caesar-is, m,, Cae- i 
sar. 

Calcar, cakar-is, n., a spur, j 

Career, carc&r-is, m., a pria- j 
on. 

Consul, m., a consul. 

DOlor, dolor-is, m., pain; 
grief, sorrow. 

Exul, m. or/., an exile. 

Frater, fratr-is, n., a j 
brother. 

Fuigur, n., lightning. 



Filr, m., a thief. 
Honor, m., honour, reward. 
Labor, m., labour. 
Mater, /., a mother. 
M'ercdtor, m., merchant. 
M Slier, /., a woman. 
Pastor, m., a shepherd. 
Pater, m., a father. 
Sol, m., the sun. 
S&ror, /., a sister. 
Timor, m., fear. 
Ver, n, spring. 
Victor, m,, victor; victori- 



ous. 
Vomer, //»., 



a ploughshare. 



Agn-us, m , a lamb (male). 
Agn-a,/., a lamb (female). 
Aratr-um, «., a plough. 
Camp-us, m., a plain. 
Coel-um, n., heaven ; the 

sky. 
Cor x- us, m , a crow, raven. 
Gloria,/., glory; fame, 
Lup-us, jh., a wolf (male). 
Oppid-um, n., a town. 
FOpul-us, i, m., a people. 
Rddi-us, i, m., a staff, 

rod; ray, £c 
Signum, n., ) . 
o/-- \r , statue. 
btatua, /., ) 

Adjectives. 

Aequ-us, a, um. level; 
smooth; impartial. 

Aetern-us, a, um, eternal, 
never-ending. 

lidn-us, a, um, good. 

CSler, is, e, swift. 

Mal-us, a, um, bad, wicked; 
naughty. 

Roman- us, a, urn, Roman. 

Saev-us, a, um, cruel, sav- 
age. 

Timid-us, a, um, timid, 
cowardly. 

Prepositions, with 

Accusative. 

Ante, before; in front of. 

Apud, at; near; at the 

house of. 
Circum, around. 
Inter, between ; among. 
Per, through ; throughout 
Post, after. 



Prepositions, with 

Ablative. 

.1, ab, abs, from ; away 

from; by. 
DS, down from ; about : 

concerning. 
E, or ex, out of; from 

the midst of. 
Sine, without 

Conjunction. 
Et, and. 

V. 

Substantives. > 
Arx, arc-is, /., a citadel ; 

castle. 
Conjux, (-gis,) 77i. or /, t 

consort ; husband ; wilt*. 
Dux, due-is, m. or /., a 

general ; leader, guide. 
Grex, greg-is. m., a flock. 
Grus (or gruis), m. or /., a 

crane. 
Hiems, /., winter. 
Lex, leg-is, f., a law. 
Mdr-e, is, n., the sea. 
MonU-e, «, n., a necklace. 
Pax, pdc-is, /.. peace. 
Pleb-s, is, /„ the common 

people. 
Radix, (-ids,)/., a root 
Rit-e, is, n., a net 
Rex, reg-is, m., a king. 
Se~dil-e, is. n,, a seat 
Trab-s, is, /., a beam. 
Urb-t, is, /., a city. 
Vox, voc-is, /., a voice 

Aqu-a,/., water. 
Bell-um, n., war. 
Coron-a, /., a crown. 
Fera, /., a wild beast 
Mur-us, 771., a walk 
Taur-us. m., a bull 
Und-a,/., a wave; water. 

Adjectives. 

Atrox. savage, cruel, fierce. 

Audax, daring, foolhardy. 

Faliax, deceitful, treacher- 
ous. 

Felix, happy; fortunate. 

Ferox, proud ; self-sat i *- 
fled ; fierce. 

Just-us, a, um, just, impar- 
tial. 



FIRST .LATIN READER. 



109 



PlOn-ut. a, vm, level; 
smooth. 

Pur-us, a, um, pure; clear. 

R&r-us, a, um, thin ; wide- 
meshed. 

Stult-us, a, um, foolish; 
silly. 

Vllox, rapid, swift 

Ver-us, a, um, true. 



Substantives. 

Amn-is, rru, a river. 
Apis (or apes), /., a bee. 
~Aur-is,/., an ear. 
-Av-is,/., a bird. 
-C&n-is, to. or/., a dog. 
Civ-is, to. or/., a citizen. 
^Coll-is, to., a hilL 
Crin-is, to., hair. 
Ens-is, to., a sword. 
Files, /., a cat. 
An-«, to. or f., an end : In 

pi., territory. 
Host-is, to. or/, an enemy.- 
JUven-is, m., a young man, 

youth. 
Mens-is, m., a month. 
JV'ap-ti, /., a ship. 
Fan-is, to., bread. 
Fisc-is, m., a fish. 
RUp-es, /., a rock. 
Sicur-is,/., an axe, hatchet. 

[It takes -im in occws., 

and -i in abl.] 
Vdt-es, is, m., a prophet, 

seer. 
Vulp-es, /., a fox. 

Aper, apri, to., a wild boar. 
Aur-um, i, n., gold. 
Cdpell-a, ae, /., a she-goat. 
Caper, capri, to., a he-goat. 
Cdlumb-a, ae, /., a dove. 
Itali-a, ae, /, Italy. 
MSI us, t, /., an apple-tree ; 

mast of a ship, masc. 
Pair? -a, ae,/., native coun- 

tiy. 
Tabern-a, ae, f., a shop. 
Tonsor, tonsoris, to., a 

barber. 

Adjectives. 
Brer-is, ts, e, short. 



CalM-us, a, um, cunning ; 
sly. 

Debil-is, is, e, weak. 

Dulc-is,is, e, sweet, pleasant. 

Fort-is, is, e, brave, valiant. 

Gracil-is, is, e, thin, slen- 
der, graceful. 

Ordt-us, o, um, agreeable; 
pleasing. 

Grdv-is, is, e, heavy. 

L&v-is, is, e, light. 

Lev-is, is, e, smooth; pol- 
ished. 

Niger, nigr-a, nigr-um, 
black. 

Omn-is, is, e, every, all. 

Verbs. 

AmbUl-dre, to walk about; 

take a walk. 
Ar-dre, to plough. 
Corn-are, to sup, to dine. 
Festin-dre, to hasten. 
Nat- are, to swim. 
Pugn-dre, to fight. 
•\-Salt-dre, to leap; dance; 

bound. 
■^VM-drt, to fly. 



VII. 
Substantives. 
Cicero, to., Cicero, the ora- 
tor. 
Conditio, (or conditio,) /., a 

condition ; state. 
Cor, cord-is, n., the heart. 
Juno, /, Juno, queen of 

the gods. 
Lac, lact-is, «., milk. 
Latro, to., a robber. 
LSgio, /., a legion. 
Leo, to., a lion. 
LUgo, to., a hoe ; mattock ; 

spade. 
Mdce"do, MacMSn-is, to., a 

Macedonian. 
Ordtio, /., speech, (i. e., 

power of speech;) an 

oration. 
Pdvo, to., a peacock. 
Foema, poemat-is, n., a 

poem. 
Praedo, w., a plunderer, 

robber, thief. 
lo,f., reason. 



Sdpio, to., SclpTo. 

Sermo, to., speech, con- 



Alexander, Alexandri, to., 

Alexander. 
Cdlumn-a, ae,/., a pillar. 
D6min-us, i, to., a master, 

(owner.) 
Fust-is, is, m., (abl. usually 

in t',) a club, cudgel. 
Gleb- a, ae,/., a clod; the soil. 
Ndtur-a, ae,/., nature. 
Neptun-us, i, to., Neptune. 
Nub-es, is,/., a cloud. 
6v-is, is, /., a sheep. 
Pan, Fan-is, to., Pan, god 

of shepherds. 
Focul-um, i, «., a cup, 

bowL 
Fraed-a, ae, /., booty, 

plunder. 
SCci-us, i, to., a partner. 

Adjectives. 

Foed-us, a, um, foul, dis- 
graceful. 

Maritim-us, a, um, belong- 
ing to the sea; mari- 
time, marine. 

Ndv-us, a, um, recent; 
fresh; new. 

RScens, (gen. recent-is,) 
fresh ; new. 

Turgid-us, a, um, swollen : 
stormy. 

Verbs. 

Aedi/ic-are, to build. 
Am- are, to love. 
Cert-are, to strive. 
Cur-are, to care for^ tend. 
D6l-are, to belabour. 
Fug-are, to put to flight; 

rout. 
Laud-dre, to praise. 
NSc-dre, to slay ; put to a 

violent death. 
Pldc-dre, to appease ; calm. 
Vers are, to turn up; till. 
Erat (3d sing.), he (she or 

it) was. 
Erant (3d pi), they were. 

Conjunction. 

Atque, and. 



110 



FTRST LATIN READER. 



VIII. 

Substantives. 

AdMescens, adolescent-is, m. 
or /, a young man or 
woman. 

Aetas, aettit-is, /., an age. 

Bos, bdv-is, m. or /., an ox 
or cow. 

Civttas, civitdt-is, /., a state 
or city. 

Cupiditas, cupiditdl-is, /., 
desire, passion. 

Cusios, custod-is, m. or /, 
a guardian ; keeper. 

Dos, dot- is,/., a dowry. 

Fons,font-is, m., a fountain. 

Frons, front-is, /., the fore- 
head. 

From, frond-is, f., a leaf; 
foliage. 

Glans, gland-is, /., an acorn. 

H6mo, homln-is, m. or /., 
mankind ; a man. 

Lapis, lapld-is, m., a stone. 

Laus, laud-is, f, praise. 

Liberlas, libertat-is, /., lib- 
erty. 

Mens, ment-is,f, the mind. 

Mons, mont-is, m., a moun- 
tain. 

Mors, mort-is,f, death. 

Jfepos, nepotis, m., a grand- 
son. 

Parens, parent-is, m, or /., 
a parent. 

PhWsdphia, ae,f, wisdom. 

Pietas, pietdt-is, f, natural 
affection ; dutifulness. 

Pes, pSd-is, m., a foot. 

Pons, pont-is, m,, a bridge. 

Stilus, salut-is, f, safety. 

Sors,sort-is,f, lot; fate. 

Virtus, virtut-is, f., merit ; 
virtue, bravery. 

VSluptas, voluptat-is, f, 
pleasure. 

Av-us, t, m., a grandfather. 

Gutt-a, ae, /., a drop. 

Jupiter, Jdv-is, m., Jupiter. 

Passer, passer-is, m., a 
sparrow. 

Red- urn, i, »., right; up- 
rightness. 

Sus, sH-is, in, or/, a pig, 
boar. 



Turr-it, 


is, f, a 


castle 


palace. 


Ungu-is, 


is, m., 


claw, 


talon. 



Adjectives. 
Aure-us, a, um, golden; 

made of gold. 
Consci-us, a, um, conscious 

(of). 
Futur-us, a, um, future ; 

about to be. 
Human-us, a, um, human ; 

belonging to man. 
Ingens, ingent-is, great, 

huge, immense. 
Xisci-us, a, um, ignorant of 
Pdtul-us, a, um, wide- 
spreading. 
Pauper, (gen. pauper-is,) 

poor. 
Te~nu-is, is, e, fine; small; 

narrow. 

Verbs. 

Cav-dre, to hollow (out). 
Delect-tire, to delight ; give 

pleasure to. 
Ldv-dre, to bathe ; wash. 
Liber-are, to free from ; set 

free. 
Mlnistrdre, to supply; 

serve. 
Puis are, to knock at ; 

strike. 

Preposition, with 
Accusative. 

Ergo, towards. 

IX. 

Substantives. 

Caput, capitis, n., a head ; 

source. 
Carmen, carmln-is, n., a 

poem; song. 
Ebur, ebOr-is, n., ivory. 
Flamen, flumln-is, n., a 

river. 
Fulmen, fulmin-is, n., a 

thunderbolt 
Grdmen, gramin-is, n.. 

grass. 
Xomen, nomin-is, n., a 

came. 



Mlmen, numJn-u, n., a 

deity. 
Pecten, pectin-is, m,, a comb. 

Cerv-us, i, nu, a stag. 
Dens, dent- is, m., a tooth. 
FUi-us, i, m., a son. 
Vulcan-us, i, m., Vulcan. 

Adjectives. 

Anfiqu-us, a, um, ancient 
Binign-us, a, um, kind; 

kind-hearted. 
Ebume-us, a, um, made of 

ivory. 
Nltid-us, a, um, bright; 

polished; clear. 
Sapiens, sapient-is, wise. 
Virid-is, is, e, green. 

Verbs. 

D-are, to give. 

Foed-dre, to defile. 

Monstr-dre, to show ; point 
out 

Mut-dre, to change. 

POt-dre, to think, consi Jei. 

X. 

Substantives. 

Crus, crur-is, n., the leg. 

Flos, flor-is, m., a flower. 

Jus, jur-is, n., law ; right 5 
equity. 

Mas, mar-is, m., a male; 
mate. 

Mos, moris, m., custom; 
habit 

Mus, mur-is, m. or /, a 

_ mouse. 

6s, br-is, n.. the face, coun- 
tenance. 

Rus, rur-is, n., the country. 

Tellus, teUur-is,f, the earth. 



Arane-a, ae, f., a spider; a 

spider's web. 
GicUl-um, i, n., a lip ; kiss. 
Kip-a, ae,f.,& bank. 
Scyth-a, ae, m., a Scy thian. 

XL 
Substantives. 
Ctipi J l-us, i, m,, a hair. 
Consult udo, consuetudln ii, 
/., custom; habit 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



Ill 



Cdpi-ae, arum, /., (mili- 
tary) forces. 

Corpus, corpdr-is, n., a 
body. 

DScus, decdr-is, n., beauty ; 
ornament. 

EquSs, equtt-is, m., a horse- 
man; knight. 

Frigus, frigdr-is, n, cold. 

Oenus, gener-is, n., kind, 
race. 

Helviti-i, orum, m., the 
Helvetians. 

Hdmo, homin-is, m. or/., a 
man or woman; man- 
kind. 

Imago, imagin-is, /., an 
image; likeness. 

Jr-a, ae, /., anger, wrath. 

Iter, Uin&'-is, »., a way, 
route; journey. 

Judex, judic-is, m., a judge. 

Latus, late~r-is, n., a side, 
flank. 

Mil&, mtlU-is, m., a soldier. 

Munus, munSr-is, n., a gift. 

Nimvt, nemdr-is, n., a 
grove. 

Nix, niv-is,/., snow. 

Obses, obsid-is, m. or /., a 
hostage. 

dpus, oper-is, n., a work. 

Oti-um, i, n., ease, rest; 
idleness. 

Parnass-us, i, m., Mount 
Parnassus. 

Phae.lhon, Phaethont is, m., 
Phaethon. 

Pignus, pigndr-is, n., a 
pledge; token. 

Puhis, pulv&r-is, m., dust. 

Scilus, sceler-is, n., wicked- 
ness ; a heinous crime. 

Senex, sen-is, (see p. 34,) 
m. or /., an old man or 
woman. 

Sid-us, sidSr-is, n, a con- 
stellation ; a star. 

8omn-us, i, m., sleep. 

Tempus, tempdr-is, n., time. 

Vertex, verttc-is, m., a sum- 
mit, top. 

Vis, (see p. 34), f. t force, 
power. 

Vulnus, vulnfr is, n., a 
wound. 



Adjectives. 

Candid-us, a, um, white. 

C&n-us, a, um, grey, hoary : 
cam, grey hairs. 

Cert-us, a, um, sure, cer- 
tain. 

Divers-us, a, um, different, 
diverse. 

Noster, nostr-a, nostr-um, 
our. 

Sordid-us, a, um, soiled, 
dirty; defiled. 

XII, 
Substantives. 

Ac-us, us,/., a needle. 

Advent-us, us, m., an arrival. 

Arc-us, us, m., a bow. 

Cant-us, us, m., a song ; 
singing. 

Conspect-us, us, m., sight, 
view. 

Corn-u, us, n., a horn. 

Curr-us, us, m., a carriage, 
chariot. 

Ddm-us, us, /., a house; 
home. 

Equit,at-us, us, m., cavalry. 

Exercit-us, us, m., an army. 

Fluct-us, us, m., a wave, 
billow. 

Fruct-us, us, m., fruit. 

Grdd-us, us, m., a step. 

Lac-us, us, m., a lake. 

Magislrdt-us, us, m., a ma- 
gistrate. 

Mantis, us, /., a hand; a 
band (£<?., a handful) of 
men. 

NUr-us, us, /., a daugnter- 
in-law. 

Pers-a, ae, m, a Persian. 

Port-us, us, m., a harbour. 

Querc-us, us, /., an oak- 
tree. 

Socr-us, us, /., a mother-in- 
law. 

Vult-us, M5, m., the coun- 
tenance, face. 

Lit-us, oris, n., the shore. 
Terr-a, ae, /., the earth. 

Adjectives. 

Ramosus, a, rebranching; 
abounding in branches. 



Tut-us, a, um, safe. 
Van-us, a, um, vain, empty. 

Verbs. 

Orn-are, to adorn, beautify 
Par-are, to prepare. 

XIII. 
Substantives. 

Aci-es, ei, /., an army ; line 
of battle. 

Caesari-es, ei, /., a head of 
hair. 

Di-es, ei, m. or /, a day ; 
period : (in pi. masc.) 

Fetches, ei, /., an appear- 
ance; face. 

Ftd-es, ei, /., faith; a pro- 
mise. 

Glaci-es, ei,/., ice. 

LuxUri-es, ei,/., luxury. 

Mdtiri-es, ei, /., material ; 
source. 

MSridi-es, ei, m., mid-day. 

Res, rei,/, a thing, matter, 
affair, &c. 

Sp-es, ei,/., hope. 

Caed-es, is,/, slaughter. 
Fortun-a, ae,/., fortune. 
Gall-us, i, m., a Gaul. 
Justiti-a, ae, /., justice. 
Mal-um, i, n., an evil; 

wickedness. 
Occds-us, us, m., setting (of 

the sun). 
PScuni-a, ae,/., money. 
Victori-a, ae,/., victory. 

Adjectives. ' 

Dot- us, a, um, given. 

Decor-us, a, um, becoming; 
beautiful. 

PostSr-us, a, um, the fol- 
lowing; next: pi. pos- 
t&ri, posterity, [savage. 

Torv us, a, um, fierce, 

Van-us, a, um, vain. 

Verbs. 

Serv-dre, to keep, preserva 
Vidl-dre, to violate; break. 

Prepositions, with 
Accusative. 

CircXter, about (nearly). 
Contra, against; opposite to. 



112 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



XIV. 

Substantives. 

Castr-a, orum, n. pi, a 

camp. 
Copi-a, ae, /., plenty : in 

pi., forces. 
Vin-um, i, n., wine. 

Adjectives. 

Bland-us, a, um, kind, 
agreeable. 

A cer, acris, acre, keen ; ac- 
tive. 

FSrens, ferentis, carrying; 
bearing. 

Per-us.a, um, fierce, savage. 

fldel-is, is, e, faithfuL 

Verbs. 

DOc-h-e, to teach, instruct. 
Habere, to have. 
Impl-ere, to fill. 
Lacer-are, to tear; furrow. 
AFOn-ere, to warn ; advise. 
MOv-ere, to move ; shift. 
Rdg-are, to ask; beg. 
Txm-ere, to fear ; dread. 
Vtd-ere, to see. 
VSc-are, to call, summon. 

Adverb. 

Cur, (interrog.,) why? 
XV. 
Substantives. 

Annus, i, m., a year. 

I>iviti-ae,arum,/.pl., riches. 

Ilast-a, ae,f., a spear. 

J usjurand-um,jurisjurandi, 
n., an oath. 

Morb-us, i, m., a disease. 

Pabul-um, i, n., fodder. 

Principdt-us, us, m., sove- 
reignty. 

Respublic-a, reipublicae, /., 
a republic 

S&cerdos, sacerddt-is, m., a 
priest. 

Stpulchr-um, i, n., a tomb. 

^tabul-um, i, n., a stall. 

Adjectives. 

Alter, a, um, one (of two). 
Ihspar, (gen. dispar-is,) 

unequal. 
Dives, (gen. divft-is,) rich. 
lufmic-iis, a, um, hostile to. 



Neuter, neutra, neutrum, 

neither (of two). 
Par, (gen. parts,) equal. 
Tot-us, a, um, the whole, 

all ; (of time,) livelong. 

Verbs. 

Tnvbc-are, to invoke ; pray 
to. 

Obtin-ere, to get, seize; re- 
tain. 

St are, to stand. 

T6n-dre, to thunder 

Torqu-ere, to twist, hurL 

Adverb. 

Non, not 

XVI. 
Substantives. 

Argent-nm, i, «., silver. 

Comeli-a, ae,f., Cornelia. 

Cur-a, ae,/., care, anxiety. 

Impet-ator, is, m., a gene- 
ral; commander. 

NSmo, nemin-is, m., no one. 

Nihil, (indeclinable), n., no- 
thing, (used in nom, and 
accus.) 

Nox, noctis, /., night 

dnvs, oner-is, n., a load, 
bunien. 

Pldnet-a, ae, m., a planet 

Rom-a, ae,/., Rome. 

Romul-us, t, m,, Romulus. 

Sequan-i, orum, m.pl., the 
Sequani. 

Tullus Hoslilius, m., Tullus 
Hostilius. 

Vent-us, i, m., the wind. 

Adjectives. 

Aequal-is,is,e,eq\i&\; coevaL 

Ceieber, Celebris, celebre, 
much-frequented ,• cele- 
brated. 

Difficil-is, is, e, difficult 

boct-us, a, um, learned. 

Egens, e~genl-is,i\eedy, poor. 

E/dquens* eloquent-is, elo- 
quent 

Extrem-us, a. um, last: 
most remote. 

FacU-is, is, e, easy 

H6nest-us, a, um, honou r - 
able; honest. 



Major, major, m-^us, 
greater. 

Militdr-is, is, e, military. 

Minor, minor, minus, less. 

Nequam, (indecl.,) less ; 
good-for-nothing, worth- 
less; naughty. 

Ocior, ddor, ocius, swifter. 

Praestans, praestantis, ex- 
cellent 

Sagax, (gen. sagdc-is,) sa- 
gacious; wise. 

Si mil-is, is, e, like. 

Summ-us, a, um, the high- 
est. 

Vtl-is. is, e, cheap; worth- 
less. 

Verbs. 
Oppugn-dre, to besiege, at- 
tack. 
Port-are, to carry. 

Prepositions, with 
Accusative. 
Juxta, beside ; near to. 
Prdpe, near to. 
Secundum, along by ; near 
to. 

Adverb. 
Qnam, than. 
Prope, near. 

XVII. 

Substantives. 

Causa, ae, /., a cause ; 
reason. 

Coen a, ae,/., dinner; sup- 
per. 

Culpa, ae,/., a fault. 

Liber, libr-i, m., a book. 

Sanguis, sanguin-is, m., 
blood. 

Adjectives. 

Acid-us, a, um, bitter; sour. 

Arar-us, a, um, covetous; 
greedy. 

Tndustri-u*, a, um, dill- 
gent ; industrious. 

Tners, (gen. mat u, ) de- 
void of energy j idle. 

Laet-us, a, um, joyful 

Trist-is. is,e, sad, sorrowful 

Turp-is, is, e, base. 

I til-is, is, e, useful. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



113 



Vulnevdt-us, a, um, wound- 
ed. 

Verb. 
Sum, I am. 

Conjunction. 

Sed, but. 

XVIII. 

Substantives. 

Astr-um, i, n., a star. 
Disclpul-us, i, m., a pupil, 

scholar. 
Fdr-um, i, n., a forum, or 

market-place. 
Frument-um, i, n., corn. 
if&mir-us, t, m., the upper 

arm ; the shoulder. 
J-m-is, is, m., fire. 
lnsldi-ae, arum, /., snares; 

treachery ; an ambush. 
lnsM-a, ae,f., an island. 
Lacrim-a, ae, /., a tear. 
Lgpus, lepdr-is, m., a hare. 
Medlcin-a, ae,/., medicine; 

a drug, 
Merces, merced-is, /., pay, 

wages; reward. 
Xunti-us, i, m., amessenger. 
Scdl-a, ae, /., a ladder; 

generally used in the 

pi., scalae. 
T&nuit-as, atis, /., slender- 

ness. 

Pronouns. 

fr'cum, (i.e., cum se,) with 
himself, herself, itself, 
or themselves. 

Vobiscum, with you. 

Adjectives. 

bur-us, a, urn,, hard. 
MSdi-us, a, um, middle. 
Aimi-vs. a, um, excessive; 

too much. 
Nud-us, a, um, naked ; 

lightly clad. 

Verbs. 

FquU-are, to ride. 
ImpStr-dre, to obtain ; re- 
ceive. 
Indic-dre, to declare. 
fntr-are, to enter. 
N-are, to swim. 

(122J 



Ndvig-dre, to sail. 

Occiip-dre, to take posses- 
sion of. 

Recus-dre, to refuse. 

VUUper-are, to blame ; find 
fault with 

Adverbs. 

Facile, easily. 

Ne, not, (used with im- 
peratives, and subjunc- 
tives when employed as 
imperatives.) 

Nuper, lately. 

Qudt, how many ? 

QuMldie, daily. 

Saepe, often. 

Conjunctions. 
Quo, that ; in order that. 
Si, if. 

Preposition, with Ac- 
cusative or Ablative. 
SUper, above. 

XIX. 

Substantives. 

Asell-us, i, m., an ass. 

Avuncul-us, i, m., an uncle. 

Besti-a, ae, /., a beast. 

Britann-i, orum, m., the 
Britons. 

Cas-us, us, m., a misfor- 
tune; calamity. 

Cassi-us, i, m., Cassius. 

Cib-us, i, m., food. 

Corners, comlt-is, m. or /., 
a companion, associate. 

Curi-a, ae, /., senate-house. 

Divitiac-us,i, m., Divitiacus. 

Ferr-um, i, n., iron; the 
sword. 

Figur-a, ae, /., figure; 
shape. 

Oladius, i, m., a sword. 

Qrdcul-us, i, m., a jack- 
daw. 

Hibern-a, orum, n. pi, 
winter quarters. 

Horde-um, i, n., barley. 

Horre-um, i, n., a barn. 

Incdl-a, ae, m. or /., an in- 
habitant. 

Legat-us,i, m., a lieutenant- 
general. 

8 



Lim-us, i, m,., mud, slime. 

Lymph-it, ae, /,, clear 
water. 

Manddt-um, i, n.,' a com- 
mand; commission. 

Mercurius, i, m., Mercury. 

MSt-us, Us m., fear. 

Mot-us, us, m., a move- 
ment 

Mul-a, ae,/., a she-mule. 

Nex, nSc-is,/., death. 

OpSr-a, ae,/., work, service. 

Pars, part-is,/., a part. 

Peccdt-um, i, n., a sin ; 
fault. 

Per/Qg-a, ae, m., a deserter. 

Pericul-um, i, n., danger. 

Philipp-i, orum, m,, Phil- 
ippi. 

Poen-a, ae, /., punishment. 

Praeli-um, l, n., a battle. 

Rdn-a, ae, /., a frog. 

Rostr-um, i, n., a beak. 

Sacc-us, i, m., a bag, sack. 

Simi-us, i, m., or simi-a, ae 
/., an ape. 

SimUlacr-um, i, v., an 
image ; likeness. 

Socrat-es, is, m., Socrates. 

SOn-us, i, m., a sound; 
noise. 

Spe~cul-um, i, n., a mirror. 

StabUl-um, i, n., a stall ; 
stable. 

Tigill-um, i, n., a log of 
wood. 

Vihia, ae, /, pardon; 
leave. 

Verb-um, i. n., a word. 

Viator, vidtor-is, m., a tra- 
veller. 

Adjectives. 

Acerb-us, a, um, bitter. 
Cels-us, a, um, high. 
CetSr-i, ae, a, pi, the rest. 
Cunct-i, ae, a, pi., alL 
Ducent-i,ae,a, two hundred 
Injust-us, a, um, unjust, 
Inntil-is, is, e, useless. 
Pavid-us, a, um, fearful; 

timid. 
Plus, pluris, more. (See 

p. 37.) 
Prav-us, a, um, wicked. 
Prim-us, a, um, first. 



114 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



Qudl-is, is, e, of what kind. 

Quidam, quaedam, quod- 
dam, a certain one. 

Quingent-i, ae, a, five hun- 
dred. 

Spoliat-us, a, um, plun- 
dered; despoiled. 

Superb-us, a, um, proud; 
haughty. 

Superior, superior-is, high- 
er, (compar.) 

Super-us, a, um, high. 

Unic-us, a, um, only, sole. 

Vacu-us, a, um, empty. 

Verbs. 

Adbr-are, to worship. 

Aspect-art, to look at; re- 
gard. 

Convdc-dre, to summon. 

Contin-ere, to hold in; 
hound. 

Evdc-are, to call forth. 

Fac-ere, to do; make, 
(Fac ut; see that.) 

Fl-ere, to weep ; lament 

Fugit-dre, to flee away. 

Ger-ere, to carry on. 

Habit-are, to dwell in. 

Immisc-ere, to mix with; 
associate. 

Interrog-dre, to ask about. 

Jac-ere, to lie. 

Jub-ere, to order. 

Msc-ere, to mix. 

Mmin-dre, to name. 

Par-ere, to obey, (governs 
dative.) 

PermOv-ere, to excite alarm. 

Respond-ert, to answer. 

Rev5e-are, to call back. 

Rid-ere, to laugh; laugh at. 

Sauci-dre, to wound. 

SSd-ere, to sit. 

Ten-ere, to hold. 

Terr-ere,to frighten, terri fy. 

Toll-ere, to lift up, rai^e; 
take away. 

Tum-ere, to swell. 

Turb-dre, to confuse. 

Yit-dre, to avoid. 

Vulner-dre, to wound. 

Adverbs. 

Benigne, kindly. 
Dm. for along time. 



Frustra, in vain ; uselessly. 

Furtim, secretly. 

Nonne, (interrog., expect- 
ing the answer, "Yes,") 
is it not ? 

Pridie, the day before. 

Propius, nearer. 

Recte, rightly. 

Sic, thus. 

Preposition, witb 
Accusative. 

Apud, at; near; among. 

Conjunctions. 

Quia, because. 
Quum, when, since, be- 
cause. 
Ut, that 

XX. 
Same as before. 

XXL 

Same as before. 

XXIL 
Substantives. 

Accipiter, accipitris, m., a 
hawk. 

Aedu-i, orum, m. pi, the 
Aedui. 

Amor, is, m., love. 

Antoni-us, i, TO., Antony. 

Auxili-um, i, «., help. 

Ariovist-us, t, to., Alio- 
vistns. 

Barbdr-us, t, m., a bar- 
barian. 

Brdchi-um, i, n., an arm. 

Cdro, earn is, /., flesh. 

Catilin-a, ae, to., Catiline. 

Clamor, is, to., a shout 

EpistSl-a, ae, /., a letter, 
epistle. 

Exit-us us, m., an outlet 

Flet-us, us, m., weeping; 
lamentation. 

Germdn-i, orum, m., the 
Germans. 

Grati-ae, arum, f. pi 
thanks ; gratitude. 

Gratias habere, to feel gra- 
titude. 

Hydr-us, i, to., a water- 
serpent 



Impetus, us,m.,xa attack. 

Jan-us, i, to., Janus. 

Labien-us. i, m., Labienus. 

Multitudo, multitiidZn-is, /, 
a multitude. 

Mund-us, i, to., the world. 

Num-a, ae, to., Numa. 

Octavi-a, ae./., Octavia. 

Octavian-us, i, to., Octavi- 
anus. 

OvU-e, is, n., a sheep-fold. 

Praetori-um, i, n., the gen- 
eral's tent. 

Princeps, princXp-is, m., a 
chief man. [deuce. 

Providenti-a, ae. f., prD\i- 

Rhen-us, i, to., the Rhine. 

Riv-us, i, to., a river. 

Salt-vs, us, to., a forest. 

Societas, sdcietdt-is,/., an al- 

Uxor, is,/., a wife, [lmnc-e. 

Yagitus, us, to., the cry of 
iniants. 

Veritas, veritdt-is, /., truth. 

Adjectives. 
Dwin-us, a, um, divine. 
ydt-us. a, um, well known 
Secund-us, a, um, second ; 

favourable. 
Turbuknt-us,a, um, muddy. 
Vastus, a, um, huge, vast. 

Verbs. 
Ag-ere, to do ; to treat of. 
Bib-ire, to drink. 
Cap-fre, to take. 
Claud-ire, to shut 
Cog- ere. to collect 
Con/fig-ere, to engage fin 

battle). 
Conven-ire, (4*A Conj.,) to 

come together ; to suit 
Curr-ere, to run. 
Deprec-or, at us, ari (riiam), 

to beg (the life or). 
Die- ere, to say : speak. 
Dubit-dre, to doubt 
Duc-ere, to lead; command: 

d. u-rorem, to marry. 
Ed-gre. to give forth; utter. 
Educ-ere, to lead forth. 
Fac-ere. to do ; make. 
Fug-ire. to flee. 
GrdtuUdri, to congratuiati 
Mitt-ire. to send. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



115 



tfub-ire, to marry, {governs 

dative.) 
Pand-ire, to stretch out, 

extend. 
PSt-Sre, to beg; ask; sue 

for. 
PrqjXc-ire, to prostrate. 
Postul-dre, to demand. 
Rap-ire, to carry off; seize. 
Rig-ire, to rule, govern. 
Relinqu-ire, to leave ; aban- 
don. 
Repell-ire, to repel, drive 

back. 
Scrlb-ire, to write. 
Spect-are, to examine, look 

at 
Statu-ire, to determine. 
Tribu-ire, to give; assign. 
Val-ere, to be strong ; to be 

healthy. 
Vin-ire, to come. 
Vine- ire, to conquer. 
Viv-ire, to live. 

Adverbs. 
Bis, twice. 
C&iriter, quickly. 
Plus, more, 

Quondam, once (on a time). 
Tantum, only. 

Preposition, with 
Accusative. 
Trans, beyond. 

XXIII. 
Same as before. 

XXIV. 

Substantives. 

Aestas, aestdt-is, /., sum- 
mer. 

Antr-um, i, n., a cave, 
grotto. 

Color, calor-is, to., heat. 

Castell-um, i, n., a fort; 
castle. 

Contumeli-a, ae, /., an in- 
sult. 

Corin(h-us, i, /., Corinth. 

Crass-us, i, m., Crassus. 

CUbicul-um, i, n., a bed- 
chamber. 

Dionysi-us, i, to., Dionysius. 

Hum-us, i,f., the ground. 



Lign-um, i, n., a piece of 
wood; timber. 

Lud-us, t, m., play ; a 
schooL 

Nunti-us, i, m., a messen- 
ger. 

Tub-a, ae, /., a trumpet. 

Turb-a, ae, /., a crowd, 
rabble. 

Tyrann-us, i, to., a tyrant 

Adjectives. 

Ali-us, a, ud, one (of 
many) ; another. 

Bin-i, ae, a, two at a time. 
(See p. 39.) 

Duo, ae, o, two. (See p. 
39.) 

Fulmine-us, a, um, thun- 
dering. 

Idem, eddem, Idem, the 
same. 

Imprdb-us, a, um, wicked. 

Maxim-us, a, um, superL 
of magnus, the greatest; 
very great; very seri- 
ous. . 

Munit-us, a, um, fortified. 
(Perf. part, of munire.) 

Pavvh-us, a, um, fearful; 
in terror. 

Per/id-us, a, um, treacher- 
ous, traitorous. 

Rapid-us, a, um, swift, fleet. 

Ser-us, a, um, late: sera 
node, late at night. 

Un-us, a, um, one. 

Vari-us, a, um, various. 

Verbs. 

Aper-ire, to open. 
Aud-ire, to hear. 
Cant-dre, to sing. 
Cond-ire, to found. 
Dorm-ire, to sleep. 
Fir-ire, to strike. 
Fin-ire, to finish. 
Fund-ire, to pour forth; 

give forth abundantly. 
Inquin-are, to defile; be- 

mire. 
Insil-ire, to leap up on. 
Linqu-ire, to leave. 
Mic-dre, to dart; shine 

brightly on ; flash. 
Mun-ire, to fortify. 



Obid-ire, to be obedient; 

obey. 
Partur-ire, to bring forth. 
Sent-ire, to feel; think. 
Serv-ire, to serve; be a 

slave to. 
Ven-ire, to come, 

Adverbs. • 

An, (interrog.,) whether or 

no? 
Cras, to-morrow. 
ffiri, yesterday. ' 
Ni, (johied to words, as 

amas-ne, do you love?) 

whether or no? 

Preposition, with 
Accusative. 

Supra, above. 

XXV. 
Substantives. 

Alp-es, ium, to., the Alps. 

Angusti-ae, arum,/., straits. 

Fragor, is, to., a crash. 

Jug-um, i, n., a yoke, 

Juss-vs, us, to., an order. 

Luxuri-a, ae,f., luxury. 

Oppidan-i, orum, to., peo- 
ple of a town. 

Praecept-um, i, n., a com- 
mand. 

Adjectives. 

Mi, (voc. of me-us, a, um,) 
my. 

Pessim-us, a, um, the worst. 
(See p. 37.) 

Puls-us, a, um, beaten. 
(Perf. part, ofpello) 

Pueril-is, is, e, boyish ; be- 
longing to boys. 

Verbs. 

Eriid-ire, to educate; teach, 

instruct 
Frang-ire, to break. 
Moll-ire, to soften. 
Pell-ire, to drive away 

banish. 
Perven-ire, to come to; 

reach. 
Prohib-ire, to prevent 
Pun-ire, to punish. 



116 



FIRST LATIN READER. 



Rtscind-ere, to tear down. 
SSpSl-Xre, to bury. 
Transduc-ere, to lead across; 

transfer. 
Vest-Ire, to clothe. 

Adverbs. 

DMgenter, diligently. 
Injuste, unjustly. 
Jam, now, already. 
Jfaximt, especially, most 

of all. 
Merito, deservedly. 

Preposition. 

Sub, under. 

XXVL 
Substantives. 

Aes, aer-is, n., brass. 

Anim-m, i, tn., the mind. 

Causd, (abl.,) for the sake, 
or purpose, of. 

Commi-us, i, m., Ccm- 
mius. 

Fxempl-um, i, n., an ex- 
ample; specimen. 

Oalli-a, at, /., Gaul 

HospM-um, i, n., hospi- 
tality. 

Mate~ri-a, ae, /., material; 
source. 

Ptidor, is, m,, shame ; mo- 
desty. 

Adjectives. 

Hie. haee, hoc, this. 
Pauc-i, at, a, (pi), a few. 
Reliqu us, a, um, remain- 
ing. 

Verbs. 

Ampltct-i, to embrace. 

Con-ari, to endeavour. 

Deterr-ert, to frighten ; 
prevent; deter. 

Fall-ire, to deceive, 

Fat-eri, to confess. 

Hortdri, to exhort; en- 
courage. 

Uqu-i, to speak. 

Afet-iri, to measure. 

Md'-.ari, to delay. 

Pdt-iri, to get possession 
of; make myself master 
of 



Proficisc-i, to set out, start, 

depart 
Refic-Sre, to refit 
SSqu-i, to follow. 
Suad-ere, to advise. 
Tut-dri, to defend ; protect. 
Uti, to use. 

Adverbs. 

Eo, to this ; thither ; there- 
fore. 

Libenter, willingly. 

Supra, (prep, or adv..) 
above. 

Tanquam, (adv. or conj.,) 
as if; as it were. 

Conjunction. 

Vel, either : vel — vel, either 



XXVIT. 
Substantives. 

Athen-ae, arum,/., Athens. 

Chabri-as, at, rru, Chabrias. 

Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m., 
Dumnorix. 

Gratc-us, i, m., a Greek. 

Mel, mtll-is, n., honey. 

Orgftdrix, Orgetorig-is, m., 
Orgetorix. 

Palus, palud-is, /., a lake. 

Persi-a, at, /., Persia. 

Praefeet-us, i, m., an over- 
seer; governor; com- 
mander. 

Quaestor, is, m., a quaestor. 

Ravrac-i, orum, tn., the 
RauracL 

Sicilia, at, f., Sicily. 

Statio, station-is, /., a sta- 
tion, post 

Troj-a, at, /., Troy. 

Adjectives. 

Adflict-us, a, um, or aff ict- 
us, a, um, distressed; 
afflicted 

Alb-us, a, um, white. 

Tres, tres, tria, three. 

Ult-us, a, um, any. 

Fts-tft, a, um, (pert part, of 
video,) seen. 

Verbs. 

Cal-ere, to be warm. 



CommitteYe, to engage (e.g» 
in battle.) 

Deser-ere, to desert, aban- 
don. 

Dirfd-ere, to divide. 

Sd-ere, to eat 

Imper-are, to order, com- 
mand. 

Maltdic-ere, to speak ill of 

Obsecr-are, to beseech. 

Persuad-ere, to persuade. 

Praeb-ere, to afford; sup- 
ply. 

Praeced-Sre, to excel; sur- 
pass. 

Praecip-ere, to order, en- 
join. 

Quir-i, to complain. 

Revert-i, (also rtcert-ere.) 
to return. 

Succurr-e~re, to succour, 
help. 

Vag-ari, to wander; roam 
about 

Adverb. 
Xunquam, never. 

Preposition, witb 
Accusative. 
Adcersus, against 

Conjunctions. 
MM, unless. 
Quod, because. 
Uti, that ; in order that 

xxvni. 
Substantive. 
Orator, is, m., an orator. 

Adjectives. 

Dubi-us, a, um, doubtful 
Ips-e, a, um, self. 
Perpauc-i, at, a, (pi), very 

few. 
Prte-us, a, um, apright; 

good. 
Punic-us, a, um, Punic; 

Carthaginian. 

Verbs. 
Atting-tre, to reach: attain. 
Consequ-i, to overtake. 
DSsum, I am wanting ; fail 



FIRST* LATIN HEADER. 



117 



Effdg-ei-e, to escape. 

Jmpend-ere, to hang over ; 
Impend. 

Interesse, to be present at ; 
engage in. 

Nig-are, to deny; say 
"No." 

Posse, to be able. 

Praeesse, to be over ; com- 
mand. 

Prodesse, to do good to; 
help. 

Vid eri, (dep.,) to seem. 

Adverbs. 
Plurimum, very much. 
Postea, afterwards. 
Qwi,how? in what manner? 
Quin, how not ; but that. 

Conjunction. 

Nee, nor : nee— nee, neither 
— nor. 

XXIX. 
Substantives. 

Arm-a, orum, n. pi., arms, 

armour. 
Arroganti-a, ae, /., arro- 
gance; pride. 
Aul-us, i, m., Aulus (prop. 

name). 
Aur-a, ae, /., a breeze. 
Fisc-us, i, m., a purse; 

money-bag. 
Injuri-a, ae, /., injustice; 

wrong. 
Jurgi-um, i, n., a quarrel; 

brawl 
Mul-us, i., m., a (he) mule. 
Nux, nuc-is,/., a nut. 
Sardn-a, ae,/, a burden ; 

pack. 
Sln-us, us, m., a curve; 

bay ; fold (of a robe). 
Spati-um, i, n., a space, 

distance. 
Stagn-um, i, n., a pool. 
Tal-us, i, m., an ankle 

bone ; a die, (pi.) dice. 

Adjectives. 

Advers-us, a, um, opposite; 

res adversae, adversity. 
Or&v&t-us, a, um, laden. 
iltlvtti-us, a, um, Helvetian. 



Insan-us, a, um, of unsound 

mind; mad. 
Lax-us, a, um, loose. 
Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, 

any one, any thing. 
Tant-us, a, um, so great; 

so much. 

Verbs. 

Admlr-ari, to admire; won- 
der at. 

Aufer-re, to take away. 

/Vr-nf.tobear, carry; bring. 

Impon-ere, to lay on ; im- 
pose. 

In/er-re, to bring in ; wage. 

Nunti-are, to tell; report; 
declare. 

Pro/er-re, to put forth. 

Sum-Ire, to take. 

Adverbs. 

Impune, with impunity. 
Tarn, so. 

XXX. 

Substantives. 

Amiciti-a, ae,/., friendship. 
Btnefici-um, i, n., benefit, 

service. 
Bdn-um, i, «., a blessing, 

advantage. 
Case-us, i, m., cheese. 
Cruor, is, m., blood, gore. 
IngSni-um, i, »., disposition, 

nature. 
Iracimdi-a, ae, /., anger, 

wrath. 
Mustel-a, ae,/., a weasel. 
Rgpuls-a, ae, f., a rebuff, 

repulse. 

Adjectives. 

Firm-us, a, um, strong, 
firm. 

Mdlest-us, a, um, trouble- 
some. 

Prens-us, a, um, caught, 
(perf. part, of prehendo 
or prendo.) 

Prdpri-us, a, um, one's own. 

Ruptus, a, um, burst. 

Singul-i, ae, a, one each 
(time, <fec.) 

Tinct-us, a, um, stained, 
dyed. 



Vesler, vestr-a, vestr-um, 

your. 
Viv-us, a, um, alive, living. 

Verbs. 

Coep-isse, to begin. 

Corrip-Sre, to seize. 

Cred-ire, to believe. 

Cup-ire, to desire. 

DevOr-are, to devour. 

DiscSd-Sre, to depart. 

Emitt-ire, to. send forth ; 
drop. 

Existim-dre, to think, 
judge. 

Imput-dre, to attribute to 
impute. 

Infl-are, to blow up, inflate. 

Inquam, I say. 

Inst-are, to stand over, im- 
pend. 

Maer-ere, to grieve. 

Ment-iri, to tell lies. 

Nolle, to be unwilling. 

Nose-ire, to-krRjw, recog- 
nise. 

Novisse, to know. 

Ostend-ire, to show; show 
off. 

Parc-ire, to spare, (with 
dat.) 

Pat-i, to suffer. 

Per/er-re, to bear on, con- 
tinue to suffer. 

Prehend-ere (prendere), to 
catch, seize. 

Purg-are, to clear, free. 

R&d-lre, to return. 

Rump-ire, to burst, break. 

Ting>-ire, or tinguire, to dip, 
stain, dye. 

Telle, to wish, wilL 

Adverbs. 

Ita, thus. 

Vbi, (adv. or conj.) when, 

where. 
Ultro, of one's own accord ; 

farther; vehemently. 
Undique, from all parts. 
Validius, more vigorously 

Preposition, with 
Ablative. 
Coram, before ; in preeence 
o£ 



118 



FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 



Conjunction. 

Durn, whilst. 

XXXI. 
Substantives. 

Consili-um, t, n., counsel, 
advice. 

Gens, gent-is, /., a race, 
tribe, nation. 

Ignavi-a, ae, /., inactivity, 
sloth, idleness. 

Inepti-a, ae, /., silliness: 
pi. fooleries, trifles. 

Jn/ami-a, ae, /., evil re- 
port, bad character. 

Libido, tibxdin-is, /., lust, 
desire. 

Mgoti-um, i, n., business, 
affair, thing. 

Opus est, it is needfuL (See 
Vocabulary.) 

SlMi-um, i, n., zeal, de- 
sire, study. 

Adjectives. 

Diligens, dUigent-is, dili- 
gent, industrious. 

Inndcens, innocent-is, harm- 
less, innocent 

Mlt-is, is, e, meek; mild; 
gentle. 

Null-us, a, um, none. 

Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or 
quidvis, any person or 
thing. 

Segn-is, is, e, inactive, 
slow; idle. 

Suscept-us, a, um (peil 
part, of suscipio), under- 
taken ; begun. 

Ve~recund-us, a, um, modest. 

Verbs. 

Ad ire, to go to, visit 

Cdl-e~re, to cultivate ; in- 
habit; worship. 

Contingit, it falls to one's lot. 

Dicet, it becomes. 

De/end-ere, to defend, pro- 
tect 

Delectat, it delights. 

Delect-are, to delight 

Desin-ere, to give over, 
cease. 

Fi-eri, to be made ; to be- 
come. 



Glori-ari (dep.), to boast 1 
Interest, it concerns, is of 

importance. 
IntOgU-are, to keep watch 

over. 
Mv-are, to help, assist. 
IAbet, or lubet, it pleases (I 

like). 
Licet, it is permitted. 
Lubet, or libet, it pleases (I 

like). 
M Ueret, it excites pity ; I, 

thou, &c. pity. 
Nescire, not to know. 
Obtemper-are, to obey, 

(with dat.) 
Oportet, it behoves (me, 

thee, <fec), I must 
Pecc-dre, to sin. 
Percont-dri, {dep.,) to in- 
quire; search into. 
Pertaesum est, it disgusts, 

I am disgusted, «fcc 
Piget, it grieves. 
Placet, it pleases. 
Poenitet, it repents. 
Pudet, it ashames. 
Re/ert, it concerns. 
Taedet, it disgusts, wearies, 

&c 
Traduc-ere, or transduc-ere, 

to bring across, trans- 
port 

Adverbs. 
Aliquando, sometimes. 
Minime, least of all ; by no 

means. 
Paene, almost 

Preposition, with 
Ablative. 
Pro, before, in front of; 
instead of. 

Conjunction. 

Xe~que, neither, nor. 

XXXII. 

Substantives. 

Aristid-es, is, m., Aristides. 
Clitell-ae, arum, / pi., a 

pack-saddle, pannier. 
Livi-us, i, m., Livy. 
Luci-us, i, m., Lucius. 
Saevitia, ae,/., cruelty. 
Sapienti-a, ae,/., wisdom. 



Superbi-a, ae, /., pride; 

haughtiness; tyranny. 
Turpitudo, turpitudin-is, /., 



Vari-us, i, m. (prop, name), 

Varius. 
Vuln-us, eris, n., a wound. 

Adjectives. 

Contempt-us, a, um, de- 
spised. 

De/ess-us, a, um, wearied ; 
worn out 

Interrogat-us, a, um, asked. 

Quinam, quaenam, quod- 
nam, who, which, or 
what, pray? 

Rapt-us, a, um, carried off; 
neuL raptum, (used as 
substantive,) plunder. 

Sol-us, a. urn, alone, only. 

Vttus, vitir-is, old, ancient; 
former. 

Verbs. 

A to, I say. 

Const-are, to stand still, 
halt: constat, it is agreed 
upon; it is evident. 

Exur-ere, to burn up. 

Gaud- ere, to rejoice. 

Hiem-dre, to pass the win- 
ter. 

Invid-ere, to envy, grudge, 
(with dat) 

Meminisse, to remember. 

Odisse, to hate. 

Refer- re, to carry back, (re- 
/errepedem, to retreat) 

Sustin-ere, to bear up 
against endure 

Adverbs. 

Acriter, keenly. 
Equidem, indeed, I for mj 

part. 
Etiam, also, even. 
Late, widely. 
Minus, less. 
Nunc, now. 
Qudque, also. 
Solum, only. 
TranquUiier, peacefully. 
Tunc, then, at that time 



Interjection. 



O, 0! 



PART II. 

EXTRACTS FOR READING. 



FABLES OF PHAEDRUS. 



1. THE MULES AND THE ROBBERS. 

Muli gravati sarcinis ibant duo : 

Unus ferebat fiscos cum pecunia, 

Alter tumentes multo saccos hordeo. 

Ille, onere dives, celsa cervice emmet, 

Clarumque collo jactat tintinnabulum ; 6 

Comes quieto sequitur et placido gradu. 

Subitd Latrones ex insidiis advolant, 

Interque caedem ferro mulum sauciant ; 

Diripiunt nummos, negligunt vile hordeum. 

Spoliatus igitur casus quum fleret suos ; 10 

Equidem, inquit alter, me contemptum gaudeo, 

Nam nihil amisi, nee sum laesus vulnere. 

[Hoc argumento tuta est hominum tenuitas : 
Magnae periclo sunt opes obnoxiae.] 



2. THE FROGS ASKING A KING. 

[Athenae quum florerent aequis legibus, 
Procax libertas civitatem miscuit, 
Frenumque solvit pristinum licentia. 
Hie conspiratis factionum partibus, 



120 FIRST LATIN HEADER. 

6 Arcem tyranuus occupat Pisistratus. 

Quum tristein servitutem flerent Attici, — 
Non quia crudelis iile, sed quoniani grave 
Omne insuetis onus, — et coepissent queri ; 
Aesopus talem turn fabellam rettulit.] 

1 Ranae, vagantes liberis paludibus, 

Clainore magno regem petiere a Jove, 
Qui dissolutos mores vi compesceret. 
Pater Deorum risit, atque illis dedit 
Parvum tigilluiu, niissum quod subito vadi 

L6 Motu sonoque terruit paviduin genus. 

Hoc mersum limo quum jaceret diutius, 
Forte una tacite profert e stagno caput, 
Et, explorato rege, cunctas evocat. 
Illae, timore posito, certatim adnatant, 

20 Lignumque supra turba petulans insilit. 

Quod quum inquinassent onini contumelia, 
A Hum rogantes regem misere ad Jovem, 
Inutilis quoniam esset, qui fuerat datus. 
Turn misit LUis hydrum, qui dente aspero 

"3 Corripere coepit singulas. Frustra necem 

Fugitant inertes : vocem praecludit metus. 
Furtini igitur dant Mercurio mandata ad Jovem, 
Adflictis ut succuixat. Tunc contra Deus : 
Quia noluistis vestrum ferre, inquit, bonum, 

30 Malum perferte. Vos quoque, 6 cives, ait, 

Hoc sustinete, majus ne veniat malum. 



3. THE JACKDAW AND THE PEACOCKS. 

[Ne gloriari libeat alienis bonis, 
Suoque potius habitu vitam degere, 
Aesopus nobis hoc exemplum prodidit] 

Tumens inani Graculus superbia, 
Penrias, Pavoni quae deciderant, sustuHt, 
Seque exornavit : deinde contemnens suos 
Immiscuit se Pavonum formoso gregi. 
Illi impudenti peunas eripiunt avi, 
Fugantque rostris. Male mulcatus Graculus 



FIRST LATIN READER. 121 

Redire maerens coepit ad proprium genus ; 10 

A quo repulsus tristem sustinuit notam. 

Turn quidam ex illis, quos prius despexerat i 

Contentus nostris si fuisses sedibus, 

Et, quod natura dederat, voluisses pati, 

Nee illam expertus esses contumeliam, 15 

Nee hanc repulsara tua sentiret calamitas! 



4. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. 

Ad rivum eundeni Lupus et Agnus venerant 

Siti compulsi : superior stabat Lupus, 

Longeque inferior Agnus. Tunc fauce improba 

Latro incitatus jurgii causam intulit. 

Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi 6 

Aquam bibenti ? Laniger contra, timens : 

Qui possum, quaeso, facere quod quereris, Lupe ? 

A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor. 

Repulsus ille veritatis viribus ; 

Ante hos sex menses male, ait, dixisti mihi. 10 

Respondit Agnus : Equidem natus non eram. 

Pater, hercule, tuus, inquit, maledixit mihi. 

Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece. 

[Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula, 
Qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt.J 15 



5. THE DOG AND THE PIECE OP FLESH. 

[Amittit merito proprium, qui alienum adpetit.] 

Canis per flumen, carnem dum ferret, natans, 
Lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum, 
Aliamque praedam ab alio ferri putans, 
Eripere voluit : verum decepta aviditas ; 
Et, quern tenebat ore, dimisit cibum, 
Nee, quern petebat, adeo potuit adtingere. 



THE COW, THE SHE-GOAT, THE SHEEP, AND THE LION. 

[Nunquam est fidelis cum potente societas : 
Testatur haec fabella propositum meum.] 



122 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Vacca et Capella, et patiens (Ms injuriae, 
Socii fuere cum Leone in saltibus. 
5 Hi. quum cepissent cervum vasti corporis, 

Sic est locutus, partibus factis, Leo : 
Ego primam tollo, noniinor quia Leo ; 
Secundani, quia sum fortis, tribuetis mihi ; 
Turn, quia plus valeo, me sequetur tertia ; 
10 Malo adficietur, si quis quartam tetigerit. 

Sic totam praedam sola improbitas abstulit. 



7. THE FROGS AND THE SUN. 

Vicini Furis celebres vidit nuptias 
Aesopus, et continuo narrare incipit : 

Uxorem quondam Sol quum vellet ducere, 
Clamorem Ranae sustulere ad sidera. 
Convicio permotus quaerit Jupiter 
Causam querelae. Quaedam turn stagni incola 
Nunc, inquit, omnes unus exurit lacus, 
Cogitque miseras arida sede emori : 
Quidnam futurum est, si crearit liberos ? 



8. THE ASS AND THE LION HUNTING. 

[Virtutis expers, verbis jactans gloriam. 

Ignotos fallit, notis est derisui.] 

Venari Asello comite quum vellet Leo, 

Contexit ilium frutice, et admonuit simul, 
5 Ut insueta voce terreret feras ; 

Fugientes ipse exciperet. Hie Auritulus 

Clamorem subito totis tollit viribus, 

Novoque turbat bestias miraculo. 

Quae, dum paventes exitus notos petunt, 
10 Leonis adfliguntur horrendo impetu. 

Qui, postquam caede fessus est, Asinum evocat, 

Jubetque vocem premere. Tunc ille insolens ; 

Qualis videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? 

Insignis, inquit,— sic, ut nisi nfissem tuuni 
15 Animum genusque, simili fugissem metu 



FIRST LATIN READER. 123 

9. THE STAG AT THE FOUNTAIN. 

[Laudatis utiliora, quae contempseris, 
Saepe inveniri, haec exserit narratio.] 

Ad foiitem Cervus, quum bibisset, restitit, 
Et in liquore vidit effigiera suara. 
Ibi duru ramosa mirans laudat cornua, 5 

Crurumque nimiam tenuitatem vituperat, 
Venantuni subito vocibus conterritus, 
Per campum fugere coepit, et cursu levi 
Canes elusit. Silva turn excepit feruin ; 
In qua retentis impeditus cornibus 10 

-Lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canuin. 
Tunc moriens vocem hanc edidisse dicitur : 
me infelicem ! qui nunc demum intelligo, 
Utilia mihi quam fuerint, quae despexeram, 
Et, quae laudaram, quantum luctus habuerint. 15 



10. THE POX AND THE CROW. 

[Qui se laudari gaudent verbis subdolis, 
Fere dant poenas turpi poenitentia.] 

Quum de fenestra Corvus raptum caseum 
Com esse vellet, celsa residens arbore, 
Hunc vidit Vulpes, deinde sic coepit loqui : 5 

qui tuarum, Corve, pennarum est nitor ! 
Quantum deeoris corpore et vultu geris ! 
Si vocem haberes, nulla prior ales foret. 
At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ostendere, 
Emisit ore caseum, quem celeriter 10 

Dolosa Vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus. 
Turn demum ingemuit Corvi deceptus stupor. 



11. THE ASS AND THE OLD MAN. 

[In principatu commutando civium, 

Nil praeter domini nomen mutant pauperes. 

Id esse vcrum, parva haec fabella indicat.J 



124 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex. 
6 Is, hostium clamore subito territus, 

Suadebat Asino fugere, ne possent capi. 
At ille lentus : Quaeso, num binas mihi 
CHtellas impositurum victorem putas ? 
Senex negavit. Ergo quid refert mea 
10 Cui serviam, clitellas dum portem meas ? 



12. THE UNGRATEFUL DOG. 

[Habent insidias hominis blanditiae mali : 
Quas ut vitemus, versus subjecti monent.] 

Canis parturiens, quum rogasset alteram, 
Ut fetum in ejus tugurio deponeret, 

5 Facile impetravit : dein reposcenti locum 

Preces adniovit, tempus exorans breve, 
Dum fixmiores posset catulos ducere. 
Hoc quoque consumpto, flagitare vaiidius 
Cubile coepit. Si mibi et turbae meae 

10 Par, inquit, esse potueris, cedam loco. 



13. THE DOGS AND THE HIDE. 

[Stulttjm consilium non modd effectu caret, 
Sed ad perniciem quoque mortales devocat.] 

Coriuni depressum in fluvio viderunt Canes. 
Id ut comesse extractum possent facilius, 
Aquam coepere ebibere : sed rupti prius 
Periere, quam, quod petierant, contingerent. 



14. THE AGED LION, THE BOAR, THE BULL, AND THE ASS. 

[Quicunqtje amisit dignitatem pristinam, 
Ignavis etiam jocus est in casu gravi] 

Defectus annis et desertus viribus 
Leo quum jaceret, spiritum extremum trahens, 
» Aper fulmineis ad eum venit dentibus, 



FIRST LATIN READER. 125 

Et vindicavit ictu veterem injuriam. 

Infestis Taurus mox confodit cornibus 

Hostile corpus. Asinus, ut vidit ferum 

Impune laedi, caloibus frontem extudit. 

At ille exspirans : Fortes indigne tuli 10 

Mihi insultare : te, naturae dedecus, 

Quod ferre cogor, certe bis videor mori. 



15. THE WEASEL AND THE MAN. 

Mustela, ab Homine prensa, quum instantem necem 

Effugere vellet ; Parce, quaeso, inquit, mihi, 

Quae tibi molestis muribus purgo domum. 

Respondit ille : Faceres si causa mea, 

Gratum esset, et dedissera veniam supplici. 5 

Nunc quia laboras, ut fruaris reliquiis, 

Quas sunt rosuri, simul et ipsos devores, 

Noli imputare vanum beneficium mihi. 

Atque ita locutus, improbam leto dedit. 

[Hoc in se dictum debent illi agnoscere, 10 

Quorum privata servit utilitas sibi, 
Et meritum inane jactant imprudentibus.] 



16. THE FAITHFUL DOG. 

[Repente liberalis stultis gratus est, 
Verum peritis inritos tendit dolos.] 

Nocturnus quum fur panem misisset Cam", 
Objecto tentans an cibo posset capi : 
Ileus ! inquit : linguam vis meam praecludere, 
Ne latrem pro re domini. Multum falleris. 
Namque ista subita me jubet benignitas 
Vigilare, facias ne mea culpa lucrum. 



17. THE FROG AND THE OX. 

[Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, peril] 
In prato quondam Rana consnexit Bovem, 



126 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Et, tacta invidia tantae magnitudinis, 
Rugosam inflavit pellem : turn natos suos 

6 Interrogavit, an Bove esset latior. 

Illi negaxunt. Rursus intendit cutem 
Majore nisu, et simili quaesivit modo, 
Quis major esset. Illi dixerunt, Bovem. 
Novissime indignata, dum vult validius 

10 Inflare sese, rupto jaeuit corpore. 



18. THE DOG AND THE CROCODILE. 

[Consilia qui dant prava cautis hominibus, 
Et perdunt operam, et deridentur turpiter.] 

Canes currentes bibere in Nilo flnmine, 
A Crocodilis ne rapiantur, traditum est. 
Igitur quum currens bibere coepisset Can is, 
Sic Crocodilns : Quamlibet lambe otio — 
Noli vererL At ille : Facerem raehercule, 
Nisi esse scirem carnis te cupidum meae. 



19. THE FOX AND THE STORK. 

[Nuxli nocendum : si quis vero laeserit, 
Multandum siraili jure, fabella admonet.] 

Ad coenam Vulpes dicitur Ciconiam 
Prior invitasse, et illi in patena liquidara 

5 Posuisse sorbitionera, quam nullo modo 

Gustare esuriens potuerit Ciconia. 
Quae Vulpem quum revocasset, intrito cibo 
rienam lagonam posuit : huic rostrum inserens 
Satiatur ipsa, et torquet convivam fame. 

10 Quae quum lagonae collum frustra lamberet, 

Peregrinam sic locutam volucrem accepimus : 
Sua quisque exempla debet aequo animo pati. 



20. THE FOX AND THE EAGLE. 

[Qoamvts sublimes debent humiles metuere, 
Vindicta docili quia patet solertiae.] 

Vulpinos catulos Aquila quondam sustulit, 



FIRST LATIN READER. 127 

Nidoque posuit pullis, escam ut carperent. 

Hanc persecuta mater orare incipit, 5 

Ne tantum miserae luctum importaret sibi. 

Contempsit ilia, tuta quippe ipso loco. 

Vulpes ab ara rapuit ardentem facem, 

Totamque flamrais arborem circumdedit, 

Hosti dolorera damno miscens sanguinis. 10 

Aquila, ut periclo mortis eriperet suos, 

Incolumes natos supplex Vulpi tradidit. 



21. THE MAN AND HIS TWO LOVERS. 

[A feminis utcunque spoliari viros, 
Ament, amentur, nempe exemplis discimus.] 
Aetatis mediae quendam mulier non rudis 
Tenebat, annos celans elegantia ; 

Animosque ejusdem pulchra juvenis ceperat. 5 

Ambae, videri dum volunt illi pares, 
Capillos homini legere coepere invicem. 
Quum se putaret fingi cura mulierum, 
Calvus repente factus est ; nam funditus 
Canos Puella, nigros Anus evellerat. 10 



22. THE EAGLE, THE CAT, AND THE BOAR. 

Aquila in sublimi quercu nidum fecerat : 

Feles cavernam nacta in media pepererat : 

Sus nemoricultrix fetum ad imam posuerat. 

Turn fortultum Feles contubernium 

Fraude et scelesta sic evertit malitia. 5 

Ad nidum scandit Volucris : Pernicies, ait, 

Tibi paratur, forsan et miserae mihi : 

Nam fodere terram quod vides quotidie 

Aprum insidiosum, quercum vult evertere, 

Ut nostram in piano facile progeniem opprimat. 10 

Terrore offuso et perturbatis sensibus, 

Derepit ad cubile setosae suis : — 

Magno, inquit, in periclo sunt nati tui ; 



128 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Nam simul exieris pastum cum tenero grege, 
15 Aquila est parata rapere porcellos tibi. 

Hunc quoque timore postquam complevit locum, 

Dolosa tuto condidit sese cavo. 

Inde evagata noctu suspense* pede, 

Ubi esca. se replevit et prolem suaru, 
20 Pavorem simulans prospicit toto die. 

Ruinam metuens Aquila ramis desidet : 

Aper rapinam vitans non prodit foras. 

Quid multa ? inedia sunt consumpti cum suis, 

Felique et catulis largam praebuerunt dapem. 
25 [Quantum homo bilinguis saepe concinnet mali, 

Documentum habere stulta credulitas potest] 



23. THE STAG AND THE OXEN. 

Cervtjs, nemorosis excitatus latibulis, 
Ut venatorum fugeret instantem necem, 
Caeco timore proximam villam petit, 
Et opportuno se bubili condidit. 
5 Hie Bos latenti : Quidnam voluisti tibi, 

Infelix, ultro qui ad necem cucurreris, 
Hominumque tecto spiritum commiseris ? 
At ille supplex : Vos modo, inquit, parcite : 
Occasione rursus erampam data. 

10 Spatium diei noctis excipiunt vices. 

Frondem bubulcus adfert, nee ideo videt. 
Eunt subinde et redeunt omnes rustici, — 
Nemo animadvertit : transit etiam villicus, 
Nee ille quidquam sentit. Turn gaudens ferns 

1 5 Bubus quietis agere coepit gratias, 

Ilospitium adverso quod praestiterint tempore. 
Respondit unus : Salvum te cupimus quidem ; 
Sed ille, qui oculos centum habet, si venerit, 
Magno in periclo vita vertetur tua. 

20 Haec inter ipse dominus a coena redit : 

Et, quia corruptos viderat nuper boves, 
Accedit ad praesepe : Cur frondis parum est ? 
Stramenta desunt ? Tollere haec aranea 



FIRST LATIN READER. ]29 

Quantum est laboris ? Dum scrutatur singula, 

Cervi quoque alta conspicatur cornua : 25 

Quern convocata jubet occidi familia, 

Praedamque tollit. Haec significat fabula, 

Dominum videre plurimum in rebus suis. 



24. THE PANTHER AND THE SHEPHERDS. 

[Solet a despectis par referri gratia.] 

Panthera imprudens olim in foveara decidit. 
Videre agrestes : alii fustes congerunt, 
Alii onerant saxis : quidam contra, miseriti, 
Periturae quippe, quamvis nemo laederet, 5 

Misere panem, ut sustineret spiritum. 
Nox insecuta est : abeunt securi domum, 
Quasi inventuri mortuam postridie. 
At ilia, vires ut refecit languidas, 

Veloci saltu fovea sese liberat, 10 

Et in cubile concito properat gradu. 
Paucis diebus interpositis, provolat, 
Pecus trucidat, ipsos pastores necat, 
Et, cuncta vastans, saevit irato impetu. 
Turn sibi timentes, qui ferae pepercerant, 15 

Damnum baud recusant, tantum pro vita rogant. 
At ilia : Memini, qui me saxo petierit, 
Qui panem dederit : vos timere absistite ; 
Illis reverter hostis, qui me laeserunt. 

25. AESOP AND THE FORWARD FELLOW. 

[Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.] 

Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat. 
Tanto, inquit, melior. Assem deinde illi dedit, 
Sic prosecutus : Plus non habeo mehercule ; 
Sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5 

Venit ecce dives et potens ; huic similiter 
Impinge lapidem, et dignum accipies praemium. 
Persuasus ille fecit, quod monitus fuit : 
Sed spes fefellit impudentem audaciam : 
Comprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10 

(122) 9 



130 FIRST LATIN READER. 

26. THE FLY AND THE MULE. 

Musca in temone sedit, et Mulam increpans • 

Quam tarda es ! inquit, non vis citius progredi ? 

Vide, ne dolone collum compungam tibi. 

Respondit ilia : Verbis non moveor tuis ; 
6 Sed istum timeo, sella qui prima sedens 

Jugum flagello temperat lento meum, 

Et ora frenis continet spumantibus. 

Quapropter aufer frivolam insolentiam ; 

Namque, ubi strigandum sit, et ubi currendum, scio. 
10 [Hac derideri fabula merito potest, 

Qui sine virtute vanas exercet minas.] 



27. THE DOG AND THE WOLF. 

[Quam dulcis sit libertas, breviter proloquar ] 

Cani perpasto macie confectus Lupus 
Forte occurrit : dein salutantes invicem 
Ut restiterunt : TJnde sic, quaeso, nites ? 
5 Aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ? 

Ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame. 
Canis simpliciter : Eadem est conditio tibi, 
Praestare domino si par officium potes. 
Quod ? inquit ille. Custos ut sis liminis, 

10 A furibus tuearis et noctu domum. 

Ego vero sum paratus : nunc patior nives 
Imbresque, in silvis asperam vitam trahens. 
Quanto est facilius mihi sub tecto vivere, 
Et otiosum largo satiari cibo ! 

L5 Veni ergo mecum. Dum procedunt, adspicit 

Lupus a catena collum detritum CanL 
Unde hoc, Amice ? Nihil est. Die, quaeso, tame a. 
Quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu, 
Luce ut quiescam, et vigilem, nox qirani venerit ; 

20 Crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 

Adfertur ultro panis ; de mensa sua 
Dat ossa dominus ; frusta jactat familia, 
Et, quod fastidit quisque, pulinentarium. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 131 

Sic sine labore venter impletur meus. 
Age, si quo abire est animus, est licentia ? 25 

Non plane est, inquit. Fruere, quae laudas, Canis : 
Regnare nolo, liber ut non sira mini. 



28. THE BROTHER AND SISTER. 

[Praecepto monitus, saepe te considera.] 

Habebat quidam filiam turpissimam, 
Idemque insignem pulchr& facie filium. 
Hi speculum, in cathedra matris ut positum fuit, 
Pueriliter ludentes, forte inspexerant. 5 

Hie se formosum jactat ; ilia irascitur, 
Nee gloriantis sustinet fratris jocos, 
Accipiens quippe cuncta in contumeliam. 
Ergo ad patrem decurrit, laesura invicem, 
Magn&que invidia criminatur filium, 10 

Vir natus quod rem feminarum tetigerit. 
Amplexus ille utrumque, et carpens oscula, 
Dulcemque in ambos caritatem partiens j 
Quotidie, inquit, speculo vos uti volo : 
Tu formam ne corrumpas nequitiae malis ; 15 

Tu faciem ut istam moribus vincas bonis. 



29. THE BEES AND THE DRONES. 

Apes in alta quercu fecerant fa vos : 

Hos fuci inertes esse dicebant suos. 

Lis ad forum deducta est, Vespa judice. 

Quae genus utrumque ndsset quum pulcherrimo, 

Legem duabus hanc proposuit partibus : 5 

Non inconveniens corpus, et par est color, 

In dubium plane res ut meritd venerit. 

Sed, ne religio peccet imprudens mea, 

Alvos accipite, et ceris opus infundite, 

Ut ex sapore mellis, et forma favi, 10 

De quis nunc agitur, auctor horum adpareat. 

Fuci recusant : Anibus conditio placet. 



132 FIRST LATIN READER. 

Tunc ilia talem protulit sententiam : 
Apertum est, quis non possit, et quis fecerit 
15 Quapropter Apibus fructum restituo suiira. 

[Hanc praeterissem fabulam silentio, 
Si pactam Fuci non recusassent fidem.] 



30. AESOP AMUSING HIMSELF. 

Puerorum in turba quidam ludentem Atticus 
Aesopum nucibus quum vidisset, restitit, 
Et quasi delirum risit. Quod sensit simul 
Derisor potius, quam deridendus senex, 

6 Arcum retensum posuit in media via : 

Heus ! inquit, Sapiens, expedi, quid fecerim. 
Concurrit populus. Ille se torquet diu, 
Nee quaestionis positae causam intelligit. 
Novissime succumbit. Turn victor sophus : 

10 Cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris 

At si laxaris, quum voles, erit utilis. 

[Sic ludus animo debet aliquando dari, 
Ad cogitandum melior ut redeat tibi.] 



31. THE TREES A3STD THEIE GUARDIAN DEITIES, 

Olim, quas vellent esse in tutela sua, 
Divi legerunt arbores. Quercus Jovi, 
Et myrtus Veneri placuit, Phoebo laurea, 
Pinus Cybebae, populus celsa Herculi. 

5 Minerva admirans, quare steriles sumerent, 

Interrogavit. Causam dixit Jupiter : 
Honorem fructu ne videamur vendere. 
At, mehercules, narrabit quod quis voluerit, 
Oliva nobis propter fructum est gratior. 

10 Tunc sic Deorum genitor atque hominum sator : 

nata, merito sapiens dicere omnibus : 
Nisi utile est, quod facimus, stulta est gloria. 
[Nihil agere, quod non prosit, fabella admonet.] 



FIRST LATIN READER. 133 

32. THE PEACOCK AND JUNO. 

Pavo ad Junonem venit, indigne ferens, 

Cantus luscinii quod sibi non tribuerit : 

Ilium esse cunctis auribus admirabilem, 

Se derideri, simul ac vocem miserit. 

Tunc, consolandi gratia, dixit Dea : 6 

Sed forma vincis, vincis niagnitudine ; 

Nitor zmaragdi collo praefulget tuo, 

Pictisque plumis gemmeam caudam explicas. 

Quo mi, inquit, mutam speciem, si vincor sono ? 

Fatorum arbitrio partes sunt vobis datae : 10 

Tibi forma, vires aquilae, luscinio melos, 

Augurium corvo, laeva cornici omina, 

Omnesque propriis sunt contentae dotibus. 

[Noli adfectare, quod tibi non est datum, 
Delusa ne spes ad querelam recidat.] 15 



33. THE FOX AND THE GRAPES. 

Fame coacta Vulpes alta in vinea 
Uvam adpetebat, summis saliens viribus ; 
Quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait : 
Nondum matura est : nolo aeerbam sumere. 

[Qui, facere quae non possunt, verbis elevant, 
Adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi.] 



34. THE HORSE AND THE BOAR. 

Equus sedare solitus quo fuerat sitim, 
Dum sese Aper volutat, turbavit vadum. 
Hinc orta lis est. Sonipes, iratus Fero, 
Auxilium petiit hominis, quern dorso levans, 
Rediit ad hostem. Jactis hunc telis eques 
Postquam interfecit, sic locutus traditur : 
Laetor, tulisse auxilium me precibus tuis ; 
Nam praedam cepi, et didici, quam sis ntilis. 
Atque ita coegit frenos invitum patl 



] 34 FHtST LATIX EEAJ)EK. 

10 Tum maestus ille : Parvae vindictam rei 

Dum quaero demens, servitutem repperi. 

[Haec iracundos admonebit fabula, 
Impune potius laedi, quam dedi alteri.] 



35. THE BATTLE OF THE MICE AND WEASELS. 

Quum victi Mures Mustelarum exercitu 
(Historia quorum in tabernis pingitur) 
Fugerent et artos circum trepidarent cavos, 
Aegre recepti, tainen evasemnt necein. 
5 Duces eorum, qui capitibus cornua 

Suis ligarant, ut conspicuum in \ raelio 
Haberent signum, quod sequerentur, milites, 
Haesere in portis, suntque capti ab hostibus ; 
Quos iinmolatos victor avidis dentibus 
10 Capacis alvi mersit tartareo specu. 

[Quemcunque populum tristis eventus premit, 
Periclitatur magnitudo principura, 
Minuta plebes facili praesidio latet.] 



36. THE VIPEE AOT) THE FILE. 

[Mokdaciorem qui improbo dente adpetit. 
Hoc argumento se describi sentiat.] 
In officinam fabri venit Vipera. 
Ilaec quum tentaret, si qua res esset cibi, 
Limam momordit. Ilia contra contumax : 
Quid me, inquit, stulta, dente captas laedere, 
Omne adsuevi ferrum quae corrodere ? 



37. THE FOX AND THE HE-GOAT. 

[Homo, in periclum siniul ac venit, callidus 
Reperire effugium alterius quaerit malo.] 

Quum decidisset Yulpes in puteum inscia, 
Et altiore clauderetur marsrine, 



FIEST LATIN READER. ] 35 

Devenit Ilircus sitiens in eundem locum : 5 

Simul rogavit, esset an dulcis liquor, 

Et copiosus. Ilia fraudem moliens : 

Descende, amice ; tanta bonitas est aquae, 

Voluptas ut satiari non possit mea. 

Immisit se Barbatus. Turn Vulpecula 10 

Evasit puteo, nixa celsis cornibus, 

Hircumque clauso liquit haerentem vado. 



38. MEN'S FAULTS. 

Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas : 
Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit, 
Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem. 

[Hac re videre nostra mala non possumus ; 
Alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus.] 



39. THE SHE-GOATS AND THE HE-GOATS. 

Barbam Capellae quum impetrassent ab Jove, 
Hirci maerentes indignari coeperant, 
Quod dignitatem feminae aequassent suam. 
Smite, inquit, illas gloria vana frui, 
Et usurpare vestri ornatum muneris, 
Pares dum non sint vestrae fortitudini. 

[Hoc argu mentum monet, ut sustineas tibi 
Ilabitu esse similes, qui sunt virtute impares.] 



40. THE MAN AND THE SNAKE. 

[Qui fert malis auxilium, post tempus dolet.] 
Gelu rigentem quidam Colubram sustulit, 
Sinuque fovit, contra se ipse misericors ; 
Namque ut refecta est, necuit hominem protinus. 
Hanc alia quum rogaret causam facinoris, 
Respondit : Ne quis discat prodesse improbis. 



136 FIRST LATIN READER. 



41. THE ANT AND THE FLY. 

Formica et Musca contendebant acriter, 

Quae phiris esset. Musca sic coepit prior ; 

Conferre nostris tu potes te laudibus ? 

Ubi immolatur, exta praegusto Deuru ; 
5 Moror inter aras, templa perlustro omnia. 

In capite regis sedeo, quum visum est mihi, 

Et matronarum casta delibo oscula. 

Laboro nihil, atque optimis rebus fruor. 

Quid horum simile tibi contingit, Rustica ? 
10 Est gloriosus sane convictus Deum, 

Sed illi, qui invitatur, non qui invisus est. 

Aras frequentas : nempe abigeris, quo venis. 

Reges commemoras, et matronarum oscula : 

Super etiam jactas, tegere quod debet pudor. 
15 Nihil laboras : ideo, quum opus est, nil habes. 

Ego granum in hiemem quum studiose congeio, 

Te circa murum video pasci stercore. 

Aestate me lacessis : quum bruma est, sile*. 

Mori contractam quum te cogunt frigora, 
20 Me copiosa recipit incolumem donius. 

Satis profecto retudi superbiam. 

[Fabella talis hominum discernit notas 

Eorum, qui se falsis ornant laudibus, 

Et quorum virtus exhibet solidum decus.] 



42. TIME. 



Cdrsu volucri, pendens in novacula, 
Calvus, comosa fronte, nudo corpore, 
(Quem si occuparis, teneas ; elapsum semel 
Non ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere ;) 
Occasionem rerum significat brevem. 
Effectus impediret ne segnis mora, 
Fiuxere antiqui talem effigiem Tempcris. 



FIRST LATIN READER. 137 



ROMAN HISTORY. 



1. ROMULUS AND REMUS. 

Procas, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Anmlium filios gemiit. 
Numitori, qui natu major erat, regnum legavit. Plus tamen vis 
potuit quara voluntas patris. Pulso fratre, Amulius regnavit : et, ut 
Numitorem sobole privaret, Rheam Silviam, ejusfiliam,-Vestae sacer- 
dotem fecit. Vestalis, fide violata, Romulum et Remum uno partu 5 
edidit. Quo cognito Amulius ipsam in vincula conjecit ; parvulos 
alveo impositos misit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas lenibus 
stagnis erat effusus ; sed relabente flumine pueros aqua in sicco 
reliquit. Vastae turn in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama 
traditum est, ad puerilem vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, 10 
eorum ori admovit ubera, atque se pro matre gessit. 

Faustulus, regii pecoris magister, parvulos invenit, et ad casam 
Laurentiae uxori educandos tulit. Hi deinde adulti inter pastores 
primo ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, venando saltus peragrare, 
et latrones a rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quam ob rem quum 15 
iis insidiati essent latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. 
Tunc Faustulus necessitate compulsus indicavit Romulo, quis esset 
ejus avus, quae mater. Romulus statim cum armatis pastoribus 
Albam properavit. 

Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, ultro 20 
accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset. Remus 
itaque Numitori ad suppliciuin a rege Amulio traditus est; at 
Numitor, quum aetatem cognovisset adolescentis, et vultum matri 
Rheae simillimum inspexisset, haud procul erat quin nepotem 
agnosceret. 25 

[753 b.c] Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi 
expositi, ubique erant educati, condiderunt ; sed orta inter eos conten- 
tion, uter nomen novae urbi daret, uter conditam imperio regeret, 
anspicia adhibuere. Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea 
duodecim videt. Sic Romulus, augurio victor, urbem "Romam" 30 
vocavit. Remus, fratris ludibrio, novos transiluisse muros dicicur ; 



1 38 FIRST LATIN EEADEE. 

eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis : Sic deiiide 
pereat, qiiicunque alius transiliet moenia raea. Ita solus potitus est 
imperio Romulus. 



First King of the Romans — b.c. 753-7 1G. 

Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat ; deerant 
incolae. Erat in proximo lucus ; hunc asylum fecit. Eo statim 
multitudo latronum pastoruuique confugit. Quum vero ipse et 
cives sui uxores non haberent, legates circa vicinas gentes misit, qui 

5 societatem connubiumque novo populo peterent. Kusquam benigne 
legatio audita est ; ludibrium etiam additum : Quidni ' feminis quoque 
asylum aperuistis ? Id enim compar foret connubium. Romulus 
aegritudinem animi dissimulans ludos parat ; indici deinde finitimis 
spectaculum jubet. Multi convenere studio etiam videndae novae 

10 urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et conjugibus. Ubi spectaculi 
tempus venit, deditaeque ei mentes cum oculis erant, turn, dato 
signo, juvenes Romani virgines rapiunt. 

Sabini ob virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanos sumpse- 
runt. Qui quum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti 

15 sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Hujus pater 
Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae 
optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium per- 
duxisset. Ea petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, 
videlicet annulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia 

20 Sabinos in arcem perduxit. Ibi Tatius earn scutis obrui jussit ; 
nam et scuta in laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena 
vindicata est. 

Romulus acerrime in hostes impetum fecit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc 
Romanum forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter 

25 Romanos insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit ; 
cujus interitu consternati Romani fugere coepemnt. Jam Sabini 
clamitabant : Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Xiinc 
sciunt, longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris. 
Tunc Romulus arma ad coelum tollens Jovi aedem vovit, et statim 

30 exercitus seu forte seu divinitus restitit. Itaque praelium redinte- 
gratur ; sed raptae mulieres crinibus passis ausae sunt se inter tela 
volantia inferre, et hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, paces conciliarunt 



FIRST LATIN HEADER. 1 39 

Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, Sabinos in urbem recepit. 
Centum ex senioribus elegit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos 
Senatores nominavit. Tres Equitum centurias constituit ; populum 35 
in triginta Curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, quum ad exercitum 
lustrandum concionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito 
coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque, et Romulus 
e conspectu ablatus est. Eum ad Deos abiisse vulgo creditum est, 
— cui rei fidem fecit Proculus Julius vir nobilis. Orta enim inter 40 
Patres et plebem seditione, is in concionem processit, jurejurando 
affirmans, Romulum a se visum augustiore forma quam fuisset, 
eumdemque praecipere, ut seditionibus abstinerent, et rem militarem 
colerent. Ita Romulus pro deo cultus, et Quirinus est appellatus. 



3. NUMA POMPILIUS, 
Second King of the Romans— B.C. 716-673. 

Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclyta justitia et reli- 
gione. Is Curibus oppido Sabinorum accitus est. Qui quum Romam 
venisset, ut populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima insti- 
tuit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum 
virginibus dedit. Flaminem Jo vis Sacerdotem creavit, eumque in- 5 
signi veste et curuli sella ornavit. Duodecim Salios Martis sacer- 
dotes legit, qui ancilia, imperii pignora, ferre per urbem canentes et 
rite saltantes solebant. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum 
lunae descripsit ; nefastos fastosqite dies fecit ; portas Jano gemino 
aedificavit, ut esset index pacis et belli : nam apertus in armis esse 10 
civitatem, clausus vero pacatos omnes circa populos significabat. 

Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Bellum quidem 
nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit quam Romulus. Morbo 
exstinctus in Janiculo monte sepultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges, 
ille bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta ] 5 
regnavit annos ; Numa tres et quadraginta. 



4. TtJLLUS HOSTILIUS, 

Third King of the Romans — b.c. 673-641. 

Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hie non solum 
proximo regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante 



140 FIRST LATIN READER. 

bellum inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio 
et Fuffetio placuit, fata utriusque populi paucorum manibus coin- 
5 mitti. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres, Horatii, trigemini 
quoque apud Albanos, Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges, ut pro sua 
quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde 
victoria, ibi imperium esset. Itaque trigemini arma capiunt, et in 
medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederunt utrimque duo 

10 exercitus. Datur signum, infestisque armis terni juvenes, magnorum 
exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. 

Ut primo concursu increpuere arma, micantesque fulsere gladii, 
horror ingens spectantes perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, 
statim duo Romani, alius super alium, exspirantes ceciderunt ; tres 

15 Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exer- 
citus Albanus. Romanos jam spes tota deserebat. Unum Hora- 
tium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit ; sed quia 
tribus impar erat, fugam capessivit, ut eorum pugnam segregaret. 
Jam aliquantum spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, 

20 quum respiciens videt unum e Curiatiis baud procul ab se abesse. 

In eum magno impetu redit ; et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat 

Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, Horatius jam eum occiderat. Altemm 

deinde, priusquam tertius potuit consequi, interfecit. 

Jam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares. Alteri erat 

25 intactum ferro corpus, atque animus geminata victoria ferox. Alter 
corpus vulnere fessum, fessum cursu, trahebat. Kec illud praelium 
fuit. Romanus exsultans male sustinentem arma conficit,Jacen- 
temque spoliat. Romani ovantes^c gratulantes accipiunt Horatium, | 
et domum deducunt. 

30 Non diu pax Albana mansit ; nam Fufletius, dux Albanorum, [ 
Veientes adversus Romanos concitavit. Ipse a Tullo in auxilium - 
arcessitus aciem in collem subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret i 
et sequeretur. Postero die Fuffetius, quum ad gratulandum Tullo i 
venisset, jussu illius quadrigis religatus est, et in diversa distractus. 

35 Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam diruit, et Albanos 
Romam transire jussit. 

Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis ; duplicatus est civium numerus ; 
mons Caelius urbi additus, et quo frequentius habitaretur, earn 
Regiae sedem Tullus cepit, ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum 

^0 virium fiducia elatus bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta 
est \ nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex belli- 
cosus, salubriora militiae quam domi esse juvenum corpora ; sed 



FIRST LATIN READER. HI 

ipse quoque diuturno morbo est implicatus. Tunc adeo fracti simul 
cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces, ut nulli rei deinceps, nisi 
Bacris, operara daret. Memorant Tullum fulmine ictuni cum domo 45 
conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et 
triginta. 



5. ANCUS MARCIUS, 
Fourth King of the Romans — b.c. 640-616. 

Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae 
Pompilii nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. 
Tunc Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sus- 
tulerunt animos, et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, 
priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret; 5 
eumque morem posteri acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. 
Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit, a quibus res repetuntur, capite 
velato : Audi, Jupiter, inquit ! a udite, fines hujus populi ! Ego sum 
publicus nuntius fojpuli Romani; verbis meis fides sit. Deinde 
peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res, quas exposcit, hastam in 10 
fines hostium emittit, bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re 
mittitur, fecialis, ritusque belli m&icen&i, jus feciale, appellatur. 

Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis ; 
quare bellum hoc modo iis indictum est. Ancus exercitu conscripto 
profectus Latinos fudit, et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam 15 
traduxit. Quum autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora 
clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem 
increscentis audaciae aedificavit. Janieulum montem, non muro 
solum, sed etiam ponte Sublicio in Tiberi facto, urbe conjunxit. In 
ore Tiberis urbem Ostiam condidit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos 20 
annos confectis, immatura morte praereptus obiit. 



6. LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PEISCUS, 

Fifth King of the Romans — B.C. 616-578. 

Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, urbe Tarquiniis profectus, cum 
conjuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec 
fabula : ei advenienti aquila pileum sustulit, et super carpentum, 
ubi Tarquinius sedebat, cum magno clangore volitans, rursus capiti 



142 FIRST LATIN READER. 

5 apte reposuit ; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil conjux, coelestium 
prodigiorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit ; itaque virum com- 
plexa sperare alta jussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes 
urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato, Tarquinius pecunia 
et industria dignitatem, atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem, con- 

10 secutus est, a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit, et ita 
administravit, quasi jure adeptus fuisset. 

Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit. Circum Maximum aedifi- 
cavit : murum lapideum urbi circumdedit : bellum cum Sabinis 
gessit, in quo bello equitum centurias numero auxit ; nomina tamen 

15 rautare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferant, Accii Navii auctoritate. 
Accius, ea tempestate augur inclytus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves 
addixissent ; iratus rex in experimentum artis eura interrogavit, 
fierine posset, quod ipse mente concepisset ; Accius, augurio acto, 
fieri posse respondit. Atqui hoc, inquit rex, agitabam, num cotem 

20 Mam secare novacula possem. Potes, inquit augur ; et secuisse 

dicitur. Tarquinius Sabinos vicit, et filium tredecim annorum, quod 

in praelio hostem percussisset, praetexta et bulla donavit; unde 

haec ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt 

Supererant duo Anci filii, qui aegre ferentes se paterno regno 

25 fraudatos esse regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos ferocis- 
simos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ii, simulata rixa, in vestibule 
regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor quum penitus in regiam per- 
venisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit, 
et certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Coerciti ab lictore et jussi sunt 

30 invicem dicere. Unus ex composite rem orditur ; dumque intentus 
in eum se rex totus avertit, alter elatam securim in ejus caput dejecit, 
et relicto in vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt. 



7. SERVIUS TULLIXrS, 

Sixth King of the Romans — B.C. 578-534. 

Servius Tullius matre nobili sed captiva natus est. Quura in 
domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque 
mirabile accidisse. Flammae species pueri dormientis caput am- 
plexa est. Hoc viso, Tanaquil summam ei dignitatem portendi intel- 
5 lexit, conjugique suasit, ut eum non secus ac liberos suos educaret. 
Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio excelluit; quare a 
Tarquinio gener assumptus est ; et quum Tarquinius occisus esset, 



FIRST LATIN READER. 143 

Tanaquil, celata ejus niorte, populum ex superiore parte aediura 
allocuta ait, regem, gravi quidem sed non letali vulnere accepto, 
petere, ut interim, dum convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes 10 
essent. Servius itaque imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit ; 
raontes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum, urbi adjunxit; 
muro lapideo urbera circumdedit. Idem censum ordinavit, et popu- 
lum in classes et centurias distribuit. 

Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere voluit. Jam turn incly- 15 
turn erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus 
Asiae factum fama ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit, ut et 
ipsi Romae fanum Dianae cum populo Romano aedificarent. Quo 
facto bos mirae magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et re- 
sponsum somnio datum, eum populum summam imperii habiturum, 20 
cujus civis bovem illam immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum 
Dianae deduxit, et causam sacerdoti Romano exposuit. Sacerdos 
callidus dixit, eum debere prius vivo fiumine manus abluere. Dum 
Latinus ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem immolavit. Ita im- 
perium civibus, sibique gloriam, vindicavit. 25 

Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habebat. 
Duo quoque Tarquinii Prisci filii longe dispares moribus erant. 
Tullia ferox Tarquinio miti nupserat ; Tullia vero mitis Tarquinio 
feroci : sed mites, seu forte, seu fraude, perierunt ; feroces similitudo 
morum conjunxit. Tarquinius Superbus a Tullia statim incitatus, 30 
advocato senatu, regnum paternum repetere coepit ; qua re audita 
Servius, dum ad curiam contendit, jussu Tarquinii gradibus dejectus 
et domum refugiens interfectus est. Tullia carpento invecta in 
forum properavit, virum e curia evocavit, et regem prima appellavit ; 
a quo jussa ex tanto tumultu decedere, quum domum rediret, jacen- 35 
tern que Cyprio Vico Servium trucidatum videret, per patris corpus 
carpentum egisse fertur. Inde vicus ille sceleratus dictus est. Ser- 
vius TuJlius regnavit annos quatuor et quadraginta. 



8. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 

Seventh and last King of the Romans — b.c. 534-510. 

Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Strenuus tamcn 

bello Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem 

redegit fraude Sexti filii. Is quum indigne ferret, earn urbem a patre 

expugnari non posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se 



144 FIRST LATIN READER. 

5 conquerens. Benigne a Gabinis exceptus, paullatim eoram bene- 
volentiam fictis blanditiis alliciendo dux belli electus est. Turn 
e suis unum ad patrem mittit sciscitatuni, quidnam se facere vellet. 
Pater nuntio filii nihil respondit, sed in hortum aedium transiit, 
ibique inanibulans, sequente nuntio, surama papaverum capita baculo 

10 decussit. Nuntius fessus exspectando rediit Gabios. Sextus ubi ex 

tacitis anibagibus intellexit, quid vellet pater, primores civitatis in- 

teremit. Sic res Gabina regi Romano sine ulla dimicatione traditur. 

Postea Tarquinius Ardeam urbem oppugnavit. Ibi quutn in cas- 

tris essent, TarquiDius Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte coena- 

15 bat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum aliis juvenibus regiis. Incidit 
de uxoribus mentio; quum unusquisque suam laudaret, placuit 
experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant. Regias minis in 
convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam. Lucre- 
tiam Collatini uxorem inter ancillas in lanificio inveniunt. Ea ergo 

20 ceteris praestare judicatur. Paucis interjectis diebus Sextus Colla- 
tiam rediit, et Lucretiae vim attulit. Ilia postero die, advocatis 
patre et conjuge, rem exposuit, et se cultro, quern sub veste ab- 
ditum habebat, occldit. Conclamat vir paterque, et in exitium 
regum conjurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis, 

25 portae, et exsilium indictum. 



9. LUCIUS JUNIUS BEUTUS, 
First Roman Consul — B.C. 509. 

L. Junius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, quum earudem 
fortunam timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et pruden- 
tiam fuerat ab avunculo occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus 
est. Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem 
5 muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum 
Deo donum tulit. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, juvenes Apollinem 
consuluerunt, quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Respon- 
sum est, eum Romae summam potestatem habiturum, qui primus 
matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus, velut si casu prolapsus 
10 cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod ea communis mater 
omnium mortalium esset. 

Expulsis regibus duo consul es creati simt, L. Junius Brutus et 
Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretiae maritus. At libertas, modo parta, 
per dolum et proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in juventute 



FIRST LATIN READER. 115 

Romana adolescentes aliquot sodales Tarquiniorum. Hi de acci- 15 
piendis nocte in urbem regibus colloquuntur ; ipsos Bruti consulis 
hlios in societatem consilii assumunt. Sermonem eorura ex servis 
unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Scrip tae ad Tarquinium 
litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula conjecti 
sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati juvenes nobi- 20 
lissinii ; sed prae ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos converte- 
bant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos 
virgis caedunt, securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed 
et exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret. 

Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum recuperare tentavit. Equit- 25 
ibus praeerat Aruns Tarquinii Alius ; rex ipse cum legionibus seque- 
batur. Obviam hosti consules eunt. Brutus ad explorandum cum 
equitibus antecessit. Aruns, ubi Brutuni agnovit, inflammatus ira : 
ille est vir, inquit, qui nos patria expulit; en ille nostris decoratus 
insignibus magnifice incedit. Turn concitat calcaribus equum, atque 30 
in ipsum consulem dirigit ; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo 
infestis animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi ceciderint ; 
fugatus est tamen Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans 
rediit. Bruti collegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum 
matronae, ut parentem, annum luxerunt. 35 



10. WAR WITH PORSENA. 

Horatius Codes — b.c 508. 

Porsena, rex Etruscorum, ad restituendos in regnum Tarquinius 
cum infesto exercitu Romam venit. Primo impetu Janiculum cepit. 
Non unquam alias ante tantus terror Romanos invasit ; ex agris in 
urbem demigrant ; urbem ipsam sepiunt praesidiis. Alia urbis pars 
muris, alia Tiberi objecto tuta videbatur. Pons Sublicius iter paene 5 
hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset Horatius Codes, illo cognomine 
donatus, quod in alio praelio oculum amiserat. Is, extrema pontis 
parte occupata, aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo inter- 
rumperetur. Ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostes ; ponte rescisso armatus 
in Tiberim desiluit, et multis superincidentibus telis incolumis ad 10 
suos transnavit. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit ; ei tantum 
agri datura est, quantum uno die circumarari potuisset. Statua 
quoque ei in Comitio posita. 

1122) 10 



HG FIRST LATIN READER. 

Mucins Scaevola — B.C. 508. 

Quum Porsena Romara obsideret, Mucins vir Romanae constantiae 
senatum adiit, et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repro- 
raittens. Accepta potestate in castra Porsenae venit. Ibi in con- 
fertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc 
5 forte militibus dabatur, et scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. 
Mucius ignorans uter esset rex scribara pro rege occldit. Appre- 
hensus et ad regem pertractus dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo 
injecit, hoc supplicii ab ea exigens, quod in caede peccasset. Attoni- 
tus miraculo rex juvenem amoveri ab altaribus jussit. Turn Mucius, 
10 quasi beneficium remunerans, — Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te 
virtuti honos, beneficio a me accipies, quod minis nequisti; trecenti 
conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, ut in te hoc via grass- 
aremur. Mea 'prima sors fuit : Ceteri, suo quisque tempore,aderu?it. 
Qua re Porsena territus bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit. 

Cloelia Virgo— b.c. 508. 

Porsena Cloeliam, virgmem nobilem, inter obsides accepit. Quum 
Etruscorum castra haud procul a ripa Tiberis locata essent, Cloelia 
deceptis custodibus noctu egressa, equo, quern sors dederat, arrepto, 
Tiberim trajecit. Quod ubi regi nuntiatum est, primo ille incensus ira 
5 Romam legatos misit ad Cloeliam obsidem reposcendam. Romani 
earn ex foedere restituerunt. Turn rex virginis virtutem admiratus 
earn laudavit, ac parte obsidum donare se dixit, perniisitque, ut ipsa, 
quos vellet, legeret. Productis obsidibus Cloelia virgines elegit, 
quarum aetatem injuriae obnoxiam sciebat, et cum iis in patriam 
10 rediit. Romani novam in femina virtutem novo genere honoris, 
statua equestri, donavere. In summa Via Sacra fuit posita virgo 
insidens equo. 



11. WAE WITH THE LATINS. 

Aulus Postumius — Battle of Lake RegiRus — b.c 496. 

Tarquinius ejectus ad Mamilium Tusculanum, generum suum, con- 
fugerat. Qui quum, concitato Latio, Romanes graviter urgeret, nova 
Romae dignitas creata, quae Dictatura appellata est, major quam 
Consulatus. Tunc etiam creatus est Magister Equitum, qui Dicta- 
5 tori obsequeretm-. A. Postumius dictator factus cum hostibus apud 
Regillura lacum confiixit. Ubi quum victoria nutaret, magister 
equitum equis fraenos detrahi jussit, ut irrevocabili impetu ferreB- 



KrRST LATIN READER. 117 

tur ; itaque et aciem Latinorum fuderunt, et castra ceperunt. Tar- 
quinius Cumas se contulisse, in eaque urbe senio et aegritudine con- 
fectus obiisse dicitur. 10 



12. MENENIUS AGRIPPA. 

Secession to the Sacred Mount— Institution of the Tribuni Plelis— 

b.c. 494. 

Menenius Agrippa concordiam inter patres plebemque restituit. 
Nam quum plebs a patribus in Montem Sacrum secessisset, quod 
tributa et militiam non toleraret, Agrippa vir facundus ad plebem 
missus est ; qui intromissus in castra nihil aliud quam hoc narrasse 
fertur. Humana olim membra adversus ventrem, quum otiosum esse 5 
cernerent, discordarunt, conspiraruntque, ne manus ad os cibum fer- 
rent, neu os acciperet datum, neu dentes conficerent. At, dum ventrem 
domare volunt, ipsi quoque defecerunt, totumque corpus ad extre- 
mam tabem venit. Inde apparuit, ventris quoque haud segne minis- 
terium esse, eumque acceptos cibos concoquere et per omnia membra 1 
digerere ; itaque cum eo in gratiam redierunt. Sic senatus et popu- 
lus quasi unum corpus discordia pereunt, concordia valent. 

Hac fabula Menenius flexit hominum mentes. Plebs in urbem 
regressa est ; creavit tamen tribunos, qui libertatem suam adversus 
nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. Paullo post mortuus est Mene- 15 
nius, vir per omnem vitam pariter patribus ac plebi cams. Is tamen 
in tanta paupertate decessit, ut eum populus collatis quadrantibus 
sepeliret, locum sepulcro senatus publice daret. 



13. THE DECEMVIRI. 
b.c. 451-449. 

Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus Decem- 
viri creati sunt, qui allatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. 
llae leges duodecim tabulis sunt perscriptae. 

Unus e Decemviris, Appius Claudius, virginem plebeiam adamavit; 
quam quum non posset pretio ac spe pellicere, M. Claudio clienti 
negotium dedit, ut earn in servitutem assereret, facilem victoriam 
sperans, quum ipse esset et accusator et judex. L. Virginius, 
puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini veni- 
enti in forum (ibi namque in tabernis ludi litterarum erant) injecit 



148 FIEST LATIN READER. 

10 nianum, affirmans suam esse servam ; earn sequi se jubet ; ni faciat, 

minatur se cunctantem vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad 

clamorem nutricis fit concursus. Claudius, quuru puellam non posset 

vi abducere, vocat in jus ipso Appio judice. 

Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is prima luce 

15 Romam advenit, quum jam civitas in foro erecta expectatione staret. 
Virginius statim in forum lacrimabundus, et civium opem implorans, 
filiam suam deducit. Appius obstinato animo in tribunal escendit, 
et Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Turn pater, ubi nihil usquam 
auxilii vidit: Quaeso, inquit, Appi, ignosce patris dolori; sine me 

?& filiam ultimum alloqui. Data venia, filiam seducit, atque ex 
taberna lanionis cultro arrepto, pectus puellae transfigit. Turn ferro 
sibi viam facit, et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit. Concita- 
tus exercitus montem Aventinum occupavit ; decern tribunos mili- 
tum creavit ; decemviros magistratu se abdicare coegit ; eosque 

25 omnes aut morte aut exilio mulcavit. Appius Claudius in carcerem 
conjectus mortem sibi conscivit. 



14. MARCUS FURIUS CAMILLUS. 

Tlie Schoolmaster of Falerii — Rome taken by the Gauls — 
b.c. 390. 

Quum M. Furius Camillus urbem Falcrios obsideret, ludi magister 
plurimos et nobilissimos inde pueros, velut ambulandi gratia eductos, 
in castra Romanbrum perduxit; quibus Camillo traditis, non erat 
dubiuni, quin Falisci deposito bello sese Romanis dedituri essent. 
5 Sed Camillus perfidiam proditoris detestatus : i\ on ad similes tui, 
inquit, venisti; sunt et belli, sicut pacis, jura : arma habemus, non 
adversus earn aetatem, cui etiam captis urbibus parcitur, sed ad- 
versus armatos, qui, nee laesi nee lacessiti a nobis, castra Romana 
oppugnaverunt. Denudari deinde ludi magistrum jussit, ac manibus 

10 post tergum alligatis in urbem reducendum pueris tradidit, virgasque 
iis dedit, quibus euntem verberarent. Statim Falisci, beneficio m igis 
quam armis \acti, portas Romanis aperuerunt. 

Camillus post multa in patriam merita judicio populi damnatus 
exsulatum abiit. Urbe egrediens ab Diis precatus esse dicitur, ut, 

15 si innoxio sibi ea injuria fieret, desiderium sui facerent ingratae 
patriae qnamprimum. Nee multo post Galli Senones Clusium 
Etruriae oppidum obsederunt. Clusini novo bello exterriti ab 



FIRST LATIN READER. 149 

Romania auxilium pctierunt. Missi sunt Roma tres legati, qui 
Gallos monerent, ut ab oppugnatione desisterent. Ex his legatis 
unus contra jus gentium in aciem processit, et ducem Senonum 20 
interfecit. Qua re commoti Galli, petitis in deditionem legatis nee 
impetratis, ad urbem venerunt, et exercitum Romanum apud Alliam 
fluvium ceciderunt ante diem decimum quintum Calendas Sextiles ; 
qui dies inter nefastos relatus Alliensis dictus est. 

Galli victores paullo ante solis occasum ad urbem Romam per- 25 
veniunt. Postquam hostes adesse nuntiatum est juventus Romana 
duce Manlio in arcem confugit; seniores vero domos ingressi ad- 
ventum Gallorum obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant. Qui 
eorum curules magistratus gesserant, ornati honorum insignibus in 
vestibulis aedium eburneis sellis insederunt, ut, quum venisset hostis, 30 
in sua dignitate morerentur. Interim Galli, domos patentes ingressi, 
vident viros ornatu et vultus maj estate Diis simillimos. Quum Galli 
ad eos, veluti ad simulacra, conversi starent, unus ex his senibus 
dicitur Gallo barbam suam permulcenti scipionem eburneum in caput 
incussisse. Iratus Gallus eum occidit ; ab eo caedis initio facto, ceteri 35 
omnes in sedibus suis trucidati sunt. 

Galli deinde impetum facere in arcem statuunt. Primo militem, 
qui tentaret viam, praemiserunt. Turn nocte sublustri, sublevantes 
invicem et trahentes alii alios, in summum saxum evaserunt, tanto 
silentio, ut non solum custodes fallerent, sed ne canes quidem excita- 40 
rent. A.nseres non fefellere, quibus in summa inopia Romani abstinu- 
erant, quia aves erant Junoni sacrae ; quae res Romanis saluti fuit. 
Namque clangore anserum alarumque crepitu excitus Manlius, vir 
bello egregius, ceteros ad arma vocans Gallos ascendentes dejecit. 

Tunc consensu omnium placuit ab exsilio Camillum acciri ; missi 45 
igitur ad eum legati, ipseque dictator absens creatus est. Interim 
fames utrumque exercitum urgebat ; sed ne Galli putarent, Romanos 
ea necessitate ad deditionem cogi, multis locis de Capitolio panis 
jactatus est in hostium stationes. Ad postremum, Galli quoque ob- 
sidione fatigati pretio mille pondo auri adducti sunt, ut obsidionem 50 
relinquerent. Eondum omni auro appenso, Camillus dictator, col- 
lectis Romani exercitus reliquiis, intervenit ; auferri aurum de medio 
jubet, dpnuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium expediant. Instructa 
deinde acie Gallos internecione occidit. Ne nuntius quidem cladis 
relictus est. Dictator, recuperata ex hostibus patria, triumphans 55 
urbem ingressus, et a militibus parens patriae conditorque alter 
urbis appellatus est. 



APPENDIX. 



BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE SYNTAX OF SIMPLE 
SENTENCES. 



I. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 
AGREEMENT. 

1. Rule. — An adjective (whether pronoun, participle, or adjective 
proper) agrees with its own substantive in gender, number, and case: as, 
Puer est sedulus; Pueri sunt sedwli; Puella est sedula; Templum erul 
splendidum ; Sorores tuae. 

Obs. 1. When an adjective applies to two or more singular substantives 
connected by a co-ordinative conjunction (et, ac, atque, &c), it is 
put in the plural number; as, Pater et filing sunt clari, Th? 
father and son are famous. 

Obs. 2. When an adjective applies to two or more substantives of dif- 
ferent genders, it takes the gender of the masculine substantive 
rather than that of the feminine, and of the feminine rather than 
of the neuter : Pater et mater puellae sunt mortui. 
Exception. — But when the substantives are names of inanimate 
objects, the adjective is put in the neuter; as, Virtus et vitium 
inter se contraria sunt, Virtue and vice are opposed to each other.* 

Obs. 3. But an adjective often agrees with the substantive nearest 
to it ; a3, Pater meus et mater abeunt ; or it is repeated before 
each ; as, Pater meus et mater mm abeunt. 

2. Rule. — A verb agrees with its subject in number and person : as, 
A quita volat, aquilae volant ; Ego sum pastor, tu es latro; viri sunt clari. 

Obs. 1. Since two singulars are equal to a plural, two or more singular 

subjects connected by a co-ordinative conjunction {et, ac, atque, &c.), 

have a verb in the plural ; as, Paler et filius ambulant in horto. 

Exception. — But in a series of nominatives the verb often agrees with 

the subject nearest to it; as, Amat te pater, et mater, et f rat res. 

Obs. 2. If the subjects be of different persons, the verb is put in the first 
person rather than in the second, and in the second rather than 
in the third : as, Ego et tu sumus amici; Tu et ilia estis clari; 
Si tu et Tullia valet is, ego et Cicero valemus, If you and Tullia 
are well, Cicero and I are well. 

* These principles apply to adjectives, whether used as simple attributes or as 
predicates. 



THE CASES. l. r >] 

Obs. 3. A collective noun, or a distributive pronoun, may have a verb 
in the plural : as, Turba ruunt, The mob rush forward ; Uterque 
eorum educunt capias ex castris, Each of them {i.e., both) leads 
his forces out of the camp ; Decimus quisque ad supplicium led* 
sunt, Every tenth man was selected for punishment. 

APPOSITION. 

3. Rule.— Substantives which stand in apposition* to one another 
agree in case : as, Cicero, orator, jussu Anlonii occisus est, Cicero the 
orator was put to death by the order of Antony ; Mummius delevit 
Corinthum, urbem Graeciae nobilissimam, Mummius destroyed Corinth, a 
very famous city of Greece. 

Obs. 1. The same rule applies when the second substantive is used as a 
predicate : as, Alexander erat rex Macedonum, Alexander was 
king of the Macedonians ; Ilia incedit regina, She walks (as) a 
queen. This kind of apposition occurs with (1) Substantivk 
Verbs, (as, sum, existo); (2) Passive Verbs of naming and 
choosing, (as, nominor, creor) ; (3) Verbs of seeming or 
being thought, (as, videor, existimor) ; (4) Verbs of gesture, 
(as, incedo.) 
Obs. 2. A noun in apposition to two or more nouns is usually in the 
plural : as, M. Antonius, C. Crassus, tribuni plebis, M. Antony 
and C. Crassus, tribunes of the people ; Cneius et Publius 
Scipiones, Cneius and Publius Scipio. 
Obs. 3. If the substantive in apposition have two forms (masculine and 
feminine), it generally assumes the gender of the noun explained : 
as, Leo, rex bestiarum, The lion, king of beasts ; Aquila, regina 
avium, The eagle, king of birds. 



II. THE CASES. 
nominative and vocative. 

4. The nominative is used to express the subject of the sentence, or the 
substantival predicate. (See Art. 2 and 3 above.) 

5. The vocative is used in expressions of address; as, Fili, son ! but 
the nominative often takes the place of the vocative, even in address. 

accusative. 

6. The accusative expresses the direct object of the action indicated by 
a transitive verb. It answers to the questions, Whom ] What 1 To what 
place 1 During what time ? &c. 

7. Role. — Transitive verbs governf the accusative ; as, rater amat 
filium suum, The father loves his son. [But many transitive verbs govern 
the genitive, dative, or ablative. See Art. 16, (5); 17, (2), (a); 19, (2), (c); 
19, (4.)] 

* Two substantives arc said to be in apposition when one is appended to the other 
to explain or limit it. t Sue notes * and t. p. '20. 



152 APPENDIX. 

8. Any verb, whether it be transitive or intransitive, may govern iD 
the accusative a substantive of kindred signification : as, Vivere beatam 
vitam, To live a happy life ; Pugnare pugnam, To fight a battle. 

9. The accusative is used after certain prepositions ; for which see 
p. 101, 5. 

10. Many intransitive verbs of motion, when compounded with the pre- 
positions, trans, circum, per, super, praeter, ad, cum, in, subter, become 
transitive, and thus take an accusative; as, Transire flumen, To cross a 
river. [But some of these compounds, as supervenio and subeo, occasion- 
ally take the dative.] 

11. Many verbs are followed by two accusatives, the one expressing the 
person, the other the thing. Such are verbs of asking,* entreating, teach- 
ing, concealing, fcc. : a*. Filius patrem nihil celaxit, The son concealed 
nothing from his father ; Hoc te rogo, I beg this of you. Also transitive 
verbs compounded with trans; as, Transducere copiat flumen, To lead 
forces over a river. But the preposition is often repeated before the 
accusative. 

12. An accusative is often put after intransitive verbs, passive forms, 
and adjectives, to define them and limit their application. This is called 
the accusative of reference or limitation ; it is very common in poetry, — 
less so in prose, especially in the case of intransitive verbs and adjectives : 
as, Rogor sententiam, I am asked my opinion'; Qui genus {&cc.)estis? Who 
are you as to descent 1 Saucius pedes, Maimed in the feet. 

13. After verbs expressing or implying motion, the names of towns and 
small islands, with domus, rus, and such terms, are put in the accusative, 
to indicate the point to which ; as, Contendit Romam, He hastens to Rome ; 
Misit legatos Athenas, He sent ambassadors to Athens ; Rediit domum, 
He returned home. [But with the names of countries and large islands a 
preposition is used.] 

14. The accusative expresses duration of time and extent of space: as, 
Viginti annos mansit, He remained for twenty years ; Duxitfossam tru 
ginta pedes altam, He ran a ditch of thirty feet deep. 

15. The accusative is used in exclamations, either with or without an 
interjection ; as, Me miserumi (or vie miser urn I) Wretched me ! Ecu 
me infelicemf Ah, luckless me ! 

THE GENITIVE. 

16. The genitive case answers to the questions, Whose ? Of whom \ Of 
what ? It is used to indicate, — 

(1. ) The author or possessor : as, Ciceronis filius, Cicero's son ; Agricolac 
hortus, The farmer's garden. 

(2.) The part, duty, or characteristic, (with sum) : as, Est regis ad- 
ministrare leges, It is the king's duty to execute the laws ; Stuff i 
est irae servire, It is the mark of a fool to be a slave to passion. 
But the possessive pronouns meum, tuum, &c, are used in the 
nominative singular neuter ; as, Meum est, It is my duty. 

* Peto, postulo, and quaero take the ablative with a preposition, (ab, <fr. ex.) 



THE CASES. 153 

(3.) The whole of which anything is a part (partitive genitive) ; as, 
Magna vis hominum, A great multitude of men ; Tria mittia 
cquitum, Three thousand cavalry ; Multum pecuniae, Much 
money ; Quis nostrum? Which (one) of us 1 Doctissimus Roman- 
orum : Ubi terrarumf In what part of the earth 1 

(i.) The quality, nature, extent, &c; hut in these cases it is accom- 
panied by an adj. : as, Puer magni ingenii, A hoy of great talent ; 
Classis ducentarum navium, A fleet of two hundred ships. 

(5.) The object of mental affections, (a) after adjectives denoting know- 
ledge, memory, certainty, inclination to, patience, and their oppo- 
sites: as, Tgnarusmali, Ignorant of misfortune; Memorbeneficii, 
Mindful of afavour; Avidus gloriae, Desirous of fame ; Amantior 
virtutis, A greater lover of virtue : (b) after verbs signifying to 
l-emember,* pity, forget, &c, and certain impersonal verbs, (see 
p. 98, 9 :) as, Meminit malorum praeteritorum, He remembers 
past misfortunes ; Miserere servorum, Have pity on the slaves ; 
Taedet me vitae, I am weary of life. 

(6.) The object after adjectives expressing plenty ,f power , participation, 
likeness,^ and their opposites : as, Plenus sapientiae, Full of 
wisdom ; Inops rationis, Devoid of reason ; SimUis patris, Like 
his father (in nature, disposition, &c.) 

(7.) The price or value (in a general way), in the case of such adjectives 
as magnus, plurimus, plus, minor, &c. : as, A varus divitias 
magni aestimat, The avaricious man sets a great value on riches ; 
Pravum minimi habeo, I have the very lowest opinion of the 
wicked man. [If a substantive is used to indicate the price, it 
is put in the ablative ; and even with these adjectives the abla- 
tive is often used. See Art. 19, (5.)] 

(8.) The crime or ground of accusation : as, Puerum furti arguit, He 
accused the boy of theft ; Judices civem proditionis damnaverunt, 
The judges condemned the citizen of treason. 

(9.) Place where, in nouns of the First or Second Declension, and 
singular number ; as, Vivebat Romae, He lived at Rome. [For 
the theory which regards this as the dative,, see Schmitz's Ad- 
vanced Latin Grammar, § 268.] 

THE DATIVE. 

17. The dative case denotes, — 

(1.) The individual (person or thing) to whom anything is given or 
communicated : as, Dedit librum puero, He gav« a book to the 
boy ; Legati nunciant Caesari, The lieutenants report to Caesar. 

(2.) The individual who is benefited or injured in any way : as, Avarus 
non sibi sed aliis divitias parat ; Pastor insidias lupo parat, 
The shepherd lays snares for the wolf ; Vaco philosophiae, I have 
leisure for (the study of) philosophy ; Monstravit viam agricolae. 
He pointed out the road to the farmer. 

* Verbs signifying to remember find forget also take the accusative. 

t Adjectives of plenty and want also take the ablative. 

t Adjectives of likeness and unlikeness also take the dative. See Art. 17, 2, (b.) 



154 APPENDDL 

(a) N.B. — Tliis principle of "advantage or disadvantage" is a very 
general one, and to it may be referred by far the greater number 
of instances in which the dative occurs. It is more especially 
manifest in verbs which signify (1) to study, consult for, help, 
profit, favour, heal, spare, indulge: (2) to flatter, please, displease; 
serve, obey, disobey ; envy, be angry with, upbraid ; resist; 
obstruct, hurt : (3) to meet, congratulate, trust, marry (of the 
female, nubere), persuade, command.* 

(o) So adjectives such as (1) friendly, just, useful, profitable, suit- 
able, + necessary, &c. ; (2) hostile, unprofitable, unnecessary, &c. ; 
(3) near to, like, (in externals, — See Art. 16, 6,) equal, related 
to, &c. , govern the dative. 

(c) Most verbs compounded with the ten prepositions, ad, ante — in, 
inter — post, prae — sub, super — con, (i.e., cum,) and ob, (and 
many verbs compounded with other prepositions, as ab, circum, 
de, ex, {re), &c.,) take the dative of the person or thing affected ; 
as, Terrorem hostibus injecit, He caused a panic among the 
enemy ; Antefert ignotos notis, He prefers the unknown to the 
known. 

{d) The dative sometimes expresses the possessor ; as, Est mini liler, 
I have a book. 

(e) Two datives are sometimes used after the verbs, To be, give, 
come, send, impute, X &c. — the one expressing the person bene- 
fited, and the other the object, end, or result of the action : as, 
Est mihi voluptati, It is a source of pleasure to me ; Caesar tres 
cohortes misit auxilio novissimis, Caesar sent three cohorts to 
aid (literally, for aid to) the rear-guard. 
(3.) The dative is often used after passive verbs to denote the principal 
agent, instead of the ablative with a or abj as, Xon intelligitur 
ulli, {= ab ullo.) 

1UE ABLATIVE. 

18. The ablative is used in Latin to express those relations which in 
English we indicate by the prepositions, from, with, in, by, at, &c. 

19. It denotes, — 

(1.) The cause or reason ; as, Ardeo studio, I burn with zeal. 

(2.) The instrument, means, or material : as, Necat hostem ense, He 

slays the enemy with a sword ; Mundus sole Ulustratur, The 

world is illuminated by the sun ; Vivunt lacte et came, They live 

on milk and flesh, 
(a) Under this head come the adjectives, contentus, natus, ortus, 

fee. 

* But juvo, laedo, delecto, offendo, rego, jubeo, and guberno, govern the accusative ; 
and some of the above list take the accusative with the dative. 

t But those denoting fitness or unfitness more frequently take the accusative, with 
ad; as, Locus aptus ad insidias, A place fitted for an ambush. 

J The verbs most commonly followed by a double dative are, sum, do, duco, trib-jo, 
jcrto, aceipio, relinquo, deiigo, mitto, tenio, l^ateo. 



THE CASES. 155 

(b) If the agent be a person, the preposition a or ab is used : as, 

Mundus a Deo regitur, The world is ruled by God ; Caesar 
certior f actus est ab exploratoribus, Caesar is certified by scouts. 
Sometimes the accusative with per or propter ; as, Per te liber- 
atus sum, I was freed by your means. 

(c) The deponent verbs utor, abutor, fruor, fuvgor, potior * and 

vescor, govern the ablative : as, Utitur fraude, He employs de- 
ceit; Fungitur offi-ciis, He performs his duties. [These are 
simply instances of the '* cause, manner, or instrument."] 

(3.) The mode or manner: as, Fecit suo more, He did it in his own 
way ; Hoc modo scripsi, I wrote in this way. 

(4.) Supply, with verbs and adjectives signifying plenty, abundance, 
filling, emptying, &c. : as, Oermania fluminibus abundat, Ger- 
many abounds in rivers ; Caret omni culpa, He is free from every 
fault ; Eget pecunia, He is in need of money ; Plenus ira, Full 
of wrath ; Praeditus est virtute, He is endowed with virtue. 

<5.) Price, with verbs of buying, selling, valuing, hiring, &c. ; also with 
the adjectives, dignus, indignus: as, Patriam auro vendidit, 
He sold his country for gold ; Dignus laude, Worthy of praise. 
But see above, Art. 16, (7.) 

(6.) Limitation, expressed in English by as to, in regard to, &c: as, 
Aeger pedibus, Diseased in (as to) his feet ; Captus oculis, 
Blind ; Qallus natione, A Gaul by birth ; Major natu, Older 
(by birth); Pietate filius, In affection a son. 

(7.) Separation, after verbs of removing, freeing, depriving, &c: as, 
Caesar castra loco movit, Caesar shifted his camp from the place. 

(8.) Quality, when conjoined with an adjective : as, Vir fuit summo in- 
genio, He was a man of consummate talent; Staturafui. humili, 
He was of low stature. [But see 16, (4.)] 

(9.) Measure, with comparatives and superlatives to express excess or 
defect ; as, Multo major, Much greater. 
(10.) Superiority or inferiority, with comparatives to express the ob- 
ject with which comparison is instituted : as, Major patre, 
Greater than his father ; Filia pulchrior matre, A daughter more 
beautiful than her mother. 
(11.) Time when : as, Trecentesimo anno, In the three hundredth year; 

Quinto die, On the fifth day. 
(12.) (a) Place whence; as, Profectus est Corintho, He set out from 
Corinth : (b) Place where, if the noun be of the Third Declen- 
sion or plural number: as, Morttms est Carthagine, He died 
at Carthage ; Vivebat Athenis, He lived at Athens. [But see 
16, (9.)] 
(13.) The ablative is used with certain prepositions; for which see 

p. 101, 5, (2.) 
(14. ) The ablative is used with certain verbs compounded with the prepo- 
sitions, a, ab,de, e,kc; as, Abesse domo, To be away from home. 

* Potior sometimes governs the genitive; as, Poiiri Galliae, To gain possession of 

GatiL 



156 APPENDIX. 



IIL— INFINITIVE MOOD, ETC. 

20. The infinitive mood is a kind of verbal substantive, and is used us 
Buch, — 

(1.) As the subject of a sentence ; as, Humanum est errare, It is natural 

to man to err, (= error. ) 
(2.) As the object completing the imperfect ideas expressed by verbs 

such as to wish, to be able, to be accustomed, to begin, cease ; to 

teach, order, forbid ; to hasten, &c. : as, Cupio discere, I desire 

to learn, (= learning.) 

21. Observe that a purpose is not expressed in Latin by the infinitive, 
but by the subjunctive with a conjunction, ut, quo, &c; as, Venit ut 
discat, He comes to learn, {i.e., for the purpose of learning.) 

22. The infinitive is often used in animated narrative as an indicative. 
This is called the Historical Infinitive. 

PARTICIPLE. 

23. The participle is an adjective, and, like the adjective, agrees with its 
substantive in gender, number, and case ; as, Puerum ludentem vidi, I 
saw the boy playing. 

24. The perfect participle passive is, by an inversion of syntax, often 
equivalent to a substantive : as, Aburbe condita, From the foundation of 
the city, {i.e., from the city being founded ;) Post Athenas captas, After 
the capture of Athens. 

25. The future participle passive, or gerundive, implies that an action 
ought or must be done, or deserves to be done. "When the person is indicated, 
it is expressed in the dative ; as, Moriendum est omnibus, All must die. 

GERUND. 

26. The gerund is a regular noun, and its cases are treated accordingly : 
as, Ars scribendi est utilis, The art of writing is useful ; Charta uiilis 
scribendo, Paper useful for writing. 

m SUPINES. 

27. The supine in -um is used with verbs implying motion, to express 
the design of the motion ; as, Misit legatos rogatum auxilium, He sent 
ambassadors to ask help. 

28. The supine in -u is simply an ablative of limitation, (see Art. 19, 6, 
above :) as, Mirabile dictu, Wonderful to tell, {i.e., as to telling ;) Dulu 
gustatu, Pleasant in (as to) taste. 



29. Participles, gerunds, and supines govern the same case as their 
verbs: as, Amans virtutem, Loving virtue; Usus scribendi epistolas, 
The practice of writing letters ; Rogatum auxilium, To ask aid. 



NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 



FABLES OF PHAEDRUS. 



N.B.— The lines giving the application or "moral" of the Fables had better ba 
omitted in the first instance, and the substance of them imparted to the pupils by 
the teacher, viva voce. They have therefore been enclosed in brackets in the text. 



1. THE MULES AND THE ROBBERS. 

Line 1. Ibant, "were journeying," imperf. indie, of eo, p. 82. § Sar- 
cinis. See p. 154, 18 and 19, (1), (2). 

2. Unus, soil, mulus. See p. 35. § Ferebat. See p. 84. 

3. Alter. See p. 35, 8. § Tumentes, from tumens, pres. part, oiiumeo. 

4. Hie, "the former" (mule). See p. 42. § Onere, abl. of onus. Se« 
p. 154, 18 and 19, (1), (2). § Cervice, from cervix. See p. 155, (3). 

5. Clarum, "clear-sounding." § CoUo. See p. 154, 18 and 19, (1), (2). 

6. Comes, "fellow-traveller;" but socius, a "partner," as in business. 
§ Sequitur, from sequor, declined like loquor, p. 74. § Qradu. See 
p. 155, (3). 

8. Inter, "during," "in the midst of." 

10. Spoliatus, scil. mulus, "the plundered mule." 

11. Inquit. See p. 96, 4. 

12. Amisi, perf. indie, act. of amitto. § Laesus, perf. part. pass, of 
laedo. § Vulnere, from vulnus. 

13. Hoc argumento, "by this fable," "analogy,'' "illustration." 
§ Hominum tenuitas, literally, "the littleness of men;" i.e., "humble 
men," "men of low degree." 

2. THE FROGS ASKING A KING. 

Line 1. For the circumstances of Athens at the time to which this fable 
ipplies, see Dr. Schmitz's "Ancient History," p. 186 and p. 191. 

10. Vagantes, nom. plur. of vagans, pres. part, of vagor. See pp. 72 
and 73. § Liberis paludibus, "marshes of freedom," i.e., marshes where 
they enjoyed freedom ; as we say, "a free country." 

11. Petiere, contracted for petivere, from peto. § Jove. See p. 34. 

12. Qui. See p. 44, 14. § Mores, from mos. § Vi. See p. 34. 

13. Risit, from rideo. § Dedit, from do. 

14. Vadi, depends on motu and sono of next line, "by the motion and 
sound of the shallow- water." 



158 .APPENDIX. 

16. Hoc, scil. tigiUum. 

17. Una, scil. rana. So Ulae, scil. ranae, in line 19. 

21. Inquinassent, contracted for inquinavissent. 

22. Rog antes, plur. of rogans, pres. part, of ro^o. § Misere, perf. indie, 
of raifto. 

23. Inutilis, scil. rac, <v he was a useless king, who had been given." 

24. Misit, from mitto. § Dente, from dens. 

27. Mandata ad Jovem, "a commission for Jupiter;" i.e., to prefer 
their request to Jupiter. 
30. Ait. See p. 96, 3. § Majus, of next line, from major. 

3. THE JACKDAW AND THE PEACOCKS. 

Line 4. Tumens, pres. part, of tumeo. 

5. Pavoni. See p. 153, 17, (2). 

6. Seque: the conjunction -que, "and," never stands alone, but is 
always attached to another word. § Contemnens, pres. part, of contemno. 
§ Suos, scil. amicos, "his own friends," or "kind." 

7. Gregi, from grex, is the dat. depending, along with se, on immiscuit. 
See p. 151, 6, and 153, 17, (1). So also avi, in the next line, depends, 
along with pennas, on eripiunt. 

11. Tristem, &c, " sustained (or suffered) a sad mark-of- disgrace." 

12. Quidam: supply dixit, "said." § Despexerat, from despicio. 

13. Contentus, perf. part, of contineo. 

14. Pa£i, pres. inf. oipatior. 

15. iVec, "neither." § Expertus, from experior : " Neither would you 

have experienced (as you have done) nor would you in your distress 

be noiv feeling," — literally, "your calamity," or distress. See line 13, 
Fable 1, (with note,) where tenuitas hominum is used for tenues homines. 

4. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. 

Line 1. Eundem, from idem, p. 43. § Venerant. See p. 150, 2, 
Obs. 1. 

2. Siti. See p. 19, note *, 1. § Stabat, from sto. § Superior, "higher 
up" the stream. So inferior, in next line, " further down." 

3. ImprSba, literally, "not upright;" hence, "seeking more than one's 
own;" and hence, "greedy," as here. 

4. Intulit, from infero. 

6. Laniger, "the wool-bearer;" i.e., the lamb. § Contra, said* "in 
reply." 

7. The order is, Quaeso (I pray), Lupe, qui (how) possum faccre quod 
quereris ? 

9. Viribus, abl. plur. of vis. See p. 34. 

10. Ante hossex menses, i.e., "six months ago." § Male is separated 
from dixisti : it may be in one word, maledixisti, from moled ico. 

13. Correptum lacerat, " tears him when seized;" i.e., " seizes and tears 
bim." 



NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. ] 59 



5. THE DOG AND THE PIECE OF FLESH. 

Line 2. Per, "over," "across." § Carnem, from caro. 

3. In speculo, &c, "in the mirror of the water." 

4. Aliam. See p. 35, 8. 

5. Aviditas, "his greediness;" i.e., "the greedy dog :" as in 3, 16, tua 
mlamitas; and tenuitas, in 1, 13. 

7. Potuit, from possum. See p. 80. 



6. THE COW, THE SHE-GOAT, THE SHEEP, AND THE LION. 

Ltne 3. Patiens injuriae, " endurant of wrong," " patient under injus- 
tice." Patiens, pres. part, of patior. 
4. Socii. See note 6, Fab. 1. 

6. Locutus est, perf. indie, of loquor. 

7. Primam, scil. partem, "the first share." 

9. Tertia, " the third (part) will follow me;" i.e., will be assigned me. 

10. Si quis, (see p. 44, 12, last part of paragraph,) "whoever shall have 
touched the fourth, will be visited with evil." § Tetigerit, from tango. 

11. Here again improbitas, an abstract subst., is used, where we should 
expect improbus, a concrete. Instead of " the greedy lion," we have " his 
greediness." § Sola, " alone," is used as equal to " for himself," or " for 
itself." 

7. THE FROGS AND THE SUN. 

Line 1. Celebres, "crowded;" i.e., with visitors. 

3. Uxorem ducere, "to marry;" i.e., to lead a bride to her new home. 
§ Quondam, " once upon a time." 

4. Sustulere, from tollo. § Sidera, from sidus. So of anything high or 
loud we say, "It reached the stars." 

5. Convicio here means "the tumultuous noise of voices." 
9. Crearit, contracted for creaverit, from creo. 



8. THE ASS AND THE LION HUNTING. 

Line 3. Comite: at first sight, we might expect socio here; but the ass 
was hardly a socius in the chase, since he took no part in the actual 
hunting. 

4. Contexit, from contego. § Frutice, from frutex; equal to fruticeto. 

6. Supply ut before exciperet. § Ipse refers to the lion. 

7. Viribus, abl. plur. of vis. See p. 34. 

9. Quae is equal to et eae: translate, "And when (dum) they seek." 

11. Qui is equal to et is: translate, "And when {postquam) he was 
wearied." 

12. Premere vocem, "to still his voice;" i.e., to cease braying. § Znso- 
tens, " in a conceited way." 



160 APPENDIX. 






9. THE STAG AT THE FOUNTAIN. 

Line 3. Restitit, from resisto. 

6. Crurum, from crus. 

7. Venantum, gen. plur. of pres. part, of venor. 
9. Elusit, from eludo. 

14. The order of the words is, Quam utilia {ea) fuerint mihi, quae 
despexeram: et quantum luctus {ea) hdbuerint, quae lauddram. 

10. THE FOX AND THE CROW. 

Line 4. Comesse, inf. of comedo. § Celsa arbore, "on the top of a 
tree;" literally, "a high tree." 

6. Qui is equal to qualis, " how great ! " ** how remarkable !" 

8. Nulla ales, "no winged creature." 

12. Stupor corvi, "the stupidity of the crow;" i.e., "the stupid crow." 

11. THE ASS AND THE OLD MAX. 

Line 6. Suadebat asino. See p. 154, (a), (3). § Ne is equal to ut non. 

7. Ille, i.e., the ass. § Lentus, "at his ease," "taking it easy." 
§ Binas, "two pair (one) at each side." He had one pair already. 

9. Refert. See p. 98, 9, (1), with note. 

10. Cui depends on serviam, " whom I serve." See p. 154, (a), (2). 

12. THE UNGRATEFUL DOG. 

Line 3. Parturiens, from parturio. Verbs ending in -urio signify the 
desire to do what the verb indicates. So esurio, "to desire to eat;" i.e., 
"to be hungry." They are called Desiderative Verbs. 

5. Reposcenti, "to her demanding back." 

8. Hoc, scil. tempore, "this time." 

9. Mihi and turbae depend on par. See p. 154, (6), (3). 

10. Loco. See p. 155, (12.) (a). 

13. THE DOGS AND THE HIDE. 

Line 4. Comesse. See comedo in Vocab. 

8. Prius is to be joined to quam of next line, "before that," " ere." 

14. THE AGED LION, THE BOAR, THE BULL, AND THE ASS. 

Line 3. Annis depends on defectus. See p. 154, 19, (1), (2). § Yiribu*. 
See p. 155, (4). Virihus, from vis. 
4. Trahens, "dragging out;" i.e., drawing with difficulty. 

6. Veterem, from retus. 

8. Hostile corpus, "the body of his enemy." 

9. Calcibus. See calx. § Extudit, from extundo. 



NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 1 6 1 

10. Indigne tuli, " I have taken it ill (or amiss)." 

11. Mihi depends on insultare. See p. 154, (a), (2). 

12. The order is, Certe videor mori bis, quod cogor ferre te, dcdecus 
naturae (a disgrace to nature). 

15. THE WEASEL AND THE MAN. 

Line 1. Begin with quum, which, properly speaking, ought to intro- 
duce the clause. § Homine depends on ab. See p. 155, (6). 

2. Mihi depends on parce. See p. 154, (a), (1). 

3. On tibi in dat., after purgo, see p. 153, 17, (2); and on muribus, 
p. 155, (4) and (7). 

5. Gratum esset, "it would be a favour." %Suppliei, "to you a sup- 
pliant;" i.e., "you entreating me." 

6. Reliquiis depends on f maris. See p. 155, (c). 

7. Rosuri, fut. part, of rodo. § After et supply ut, "and that you 
may devour." § Ipsos, i.e., mures, " the mice themselves." 

8. Noli imputare, " be unwilling to impute;" i.e., "don't for a moment 
think of imputing." This is a very strong way of expressing a command. 

9. Improbam, scil. mustelam, "the dishonest weasel." § Dedit leto, 
"put to death." 

16. THE FAITHFUL DOG. 

Link 4. The order is, Tentans an posset capi cibo objecto. 

6. Ne, equal to ut non: translate, "So that I may not b:irk for (in de- 
fence of) my master's property." 

7. Ista, "that of yours." Seep. 43, 6. 

17. THE FROG AND THE OX. 

2. Conspexit. See conspicio in Vocab. § Bovem. See p. 33, sect, 
viii. 1. 

6. Negarunt, "said No;" i.e., that she was not broader than the ox. 

7. Quaesivit, from quaero. 

8. Bovem, scil. esse majorem. 

9. Vult. See p. 90. 

18. THE DOG AND THE CROCODILE. 

Line 3. Currentes bibere, "drink as they run;" i.e., while running. 
The order is, Traditum est (it is reported) canes bibere currentes, &c. 

7. Noli vereri. See Fab. 15, note 8. § Ille, scil. dixit. 

8. Camis. See caro. 

19. THE FOX AND THE STORK. 

Line 5. Posuisse, "set before her," "served up." 

6. Esuriens. See Fab. 12, note 3. 

7. Cibo depends on plenam. See p. 155, (4). 
(122) 11 



162 APPENDIX. 

11. Peregrinam volucrem, "the foreign bird." The stork is a bird of 
passage, migrating from a cold to a warm climate in winter, and vice versa. 

12. The meaning is, Every person ought to submit contentedly to that 
treatment of which he himself sets the example. 

20. THE FOX AND THE EAGLE. 

Line 4. Nido, "in her nest;" pullis. " for her young." 

5. Mater, i.e., vulpes. 

7. Contempsit, from contemno. § Quippe, &c., "as being safe by the 
very (ipse) position;" i.e., by being high on the tree. 

10. Miscens, &c, literally, " mixing sorrow to her enemy with the loss 
of her blood" (i.e., her young); "causing sorrow to her enemy, and, at 
the same time, the loss of her young" — at least, the threatened loss. 

12. Supplex, " as a suppliant," becoming a suppliant in her turn. 

21. THE MAN AND HIS TWO LOVERS. 

Line 3. Non rudis, " not uncomely," "not without accomplishments," 
(or attractions). 

4. Tenebat, "held enslaved," "possessed the affection of." § Ele- 
gantia means "the graces of the toilette." 

5. Observe that juvenis is fem., "a young woman." § Ceperat, kc, 
" had captivated the affections." 

7. Homini depends, in the dat., on legere: "they began to pluck out 
his hairs, for him." See p. 153, (2). 

8. Fingi, " to be trimmed." 

10. Canos, " the gray hairs;" nigros, "the black ones." 

22. THE EAGLE, THE CAT, AND THE BOAR. 

Line 1. Sublimi quercu, " in the top of an oak." 

2. Pepererat, from pario. § In media, scil. quercu, " in the middle of 
the oak." 

3. Ad imam, scil. quercum, " at the base of the oak." 

5. Sic, "in the following manner." 

6. Scandit, "she (the cat) climbs." § Volucris, i.e., the eagle. 

7. Tibi and mihi depend on paratur. See p. 153, 17, (2). § Forsan, 
&c, "perhaps to me, too, wretched one" (that I am). 

8. Quod "in that," "inasmuch as." 

11. Terror e, &c, refers to the eagle, which was alarmed. 

12. Derepit, "she (the cat) creeps down." 

14. Exieris, from exeo. § Simvl, "as soon as." § Pastum, supine of 
pasco. 

15. On tibi in the dat., see Fab. 21, note 7. 
18. Suspenso pede, "on tiptoe." 

22. Rapinam, " the carrying off her young." 

23. Quid mulla, "-why should I say many things;" i.e., "to make a 
long story short." § Suis, " their own," viz., young ones. 



NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 163 



23. THE STAG AND THE OXEN. 



Line 3. Petit is contracted for petiit. 

5. Supply dixit after bos. § Latenti, " to him (the stag) concealing 
himself." 

10. The order is, Vices noctis excipiunt spatium diei ; i.e., night suc- 
ceeds to day. 
18. Arrange thus, Sed si iUe ventrit, &c. 

20. Inter Jiaec, " during this conversation;" in the meantime. 

21. Corruptos, " deteriorating," "becoming more lean." 

23. " How much labour is it to take away these spiders' webs V 
26. Familia is here used in its original and proper sense, "a household 
of slaves." 

24. THE PANTHER AND THE SHEPHERDS. 

Etne 5. Quippe periturae, "as being about to perish." Periturae de- 
pends on miseriti. See p. 153, (5). 

7. Insecuta, from insequor. § Domum. See p. 152, 13. 

15. Sibi depends on timentes, "fearing for themselves;" i.e., for their 
safety. See p. 153, 17, (2). § Ferae, dat., depending on peperceraut. 
See p. 154, (o) N.B. 

25. AESOP AND THE FORWARD FELLOW. 

Line 2. Aesopo. See p. 153, 17, (2). § Impegerat, from impingo. 

3. Tanto melior (es), "you are so much the better" (for that), says he, 
(Aesop). § Assem : the as was equal to rather more than a halfpenny of 
our money. 

4. Prosecutus sic, "adding as follows." 

26. THE FLY AND THE MULE. 

Line 3. Vide, "see to it," " look out," " take care. " 
5i Istum, "that (neighbour) of yours." 

6. Jugum, "yoke," is used here for "speed," "gait." 

7. Ora, from os, oris. 

27. THE DOG AND THE WOLF. 

Line 2. Cani is the dat., governed by occurrit. See p. 154, {c). § Mack 
depends on confectus. See p. 154, 19, (1). 

4. Restiterunt, from resisto, " to stop." 

5. Quo cibo, &c: " By (the use of) what food have you gained (made) so 
much flesh V See p. 153, (3). 

9. Quod, scil. officium, "what duty 1 ?" 

10. Et is placed far on in the clause ; it couples the verbs sis and 
(uearis. 

11. I fives, from nix. 



1 64 APPENDIX. 

12. Trahens, pres. part, oftraho, " dragging out. " 

16. A catena. This is an irregularity. The preposition is generally 
expressed only before the names of persons. 

17. Unde hoc, " whence comes this V " how is this 1 " 

20. Qua visum est, " wherever I please;" literally, " wherever it has 
seemed good to me." 

21. Ultro, "spontaneously;" i.e., without my seeking it. 

25. Si est animus, " if you wish," " if you kave-a-mind to go away." 



28. THE BROTHER AND SISTER. 

Line 2. Turpissimam, "very plain-looking." 
5. Inspexerant, from inspicio. 

8. Accipiens quippe, &c, "taking, forsooth, everything as an insult." 

9. Laesura, " with the intention of injuring him." 

11. "Because, though by birth a man, he approached the nature of 
women." 

12. On the gender of utrumque, see p. 150, 1, obs. 2. 

14. Speculo depends on uti. See p. 155, (c). 

15. Malis, abl. plur. n. of malus, -a, -um, " by the evil practices." 

16. Vincas, " may get the better of." 



29. THE BEES AND THE DRONES. 

Link 2. Hos, " these (combs) the lazy drones alleged to be theirs." 

3. Forum, i.e., the law-courts. 

4. Quae : resolve quae into et ea, and arrange thus : Et quum ea (yespa) 
nosset (novisset) utrumque pulcher rime, " And since she knew both kinds 
{i.e., the nature of the bee and of the drone) most thoroughly, she laid 
down the following terms to the two parties" — (at the bar). 

8. Religio mea, "my oath;" i.e., lest I, who am bound by a sacred 
obligation to act honestly, should err through want of knowledge (t'm- 
prudem). 

11. Auctor horum de quis (i.e., quibus), " the maker of these things 
concerning which the dispute now is." 

14. Apertum est, " it is plain who is not able (to make them), and who 
has made them." 



SO. AESOP AMUSING HIMSELF. 

Link 2. The introductory word quum is thrown far forward into the 
clause; arrange thus: Quum quidam Atticus vidisset Aesopum ludcntem 
nucibus in turba puerorum. 

3. Resolve quod into et hoc, and arrange : Et simul (as soon as) senex, 
derisor potius quam deridendus, sensit hoc. 

6. Sapiens, " philosopher ! "—said in irony. § Expedi, "explain what 
I have done." 



NOTES ON THE EX TRACTS. 16o 

7. Tovquei se, "tortures himself;" "racks his brain," as we say, 
" puzzles himself." 

9. Novissime succumbit, "at last he gives in;" i.e., gives it xx\>. 
§ Sophus, viz., Aesop. 

81. THE TREES AND THEIR GUARDIAN DEITIES. 

Line 1. Quas— i.e., arbores quas—' 1 the gods made choice of the trees 
which they wished," &c. 

7. Vendeve, "to sell;" i.e., put a price on. § Honorem, viz., the 
honour of selecting them as special favourites. 

8. JVavrabit, &c. : literally, " what each one may have wished he will 
state;" i.e., " let every one say what he pleases," " let people say as they 
please," "say what you like." 

11. Dicere, second sing. fut. indie, pass, of dico, " thou wilt be called." 

32. THE PEACOCK AND JUNO. 

Line 1. Indigne f evens, "taking it amiss that she had not given to 
him the nightingale's (power of) song." 

3. lUum, " (saying that) he," viz., the nightingale. 

9. Quo, 1 ' for what purpose (have you given) to me," &c. § Mi is con- 
tracted for mihi. The accusative is often used thus in elliptical clauses, 
without any governing verb expressed. The connection readily suggests 
the appropriate word to be supplied. 

10. Vobis, " to you;" i.e., to you birds. 

12. The raven on the right hand was lucky, and the crow on the left. 

33. THE FOX AND THE GRAPES. 

Line 1. In alta vinea, "on the top of a vine." 

3. Ut, " when." § Resolve quam into et hanc, and arrange, Et ut non 
potuit tangeve hanc. 

34. THE HORSE AND THE BOAR. 

Line 1. The order is, Bum aper volutat se, turbavit vadum, qico equus 
solitus fuerat sedave sitim. 

6. The order is, Postquam eques intevfeeit hunc telisjactis. § Locutus, 
scil. esse. 

9. Coegit, from cogo. § Invitum, scil. equum, 

35. THE BATTLE OF THE MICE AND WEASELS. 

Line 2. In taJbevnis. The battle of the mice and weasels was a favourite 
device on sign-boards of shops. 

4. Evascrunt, from evado. 

6. Ligdvant, contracted for ligaveravt. 

7. Uabereni has as its subject militcs. 

8. Haesere, from haeveo. 

10. Mersit, from mergo. 



166 APPENDIX. 



36. THE VIPER AND THE FDLE. 

Line 4. Si qua. See si quis in Vocab. 

5. Momordit, from mordeo. 

7. Quae, " who," is subject to adsuevi, and relates to me. 

37. THE FOX AND THE HE-GOAT. 

Like 3. Insoia, " unawares;" " before she knew what she was about," 
as we say. 
4. Altiore, " too high" for her to leap up. 
11. Nixa, from nitor, "leaning on," "resting on." 

38. MEN'S FAULTS. 

Line 2. Propriis vitiis, "with our own vices." § Repletam, scil. 
peram, " the bag filled with," &c. 

3. Alienis, soil, vitiis. § Oravem, S3il. peram. 

39. THE SHE-GOATS AND THE HE-GOATS. 

Line 2. Indignari, "to feel (or to express) their indignation." § Ob- 
serve that the e of coepSrunt is made short here. 

3. Aequassent is contracted for aequavissent. 

4. Gloria. See p. 155, (c). 

5. Ornatum, "the badge of your office," viz., the beard. 

6. Fortitudini. See p. 154, b, (3). 

40. THE MAN AND THE SNAKE. 

Line 2. Gelu is the " abl. of cause." 

3. Contra se, " to his own hurt. " 

6. Improbis depends on prodesse. See p. 154, a, (1). 

41. THE ANT AND THE FLY. 

Line 2. Pluris, "of greater worth." See p. 153, (7). 

4. Ubi immolatur, literally, " when it is sacrificed;" i.e., "when sac- 
rifice is offered." § Exta deum; i.e., " the entrails presented as an offer- 
ing to the gods." 

6. Quum visum est mint, " when I think fit." 
s. 9. Horum depends on simUe. See p. 153, (6). § Eustica, "thou 
clod-hopper," — said with great contempt. 

10. Convictus, &c, "fellowship with the gods is, in truth, a grand 
thing — but to him who is bidden, not to him who is for-bidden (hated)." 
Observe the intentional similarity in sound between invitatur and invisux. 
These jokes on words are very common in both Latin and Greek, but it 
is seldom possible to give exact equivalents in English. 






NOTES ON THE EXTRACTS. 167 

13. Commcmoras, &c, "you talk of kings, and ladies' lips." 

17. Stercore. See stercus in Vocab. 

21. Retudi, from retundo : literally, "I have blunted;" i.e., "I have 
taken the point off your uppishness," " I have knocked your conceit on 
the head." 

42. TIME. 

Line 1. (A man) of swift pace, bending over a razor, bald, with a tuft 
of hair on his brow, (but) with his body unclothed; (such a figure, I say,) 
indicates (symbolizes) the brief opportunity of events ; i.e., that there is a 
right moment to do things, and that it soon passes. 

3. Quern si, " whom if you anticipate (literally, shall have seized in 
time), hold him fast : Jupiter himself cannot seize him again when once 
escaped." Our own proverb, " Take Time by the forelock," points to a 
similar personification. 



16S APPENDIX. 



GENDER OF NOUNS. 






Note.— The following Rules will guide the pupil to the principal classes of words and 
of terminations belonging to the different Genders. The more common Excep- 
tions are also given; but the limits of the book forbid an exhaustive chapter on 
this subject. For more complete listsconsulttheGrammarbelongingtothis Series. 



I. GENERAL RULES.— GENDER DECIDED BY THE MEANING. 

I. The names of male beings are masculine : as, — 

Pater, father ; ViT,man; Caesar, Caesar; Taurus, b uU. 

II. The names of rivers, winds, and months are masc (fluvius, 
ventus, and mensis being masc.) : as, — 

Tiberis, the Tiber; Aquilo, the north wind; Aprilis, April 
Exc. — The following river-names are feminine : — 
Allia, Albula, Matrona, Styx, and Lethe. 

III. The names of many mountains are masc. (mons being masc): 
as, — 

Othrys, Mount Othrys. 

But they generally follow the gender of the termination: as,— 
Atlas, masc; Ida, /em,; Soracte, newt. 

IV. The names of female beings are fern.: as, — 

Mater, mother; Soror, sister; Mulier, woman. 

V. Most of the names of countries, islands, towns, trees, and precious 
Btones are/em.; as, — 

Aegyptus, Egypt; Salamis, Salamis; Rhodus, PJwdes; 
Tyrus, Tyre; Querciis, an oak tree; Smaragdus, an 
emerald. 

Exc. 1. — Names of countries ending in -um,or -a {plur.) are ;, 
as,— 

Latium, Latin m; Bactra, Bactra. 
Exc 2. — Names of towns in -I, -orum, are masc: as, — 

Philipp-i, orum, Philippi. 



GENDER OF NOUNS. 1 09 

Exc. 3.— Those in -urn, -e {gen. -is,) -ur, -on, and -a, -orum 
(plur.), are neut. : as, — 

Tarentum ; Caer-e, -is ; Tlbur ; Ilion ; Leuctr-a, -orum. 

Exc. 4.— Several in -oare masc: as, — 

Sulmo, Vesontio, Narbo, Croto, Friisino, and Hippo. 

Exc. 5. — Names of trees and plants in -er and -ur of the Third 
Decl. are neut. : as, — 

Siler, an osier; Papaver, a poppy; Robur, an oak. 

But those in -er of the Second Decl., and those in -us, are 
usually masc. 

VI. Indeclinable nouns, the names of the letters of the alphabet, and 
other parts of speech (not masc. or fern, adjectives) when used as sub- 
stantives, are neut.: as, — 

Fas, right; Pondo, a pound; Illud nunc, that word 
"now;" Errare, to err (i.e., error). 

VII. Nouns which may denote either the male or the female are said to 
be of common gender : as, — 

Civis, a citizen; Parens, a parent; Conjux, a wife or hus 
band; Dux, a leader. 



II. SPECIAL RULES.- GENDER DECIDED BY THE TERMINATION. 
FIRST DECLENSION. 
I. Nouns in -a and -e are fern.; those in -as and -es masc: as, — 

Mensa, a table; Epitome, an abridgment; Aeneas, Aeneas; 
Ancbises, Anchises. 

Exc. 1. — Names of men, and their designations, are masc: as, — 

Cinna, Cinna; Foeta, a poet; Auriga, a coach driver; 
Nauta, a sailor. 

Exc. 2. — Names of rivers in -a are masc: as, — 
Slquana, the Seine. 
But see above, Rule II., with Exception, p. 168. 

Exc. 3. — Hadria, the Adriatic Sea, is masc 



170 APPENDIX. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 



II. Nouns ending in -us, -er, and -Ir are masc: as, — 

Hortiis, a garden; Ager, afield; Vir, a man. 

Exc. 1. — Names of towns and of trees in -us are generally fern, (see 
above, Rule V., p. 168): as,— 

Corinthus, Corinth ; Popiilus, a poplar tree. 

Exc. 2. — Tbe following words, which cannot be classified, are fern. , 
viz.: — 

Alvus, the belly ; Colus, a distaff (rarely masc.); Humus, 
the ground; Vanniis, a corn fan. 

Exc. 3. — Greek words in -us, which retain their Greek fem. gen- 
der : as, — 

Methodiis, a, method ; Carbasus (in the sing.), fine flax. 
Exc. 4. — Three nouns in -us are neut., viz.: — 

Virus, poison; Pelagiis, the sea; and Vulgus (also masc), 
the common people. 

III. Nouns ending in -um are neut.: as,— 

Malum, an apple. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 
A.— Words Ending in a Vowel. 

IV. Nouns in -a, -e, and -i are neut.: as, — 

Poema, a poem; Mare, the sea; Sinapi, mustard. (There 
is also a fem. form, Sinapis.) 

V. Nouns ending in -o are masc: as, — 

Sermo, conversation ; Ordo, order; Cardo, a hinge; Margo, 
a margin ; Praedo, a robber ; Ligo, a spade. 

Exc. 1. — Abstract nouns ending in -do and -io &refem.; also those 
in -go : as, — 

Magnitfido, greatness; Cupido, desire (also masc, as a 
proper name); Largitio, bribery ; Virgo, a maiden. So 
also, Ratio, reason; Oratio, speech; Legio, a legion; 
Regio, a district; Caro, flesh. 



GENDER OF NOUNS. 1 7 1 

Exc. 2. — Some nouns In -o, though names of towns, are masc. 
(See p. 169, V., Exc. 4.) 

VI. Nouns ending in y are neut.: as, — 

Misy {gen. misyis, or mlsyos), vitriol, 

B. — Words Ending in a Consonant. 

I. MASCULINE TERMINATIONS. 

VII. ER. — Nouns ending in -er are generally masc: as,— 

Venter, the belli/; Career, a prison. 
Exc. 1. — Many in -er are neut. : as, — 

Cadaver, a corpse ; Papaver, poppy ; Ver, spring ; Iter, a 
journey. 

Exc. 2.— These are fern, (see Rule IV., p. 168):— 

Linter, a boat; Miilier, a woman; Mater, a mother. 

VIII. ES. — Nouns in -es, which have a syllable more in the gen. than 
in the nom., {i.e., ''increasing nouns,") are masc: as, — 

Pes, ped-is, a foot ; Parigs, parietis, a wall. 
Exc. — The following are fern.: — 

(Compes), compedis, a fetter; Seges, segetis, a crop; 
Merces, mercedis, a reward; Quies, quietis, and re- 
quires, requietis, rest; Inquies, inquietis, restlessness; 
Merges, mergitis, a sheaf of corn; Teges, tegetis, a 
mat. 

IX. OR. — Nouns in -or are generally masc. : as,— 

Honor, honotvr ; Labor, toil. 
Exc. 1. — Several in -or, gen. -oris, are neut.: as, — 

Ador, (-6ris,) spelt; Aequor, the sea-plain; Marmor, 
marble; Cor, the heart. 

Exc. 2.— These are fern, by Rules V. and IV., p. 168:— 
Arbor, a tree ; Soror, sister ; Uxor, wife. 

X. OS.— Nouns in -os are generally masc: as, — 

Mos, gen. moris, custom; Flos, florls, a flower. 
Exc. 1 . — T hese are fern. :—? 

Cos, cotis, a whetstone; and Dos, dotis, a dowry. 



172 APPENDIX. 

Exc. 2. — These are neut.: — 

Os, oris, the mouth; and Os, ossis, a bone. 

XI. ON.— Greek words in -on are masc, (but a few are /em,.) as,— 

Babylon, Babylon-is. 

II. FEMININE TERMINATIONS. 

XII. AS. — Nouns in -as are fern. : as, — 

Aetas, aetatis, age; Civitas, a state. 
Exc. 1. — Some are masc: as,— 

Adamas, diamond; As, assis, an as (a Roman coin'); 
Elepbas, an elephant; Gigas, a giant; Mas, maris, a 
male; Vas, vadis, a surety. 
Anas, a duck, is common. 

Exc. 2.— The following are neut. (see Rule VI., p. 169):— 
Vas, vasis, a vessel; Fas, and Nefas. 

XIII. AITS.— Nouns in -ans are fern. They are,— 

Lans, landis, praise; and Fraus, fraudis, deceit. 

XIV. ES. — Nouns in -es, which do not increase, are fern.: as,— 

Caedes, caedis, slaughter ; Clades, cladis, defeat. 

Exc. 1. — One word is common, viz.: — 
Palumbes, a wood-pigeon. 

Exc. 2. — The names of rivers in -es are masc. by Rule II., 
p. 168 ; also,— 
Verres, a boar. 

XV. IS. — Nouns in -is are fern.: as, — 

Navis, a ship; Vallis, a valley; Cnspls, cuspidis, a 
point ; Lis, litis, a law-suit. 

Exc. 1. — Many are masc: as, — 

Amnis, a river; Axis, an axle; Canalis, a canal; Collis, 
a hill; Crinis, hair ; Ensis, a sicord; Fascis, a bundle ; 
Finis, an end, (also fern, in sing.;) Funis, o rope; 
Fustis, a olub ; Ignis, fire; Lapis, lapidis, a stone; 
Mensis, a month; Orbls, a circle; Fanis, bread; Piscis, 
a fish; Pulvis, pulveris, dust; Postis, a post; Sanguis, 
sanguinis, blood; Sentis, a thorn; Unguis, a nail. 
Also a few others of rare occurrence. 



GENDER OF NOUNS. 173 

Exc 2.— Some are common: as, — 

CanXs, a dog; Anguis, a snake ; CorWs, a basket; Clunis, 
a buttock. 

XVI. X. — Nouns in -x are generally fern.: as, — 

Pax, pacis, peace; Nex, necis, death; Radix, radicis. a 
root; Nox, noctis, night ; Lex, legis, a law; Vox, vocis, 
a voice; Arx, arcis, a citadel. 

Exc. 1. — Most of those in -ex are masc: as, — 

Grex, gregis, a flock. 
Exc. 2. — The following, with a few others, are masc: — 

Calix, a cup ; Fornix, an arch ; Tradux, a vine-branch. 

XVII. Nouns ending in -s, preceded by a consonant, are generally 
fern.: as,— 

Urbs, a city ; Hiems, winter ; Daps, dapis, a feast; Gens, 
a race; Mens, the mind; Frons, frontis, the forehead; 
Frons, frondis, a leaf; Glans, glandis, an acorn ; Ars, 
artis, art, skill. 

Exc— The following, with a few others, are masc: — 

Pons, pontis, a bridge ; Fons, fontis, a fountain ; Mons, 
montis, a mountain; Dens, dentis, a tooth; Oriens. 
orientis, the east ; Torrens, a torrent. 

III. NEUTER TERMINATIONS. 

XVIII. C. — Nouns ending in -C are neut.: as, — 

Lac, lactis, milk ; Alec, alecis, pickle. 

XIX. L. — Nouns ending in -1 are neut.: as, — 

Mel, mellis, honey; Animal, an animal. 
Exc. — The following are masc : — 

Consul, a consul; S61, the sun; Sal, salt; Mugil, a muU 
let; Pugil, a boxer. 

XX. N. — Nouns in -n are neut.: as, — 

Carmen, carminis, a poem. 
Exc — These are masc: — 

Pecten, pectinis, a comb; Ben, renis, the kidney; Splen, 

splenis, the spleen; Flamen, a priest; TIbicen, a flute- 

p'ayer; Cornicen, a horn-blower, &c. 



174 APPENDIX. 

XXI. AR. — Nouns in -ar are neut.: as, — 

Calcar, a spur. 
Exc — One word is masc, viz.: — 
Lar, a household god. 

XXII. TIE. — Nouns in -ur are neut. : as,— 

Fulgur, lightning; Eobur, roboris, strength. 
Exc. — The following are masc: — 

Fur, furis, a thief ; Vultur, a vulture; Astur, a hawk, 
Turtur, a turtle-dove; and Furfur, bran. 

XXIII. US. — Nouns in -us are neut. : as, — 

Vulnus, vulneris, a wound; Corpus, corporis, a body; 
Jus, juris, law. 
Exc. 1. — Two are masc: — 

Lepus, leporis, a hare ; and Mus, muris, a mouse. 
Exc. 2. — These are common : — 

Sus, a pig; and Grus, a crane. 
Exc 3. — The following are/em.; — 

Incus, incudis, an anvil; Juventus, juventutis, youth; 
Palus, paludis, a marsh; Pecus, pecudis, cattle; Salus, 
salutis, safety; Senectus, senectutis, old age; Servitus, 
bondage; Tellus, telluris, the earth; and Virtus, 
virtutis, virtue. 

XXIV. T. — Nouns in -t are neut: as, — 

Caput, capitis, the head. 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 

XXV. US. — Nouns in* -us are masc: as, — 

Fructiis, fruit; Gradiis, a step. 
Exc — The following are/<?m.; — 

Acus, a needle; Anus, an old woman; Domus, a house; 
Idus (pi.), the ides of a month; Mantis, the hand; 
Porticiis, a porch; Tribus, a tribe; and (by Rule IV., 
p. 163), Niirus, a daughter-in-law; and Socrus, a mother- 
in-law. 

XXVI. U. — Nouns in -u are neut.: as,— 

Gelu, frost; Cornu, a horn. 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 175 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 



XXVII. ES— Nouns in -es are fern.: as,— 
Res, a matter. 

Exc. — The following are excepted, viz.: — 

Dies (sing.), m. or/.; Dies (plur.), m.; Merldies, mid- 
day, masc. 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 



I. An adjective agrees with its own substantive in gender, number, 
and case : as, — 

Fabulae longae, (pi.,) long stories; Amicus fidus, (masc.,) 
a faithful friend ; Amicos fidos, (pi.,) faithful friends. 

II. The prepositions in, cum, a or ab, e or ex, govern the ablative: 
as,— 

In silva, in the forest; Cum ancilla, along with the maid- 
servant. 

III. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person : as, — 

Aquila est, the eagle is; Aquilae sunt, the eagles are. 

IV. One substantive governs, in the genitive, another signifying a dif- 
ferent thing : as, — 

Fenna aquilae, the eagle's feather. 

V. The prepositions ad and in {into) govern the accusative : as,— 

Ad portam, towards the gate; In urbem, into the city. 

VI. The conjunctions et, ac, atque, connect words and clauses co-ordi- 
natively: as, — 

Pater et mater, father and mother: Pater meus est bonus, 
et mater tua est pulchra; my father is good, and your 
mother is beautiful. 

VII. Since two singulars are equal to a plural, two singular subjects 



176 APPENDIX. 

connected by a co-ordinative conjunction (et, ac, atque, -que, &c.) have 
a verb or adjective in the plural : as, — 

Pater et filius sunt clari, the father and the son are 
famous. 

VIII. Transitive verbs govern the accusative : as, — 

Aedificat inurum, he builds a wall. 

IX. The word that expresses the instrument by which something is 
done, is put in the ablative : as, — 

Necat ense, he kills with a sword. 

X. The word indicating the point of time at which anything occurs ia 
put in the ablative : as, — 

Venit postero die, he came the next day. 

XI. Verbs and adjectives which signify advantage or disadvantage, 
likeness or unlikeness, are followed by a dative : as, — 

Inimicus malis, hostile to the wicked; Similis patri, like 
his father. 

XII. The comparative degree governs the ablative of the object with 
which comparison is instituted : as, — 

Dulcior melle, sweeter than honey; Filia pulehrior matre, 
a daughter more beautiful than her mother. 

XIII. The relative, qui, quae, quod, agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
der, number, and person : as, — 

Miles, quern laudas, est fortis; the soldier, whom you 
praise, is brave: Mulieres, quas vides, graciles sunt; 
the women, whom you see, are slender : Carmina, quae 
canto, sunt nova ; the songs, which I sing, are new. 

XIV. Verbs of giving, declaring, and taking away, govern the dative 
with the accusative : as, — 

Poeta dat carmina reginae, the poet gives verses to the 
queen; Puer rem omnem patri indicavit, the boy de- 
clared the whole matter to his father. 

XV. The word expressing the agent is, after passive verbs, usually put 
in the ablative with a or ab ; a3, — 

Pueri laudantur a magistro, the boys are praised by tSu 
master. 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 177 

XVI. Substantives which stand in apposition to one another agree in 
case : as, — 

Romam, urbem Italiae ; Rome, a city of Italy. 

XVII. The accusative is used to express duration of time and extension 
of space : as, — 

Dormiunt totam hiemem, they sleep the whole winter; 
Cives murum sexaginta pedes altum exstruxerunt, the 
citizens built a wall sixty feet high. 

XVIII. The verbs utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, &c, 
usually govern the ablative : as, — 

Ctebantur aere, they used brass; Fungitur officiis, he 
performs his duties. 

XIX. When motion towards is expressed, the names of towns and 
islands are put in the accusative, without a preposition : asi, — 

Romam accessit, he approached Rome; Reversus est 
Rhodum, he returned to Rhodes. 

XX. Verbs signifying to persuade, command, serve, resist, spare, 
believe, envy, &c, are followed by a dative: as, — 

Persuadet amico, he prevails on his friend; Servit irae, 
he is a slave to passion. 

XXI. The infinitive mood usually depends on another verb: as, — 

Cupio discere, / am eager to learn. 

XXII. The subject to a verb in the infinitive mood is put in the accus- 
ative : as, — 

Hostes parare bellum videt, he sees that the enemy are 
preparing (for) war. 

XXIII. The compounds of sum, except possum, govern the dative : 
as,— 

Interfuit praelio, he was present at the battle. 

XXIV. An impersonal verb governs the dative : as, — 

Expedit reipublicae, it is profitable for the slate. 



(122) 12 



178 



APPENDIX. 



CONJUGATION* OF VERBS 

MORE OR LESS IRREGULAR IN THE PERFECT AND SUPINE. 



I. THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

The regular forms are -avi and -atum, like Amo. am-avi, amat-um, 
am-are, to love. 



Crepo, 


crepui, 


crepitum, 


crepare, 


to creak. 


Cubo, 


ciibui, 


cubitum, 


cubare, 


to lie. 


Do, 


dedi, 


datum, 


dare, 


to give. 


Domo, 


domui, 


domitum, 


domare, 


to tame. 


Juvo, 


juvi, 


jiitum, 
/-lav atum, 


jiivare, 
1 


to assist. 


Lavo, 


lavi, 


< lautum, and 
vlotum, 


llavare, 


to wask. 


Mico, 


micui, 





micare, 


to gHtter. 


Praesto, 


praestiti, 


praestitum, 


praestare, 


to perform. 


Seco, 


secui, 


sectum, 


s e care, 


to cut. 


Sono, 


sonui, 


sonitum, 


sonare, 


to sound. 


Sto, 


steti, 


statum, 


stare, 


to stand. 


Tono, 


tonui, 


tonitum, 


tonare, 


to thu vder. 


Veto, 


vetui, 


vetitum, 


vetare, 


to forbid. 



II. THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

The regular forms are -evi and -e*um : as, — Fleo, flevi, fletum, flere, 
to weep. Verbs of this formation are few. The following (one of which 
has -ltum) are the most common : — 

1. Perfect in -evi; Supine in -etum. 

to abolish. 
( to blot out, de- 
\ stroy. 

to weep. 

to spin. 

to fill up. 



Aboleo, 


abolevi, 


aboli turn, 


abolere, 


Deleo, 


delevi, 


deletum, 


delere 


Fleo, 


flevi, 


fletum, 


flere, 


Neo, 


nevi, 


netum, 


nere, 


Compleo, 


complevi, 


completum, 


complere, 



* A fuller list will be given in tlie Grammar belonging to this Series. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



179 



2. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -turn. 



Censeo, 


consul, 


censum, 


censere, 


to value, think. 


Doceo, 


docui, 


doctum, 


docere, 


to teach. 


Misceo, 


miscui, 


( mixtum, 
I mistum, 


\ miscere, 


to mix. 


Teneo, 


tenui, 


tentum, 


tenere, 


to hold. 


Torreo, 


torrui, 


tostum, 


torrere, 


to roast. 




3. Perfect in -i (di) ; 


Supine in -sum. 




Prandeo, 


prandi, 


pransum, 


prandere, 


to breakfast. 


Sedeo, 


sedi, 


sessum, 


sedere, 


to sit. 


Strideo, 


stridi, 





stridere, 


to creak, whistle. 


Video, 


vidi, 


visum, 


videre, 


to see. 


The four following reduplicate 


* in the Perfect Tenses : — 


Mordeo, 


momordi, 


morsum, 


mordere, 


to bite. 


Pendeo, 


pependi, 


(pensum,) 


pendere, 


to hang. 


Spondeo, 


spopondi, 


sponsum, 


spondere, 


to promise, 


Tondeo, 


totondi, 


tonsum, 


tondere, 


to shear. 




4. Perfect in -i (vi); 


Supine in -turn. 




Caveo, 


cavi, 


cautum, 


cavere, 


to take care, 


Faveo, 


favi, 


fautum, 


favere, 


to favour. 


Foveo, 


f5vi, 


fotum, 


fovere, 


to cherish. 


Moveo, 


movi, 


mStum, 


movere, 


to move. 


Voveo, 


vovi, 


votum, 
No Sup 


vovere, 

ine. 


to vow. 


Conniveo, 


( connivi, 
t connixi, 


} - 


connivere, 


to wink. 


Ferveo, 


( fervi, 
I ferbui, 


\ - 


fervere, 


to boil. 


Paveo, 


pavi, 





pavere, 


to fear. 




5. Perfect 


in -si ; Supine in -turn and -sum. 


Ardeo, 


arsi, 


arsum, 


ardere, 


to blaze. 


Augeo, 


auxi, 


auctum, 


augere, 


to increase. 


Fulgeo, 


fulsi, 





fulgere, 


to shine. 



* A verb is said to reduplicate when it repeats in the perfect and derived tenses 
the first consonant and first vowel of the stem before the simple stem. Thus, the 
perf. of mordeo should be mord-i, but it is mo-mo-rdi. 



180 




APPENDIX. 




Haereo, 


haesi, 


haesum, 


haerere, 


to stick. 


Indulgeo, 


indulsi, 


indultum, 


indulgere, 


to indulge. 


Jubeo, 


jussi, 


jussum, 


jiibere, 


to order. 


Luceo, 


luxi, 





lucere, 


to shine. 


Lugeo, 


luxi, 





lugere, 


to grieve. 


Maneo, 


mansi, 


mansum, 


manere, 


to remain. 


Mulceo, 


mulsi, 


mulsum, 


mulcere, 


to stroke. 


Mulgeo, 


mulsi, 


J" mulsum, or 
Imulctum, 


v mulgere, 


to milk. 


Kideo, 


risi, 


risum, 


ridere, 


to laugh. 


Suadeo, 


suasi, 


suasum, 


suadere, 


to advise. 


Torqueo, 


torsi, 


torttun, 


torquere, 


to twist. 


Urgeo, 


ursi, 





urgere, 


to press. 



6. Semi-Deponents. 

Audeo, ausus sum, audere, to venture. 

Gaudeo, gavlsus sum, gaudere, to rejoice. 

Soleo, solitus sum, solere, to be wont. 



III. THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

The regular forms are -i, -turn, or -si, -turn: as, — Scribo, scrip3-i, 
script-um, scrib-ere, to write. 

A.— Labial Stems. 
1. Perfect in -si; Supine in -turn. 
Note.— B is changed into^p before s and /. 



Carpo, 


carpsi, 


carptum, 


carpere, 


to pluck. 


Nubo, 


nupsi, 


nuptum, 


nubere, 


to marry. 


Repo, 


repsi, 


reptum, 


repere, 


to creep. 


Scribo, 


scripsi, 


scriptum, 


scribere, 


to write. 


Serpo, 


serpsi, 


serptum, 


serpere, 


to crawl. 



2. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -turn or -itum. 
fCumbo, 

llncumbo, incubui, incubitum, incumbere, to lie upon. 
Strepo, strepui, strepitum, strepere, to make a noise. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



181 



3. Perfect in -i ; Supine in -turn, or wanting. 

BIbo, bibi, (bibitum,) blbere, to drink. 

Lambo, Iambi, lambere, to lick. 

Rumpo, rupi, ruptum, rumpere, to burst. 



B.— Guttural Stems. 

1. Perfect in -si; Supine in -turn. 

Note.— Cs and gs form x. G is changed into c before i. 



Affllgo,* 


afflixi, 


afflictum, 


affllgere, 


to strike down. 


(Jingo, 


cinxi, 


cinctum, 


cingere, 


to surround. 


Coquo, 


coxi, 


coctum, 


coquere, 


to cook. 


Dico, 


dixi, 


dictum, 


dicere, 


to say. 


Duco, 


duxi, 


ductum, 


diicere, 


to lead. 


Exstinguo, exstinxi, 


exstinctumj 


exstinguere, to extinguish. 


Fingo, 


finxi, 


fictum, 


fingere, 


to invent. 


Jungo, 


junxi, 


junctum, 


jungere, 


to join. 


Pingo, 


pinxi, 


pictum, 


pingere, 


to paint. 


Rego, 


rexi, 


rectum, 


regere, 


to direct, rule. 


Stringo, 


strinxi, 


strictum, 


stringere, 


to grasp. 


Tego, 


texi, 


tectum, 


tegere, 


to cover. 


Tingo, 
Tinguo 


| tinxi, 


tinctum, 


ftingere, 
\ tinguere, 


>to dip. 


Traho, , 


traxi, 


tractum, 


trahere, 


to drag. 


TJngo, 
Unguo, 


j-unxi, 


unctum, 


Jungere, 
I unguere. 


>to anoint. 


Veho, 


vexi, 


vectum, 


vehere, 


to carry. 



2. Perfect in -si ; Supine in -sum or -xum. 



Figo, 


fixi, 


nxum, 


figere, 


to fix. 


Flecto, 


flexi, 


fiexum, 


flectere, 


to bend. 


Mergo, 


mersi, 


mersum, 


mergere, 


to sink. 


Necto, 


nexi, 


nexum, 


nectere, 


to bind. 


Pecto, 


pexi, 


pexum, 


pectere, 


to comb. 


Plecto, 


plexi, 


plexum, 


plectere, 


to plait. 


Spargo, 


sparsi, 


sparsum, 


spargere, 


to scatter. 


Tergo, 


tersi, 


tersum, 


tergere, 


to wipe. 



Fligo, "to strike," is not used in the simple form. 



182 




APPENDIX. 




3. 


Perfect in -i, 


{reduplicated ;) Supine in -sum and -turn. 


Disco, 


didici, 





discere, 


to learn. 


Pango, 


pepigi, 


pactum, 


pangere, 


to fix. 


Parco, 


peperci, 


parsum, 


parcere, 


to spare. 


Posco, 


poposci, 





poscere, 


to demand. 


Pungo, 


pupiigi, 


punctum, 


pungere, 


to prick. 


Tango, 


tetigi, 


tactum, 


tangere, 


to touch. 



4. Perfect in -i, {stem vowel lengthened;) Supine in -turn. 



Ago, 


egi, 


actum, 


agere, 


to do. 


Frango, 


fregi, 


fractum, 


frangere, 


to break. 


Ico, 


ici, 


ictum, 


icere, 


(to strike {a 
\ treaty). 










Lego, 


legi, 


lectum, 


legere, 


to choose. 


Linquo, 


liqui, 


dictum), 


linquere, 


to leave. 


Vinco, 


vici, 


victum, 


vincere, 


to conquer. 



Texo, 



5. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -turn, 
texui, textum, texere, to weave. 







6. Guttural Stem disguised. 




Fluo, 


fluxi, 


ffluxum, or \ . 
"1 fluctum, j ' 


to flow. 


Struo, 


struxi, 


structum, struere, 


to pile up, 


Vivo, 


vixi, 


victum, vivere, 


to live. 



C— Dental Stems. 

1. Perfect t'?i -si; Supine in -sum. 

Note.— D and t are either omitted before s, or are changed into s. 



Cedo, 


cessi, 


cessum, 


cedere, 


to yield. 


Claudo, 


clausi, 


clausum. 


claudere, 


to shut. 


Divido, 


divisi, 


di visum, 


dividere, 


to divide. 


Laedo, 


laesi, 


laesum, 


laedere, 


to injure. 


Ludo, 


lusi, 


lusum, 


ludere, 


to play. 


Mitto, 


misi, 


missum, 


mittere, 


to send. 


Plaudo, 


plausi, 


plausum, 


plaudSre, 


toclapthchands. 



IRBEGULA.fi VERBS. 



183 



Rado, 


rasi, 


rasuni 


radere, 


to scrape. 


Rodo, 


rasi, 


rdsum. 


rodere, 


to gnaw. 


Trudo, 


trusi, 


trusum. 


trudere, 


to thrust. 


CVado, 
llnvado, 


■ 


■ 


vadere, 


to go. 


mvasi, 


invasum, 


invadere, 


to go against. 



2. Perfect Reduplicated. 



Cado, 


cecidi, 


Caedo, 


cecidi, 


Pendo, 


pependi, 


Tendo, 


tetendi, 



Tundo, 



tutiidi, 



casum, 
caesum, 
peusum, 
r tensum, 
t tentum, 
j tunsum, 
Itusum, 



cadere, 
caedere, 
pendere, 

\ tendere, 
J- tundere, 



to fall. 

to strike, to cut. 

to weigh. 

to stretch, 
to beat. 



Do in composition, to put. 



Abdo, 


abdidi, 


abditum, 


abdere, 


to hide. 


Addo, 


addidi, 


additum, 


addere, 


to add. 


Condo, 


condidi, 


condition, 


condere, 


to found. 


Credo, 


credidi, 


creditum, 


credere, 


to believe. 


Dedo, 


dedidi, 


deditum, 


dedere, 


to give up. 


Edo, 


edidi, 


editum, 


edere, 


to give forth. 


Indo, 


indidi, 


inditum, 


indere, 


to put on. 


Perdo, 


perdidi, 


perditum, 


perdere, 


to ruin, to lose. 


Prodo, 


prodidi, 


proditum, 


prodere, 


to betray. 


Reddo, 


reddidi, 


redditum, 


reddere, 


to restore.' 


Subdo, 


subdidi, 


subditum, 


subdere, 


to substitute. 


Trado, 


tradidi, 


traditum, 


tradere, 


to hand over. 


Vendo, 


vendidi, 


venditum, 


vendere, 


to sell. 


So also — ■ 










Sisto, 


stiti, 


statum, 


sistere, 


to cause to stand. 



3. Perfect in -i ; Supine in -sum. 



Accendo, accendi, 


accensum. 


accendere, 


to set on fire. 


Cudo, ctidi, 


cusum, 


cudere, 


to hammer. 


Edo, edi, 


esum, 


edere, 


to eat. 


/(Fendo, not used, 






to strike.) 


< Defendo, defendi, 


defensum, 


defendere, 


to defend. 


Uffendo, offendi, 


offensum, 


offendere, 


to assault. 



184 




APPENDIX. 




Findo, 


fldi, 


fissum, 


findere, 


to dean. 


Fundo, 


fudi, 


fusum, 


fundere, 


to pour. 


Incendo, 


incendi, 


incensam, 


incendere/ 


to bur n. 


Mando, 


mandi (rare), nianstim, 


mandere, 


to chew. 


Pando, 


pandi, 


fpansum or 
\ passum, 


V pandere, 


to spread 


Prehendo, 


prehendi, 


prehensum, 


prehendere, 


io grasp. 


Scando, 


scandi, 


scansum, 


scandere, 


to climb. 


Scindo, 


scidi, 


scissum. 


scindere, 


to tear. 


( Strldo, 
I Strideo, 


strldi, 





strldere, 


to creak. 










Verto, 


verti, 


versum, 


vertere, 


to turn. 



4. Miscellaneous Forms. 



Fido, 


fisus sum, 


fldere, 


to trust. 


Meto, 


messui, messum, 


metere, 


to mow. 


Peto, 


petivi, petitum, 


petere, 


to seek. 


Sido, 


sedi, or 6idi, 


sidere, 


to sit doiau 



D.— Stems Ending in L, M, H. 
1. Perfect in -ui; Supine in -ltum or -turn. 



Alo, 


alui, 


r alitum, or 
X altum, 


> alere, 


to nourish. 


Colo 


colui. 


cultum, 


colere, 


to til!. 


COIlBUlO, 


consului, 


consultum, 


consiilere, 


to consult. 


Fremo, 


fremui, 


fremitum, 


fremere, 


to roar. 


Gemo, 


gemui, 


gemitum, 


gemere, 


to groan. 


Gigno, 


genui, 


genitum, 


gignere, 


to produce. 


Molo, 


molui, 


molitum, 


molere, 


to grind. 


Occulo, 


occiilui, 


occultum, 


occulere, 


to conceal. 


Tremo, 


tremui, 





tremere, 


to tremble. 


Volo, 


volui, 





velle, 


to wish. 


Vomo, 


vomui, 


vomitum, 


vomer e, 


to vomit. 



2. Perfect Reduplicated. 



Cano, 


cecini, 


cantum, 


canere, 


to sing. 


Fallo, 


fefelli, 


(falsum.) 


fallere, 


to deceive. 


Pello, 


pepuli, 


pulsum, 


pellere, 


to drive. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



185 



3. Perfect in -si; Supine in -turn. 



compsi, 

dempsi, 

prompsi, 

sumpsi, 

tempsi, 



comptum, 

demptnm, 

promptum, 

sumptum, 

temptum, 



comere, 

demere, 

promere, 

sumere, 

temnere, 



to adorn, 
to take away, 
to take forth, 
to take up. 
to despise. 



4. Various Forms. 



emi, 


emptum, 


emere, 


to buy. 


levi, 


Htum, 


linere, 


to smear. 


perculi, 


perculsum, 


percellere, 


to strike down. 


pressi, 


pressum, 


premere, 


to press. 


sivi, 


situm, 


sinere, 


to permit. 


sustuli, 


suMatum, 


tollere, 


to raise up. 


velli, 


vulsum, 


vellere, 


to pluck. 



E.— Stems Ending in K. 



crevi, 


cretum, 


cernere, 


to divide. 


cucurri, 


cursum, 


currere, 


to run. 


tuli, 


latum, 


ferre, 


to bear, carry. 


gessi, 


gestum, 


gerere, 


to carry. 


quaesivi, 


quaesitum, 


quaerere, 


to seek. 


serui, 


sertum, 


serere, 


to entwine. 


sevi, 


satum, 


serere, 


to sow. 


sprevi, 


spretum, 


spernere, 


to despise. 


stravi, 


stratum, 


sternere, 


to strew. 


trivi, 


tritum, 


terere, 


tc rub. 


ussi, 


ustum, 


iirere, 


to burn. 



F.— Stems Ending in S, X. 



Arcesso, 



arcessivi, 


arcessitum, 


arcessere, 


to send up. 


capessivi, 


capessltum, 


capessere, 


to lake in hand. 


lacessivi, 


lacessltum, 


lacessere, 


to provoke. 


posui, 


positum, 


ponSre, 


to place. 


visi, 





visere, 


to visit. 



186 



APPENDIX. 





G 


.—Stems Ending in U, V. 






Perfect in -i ; Supine in -turn. 




f Abnuo, 
I Annuo, 


abnui, 





abnuere, 


to refuse. 


annui, 





annuere, 


to assent. 


Acuo, 


acui, 


acutum, 


acuere, 


to sharpen, 


Arguo, 


argui, 


argiitum, 


arguere, 


to prove. 


Congruo, 


congrui, 





congruere, 


to agree. 


Exuo, 


exui, 


exutum, 


exuere, 


to put off. 


Imbuo, 


imbui, 


imbutum, 


imbuere, 


to soak. 


Induo, 


indui, 


indutum, 
/lautum, 


induere, 


to put on. 


lavo, 


lavi, 


< lotum, 
Uavatum, 


> lavere, 


to wasli. 


Luo, 


lui, 





luere, 


to atone. 


Metuo, 


metui, 


■ ■ 


metuere, 


to fear. 


Minuo, 


minui, 


minutum, 


minuere, 


to lessen. 


Pluit, 


rpluit, or 
\ pluvit, 


} - 


pluere, 


to rain. 


Ruo, 


rui, 


r rui turn, or 
I rutum, 


> mere, 


to rush. 


Solvo, 


solvi, 


solutum, 


solvere, 


to loosen. 


Statuo, 


statui, 


statutum, 


statuere, 


to set up. 


Tribuo, 


tribui, 


tributum, 


tribuere, 


to distribu 


Volvo, 


volvi, 


volutum, 


volvere, 


to roll. 



H. — Verbs Ending in -SCO. 
Verbs which end in -SCO are called inceptive or inchoative; that is, they 



denote the beginning of an action. 



Abolesco, abolevi, 
Adolesco, adolevi, 
Coalesco, coalui, 
Conciipisco, concupivi, 
Convalesco, convalui, 
Cresco, crevi, 

Exolesco, exolevi, 



Nosco, 
Pasco, 
Quiesco, 

Buesco, 



novi, 
pavi, 
quievi, 

suevi, 



abolitum, 

adultnm, 

coalitum, 

ct/ncupltum, 

convalitum, 

cretum, 

exolitum, 

notum, 

pastum, 

quietum, 

stietum 



abolescere, 

adolescere, 

coalescere, 

conciipiscere, 

convalescere, 

crescere, 

exolescere, 

noscere, 

pascere, 

qoiescere, 

suescere 



to grow out of use 
to grow up. 
to grow together, 
to desire, 
to grow strong, 
to grow, 
to grow old. 
to know, 
to feed. 

to become quid, 
to grow accus- 
tomed. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



187 



IV. THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS COMBINED. 



Capio, 


cepi, 


captum, 


capere, 


to take. 


Cupio, 


cupivi, 


cupitum, 


ciipere, 


to desire. 


Facio, 


feci, 


factum, 


facere, 


to make. 


Fodio, 


fddi, 


fossum, 


fodere, 


to dig. 


Fugio, 


ffigi, 


fugitum, 


fugere, 


to flee. 


Jacio, 


jeci, 


j actum, 


jacere, 


to throw. 


Pario, 


peperi, 


partum, 


parere, 


to bring forth 


Quatio, 


(quassi,) 


quassum, 


quatere, 


to shake. 


Rapio, 


rapui, 


raptum, 


rapere, 


to seize. 



V. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

The regular forms are -ivi and -itum: as, audio, audivi, audltum, 
audire. to hear. 



Aperio, 

Eo, 

Fulcio, 

Haurio, 

Operio, 

Saepio, 

Salio, 

Sancio, 

Sentio, 
Sepelio, 
Venio, 
Vincio, 



aperui, 

ivi, 

fulsi, 

hausi, 

operui, 

saepsi, 

sal-ui, or ■ 



sepelivi, 

veni, 

vinxi, 



apertum, 
itum, 
fultum, 
haustum, 
opertum, 
saeptum, 
ii, saltum, 
( sancitum, or 
\ sanctum, . 
sensum, 
sepultum, 
ventum, 
vinctum, 



apenre, 

ire, 

fulcire, 

haurire, 

operire, 

saepire, 

salire, 

sancire, 

sentire, 
sepelire, 
venire, 
vincire, 



to open. 

to go. 

to prop. 

to draw (water). 

to cover. 

to fence in. 

to leap. 

to ratify. 

to feel, to think, 
to bury, 
to come, 
to bind. 



VI. DEPONENT VERBS. 



First Conjugation. 



Deponent Verbs of the First Conjugation are all regular, like the pas- 
sive of Amo. It must be remembered that Deponents have the four par- 
ticiples complete— viz., (1.) the pres. act., in -ns; (2.) the fut. act., in 
-urus; (3.) the perf. pass., in -us; and (4.) the fut. pass., or gerundive, 
in -ndus. They have also the gerund, and many of them the supine. 



188 



ArPENDIX. 



Second Conjugation. 



Fateor, 


fasstis sum, 


fateri, 


to confess. 


Liceor, 


licitus sum, 


liceri, 


to bid at a sale. 


Mereor, 


meritus sum, 


mereri, 


to earn, to deserve. 


Misereor, 


rmiseritus sum, 
\ misertus sum, 


or} - « _ . 
> miseren, 


to take pity on. 


Polliceor, 


pollicltus sum, 


polliceri, 


to promise. 


Beor, 


ratus sum, 


reri, 


to think. 


Tueor, 


tuitus sum, 


tueri, 


to protect. 


Vereor, 


veritus sum, 


vereri, 


to fear. 




Third Conjugation. 




Amplector, 


amplexus sum, 


amplecti, 


to embrace. 


( Apiscor, 
t Adipiscor, 


aptus sum, 


apisci, 


to obtain. 


adeptus sum, 


adipisci, 


to obtain. 


Comminiscor, 


commeutus sum, 


commiuiscj 


l, to devise. 


Complector, 


complezus sum, 


complecti, 


to embrace. 


Defetiscor, 


defes3us sum, 


defetisci, 


to grow weary. 


Fruor, 


rfruitus sum, or 
X fructus sum, 


}frui, 


to enjoy. 


Fungor, 


functus sum, 


fungi, 


to perform. 


Gradior, 


gressus sum, 


gradi, 


to step. 


Irascor, 





Irasci, 


to be angry. 


Labor, 


lapsus sum, 


labi, 


to slip. 


Loquor, 


locutus sum, 


loqui, 


to speak. 


Morior, 


mortuus sum, 


mori, 


to die. 


Nanciscor, 


uactus sum, 


nancisci, 


to obtain by chance. 


Nascor, 


natus sum, 


nasci, 


to be born. 


Nitor, 


rnixus sum, or 
X uisus sum, 


J-niti, 


to strain. 


Obliviscor, 


oblitus sum, 


oblivisci, 


to for get. 


Patior, 


passus sum, 


pati, 


to suffer. 


Proficiscor, 


profectus sum, 


proficisci, 


to set out. 


Queror, 


questus sum, 


queri, 


to complain. 


Benuniscor, 





reminisci, 


to remember. 


Eevertor, 


reversus sum, 


reverti, 


to return. 


Sequor, 


secutus sum, 


sequi, 


to follow. 


Ulciscor, 


ultus sum, 


ulcisci, 


to avenge. 


tTtor, 


usus sum, 


uti, 


to use. 


Vescor, 





vesci, 


to cat. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



189 



Fourth Conjugation. 



Assentior, 


assensus sum, 


assentiri, 


to agree to. 


Blandior, 


blandltus sum, 


blandlri, 


to flatter. 


Experior, 


expertus sum, 


experiri, 


to try. 


Largior, 


largltus sum, 


largiri, 


to give bountifully. 


Mentior, 


mentltus sum, 


mentiri, 


to lie. 


Metior, 


mensus sum, 


metiri, 


to measure. 


Molior, 


mdlitus sum, 


mollri, 


to labour. 


Opperior, 


f oppertus sum, 
X opperitus sum, 


lopperiri, 


to wait for. 


Ordior, 


orsus sum, 


ordiri, 


to begin. 


Orior, 


ortus sum, 


oriri, 


to rise. 


Partior, 


partitus sum, 


partiri, 


to divide. 


Potior, 


potitus sum, 


potiri, 


to obtain possession of 


Bortior, 


sortltus sum, 


8ortiri, 


to take by lot. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



A., abbreviation for proper name, Aulus. 
A, (or ab, or abs,) prep, with abl, from, 

by; (of time) after. 
Ab, same as a. It is used before h and 

the vowels, but also before many 

words beginning with consonants. In 

some compound words it becomes au; 

as, aufero for ab-fero. 
AbdlCO, abdixi, abdictum, abdTc-gre, to 

refuse approval; to deprive one of (by 

law). (Ab, dlco.) 
AbdlC-O, avi, atum, are, to retire from, 

resign, abdicate. (Ab, dlco.) 
Abdlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of abdo, 

hidden, put away. 
AbdO, abdtdi, abdltum, abd-gre, to put 

aside, hide, remove. (Ab, do.) 
Abduco, abduxi, abductum, abduc-gre, 

to lead away, remove. (Ab, duco.) 
Abeo, abii {for abivi), abltum, abl-re, to 

go away, depart; escape. (Ab, eo.) 
AblgO, abegi, abactum, abig-ere, to drive 

off. (Ab, ago.) 
Ablat-US, a, um, perf. part, of aufero, 

{which see.) 
Ablu-O, i, turn, gre, to wash off or away; 

to atone for. (Ab, luo.) 
Abs, prep., (see a.) It is used before the 

consonants c and t, and sometimes be- 
fore p and g. 
Absens, gen. absent-is, (part, o/absum, 

used as adj.,) absent. 
AbsistO, abstlti, (no sup.,) absist-gre, to 

give over, cease, desist: absistite tim- 

ere, cease to fear. (Ab, sisto.) 
Abstin-eo, ui, (en)tum, ere, to hold off 

from, keep back from ; to abstain. (Ab, 

teneo.) 
Abstuli, perf. of aufero. 



Abstrabo, abstraxi, abstractum, ab> 

trah-gre, to drag off, tear away. (Ab, 

traho.) 
Absum, abfui (or afui), abesse, to be 

absent (Ab, sum.) 
Abutor, abusus sum, abut-i, (dep.) to 

abuse, misuse. (Ab, utor.) 
Ac, conj., and, and moreover. Usually 

employed only before consonants. 
Accede-, access-i, accessum, acced-gre, 

to advance (towards), approach. (Ad, 

cedo.) 
Accend-O, i, accensum, accendere, to net 

on fire, kindle, inflame, 
Accens-US, a, um, perf. part, of ae- 

cendo. 
Accept-US, perf. part, of accipio. 
AcCld-O, i. gre, to fall to, or to fall near: 

accidit, (impers.) it happens. (Ad, 

cado.) 
ACC-IO, ivi, Itum, Ire, to summon, call. 

(Ad, cieo, or cio, to call.) 
Accipio, accepi, acceptum, accip-gre, to 

receive, get; take, accept; hear. (Ad, 

capio.) 
Accipiter, accipitr-is. m., a hawk. 
AccIt-US, a, um, perf. part of accio. 
Acci-US, i, m. Accius, a proper name : 

Accius Navius, a Roman augur. 
ACCTHT-O, i. (seldom accucurri.) accurs- 

um, accurr-ere, to rush towards, or up 

to (Ad, curro.) 
Accusator, is, m , an accuser, informer. 
ACCUS-O, avi. arum, are, to lay to one's 

charge^ accuse, blame, (Ad, causa.) 
Acer, acr-is, acr-e, adj., sharp, piercing, 

keen ; active, lively ; fierce. 
Acerb-US, a. um, sour; bitter: disagree- 
able, annoying. (Stem ac-, sharp.} 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



191 



A.cerrim.e, (adv. in superl.) most keenly, 
&c. (See Acer.) 

Acid-US, a, um, sour; bitter; pungent; 
harsh. (Aceo, to be sour, &c.) 

Aci-es, Si, /, a point or edge; battle 
array, line of battle. 

Acriter, adv., (seep. 100,) keenly, sharply. 

Act-US, a, um, per/, part, of ago. 

Acu-S, us, /., a needle or pin. 

Aciit-US, a, um, sharp, pointed; intelli- 
gent; severe. (Acuo.) 

Ad, prep, with ace, to, toicards ; at ; 
by, near. In compound words ad is 
often written ac, of, ap, at, &c, accord- 
ing to first letter of second part of 
compound. 

Adam-O, avi, atum, are, to love exceed- 
ingly. (Ad, amo.) 

AddlCO, addixi, addictum, addic-gre, to 
assent to ; to assign, award, make over 
to. (Ad, dico.) 

Ad-do, dldi, dltum, dgre, to put to, add, 
annex. (Ad, do.) 

Adduco, adduxi, adductum, adduc-gre, 
to lead to; bring forward; persuade, 
induce. (Ad, duco.) 

AdeO, adii (for adivi), adttum, adl-re, to 
go to, approach; visit. (Ad, eo.) 

Adeo, adv., to such a degree; so much; 
so far; so long. 

Adept-US, a, um, perf. part, o/adipiscor. 

Adfect-O, avi, atum, are, to aim at, 
aspire to. (Frequentative,/rom afficio.) 

Adfero, (or affero), adtuli, (or attuli), 
allatum, adferre, (or afferre), to bring 
to ; carry to ; bring about, cause. 

AdflC'io, (or afficio,) adfgci, adfectum, 
adfic-gre, to influence the mind; affect: 
adficietur malo, he shall be visited with 
misfortune ; i.e., be punished. (Ad, 
facio.) 

Adfirmo, (or affirm o,— which see.) 

AdflictUS, a, um, perf part, o/adfligo. 

AdfllgO, adflixi, adflictum, adflig-gre, to 
dash down, strike down ; weaken. (Ad, 
fligo.) 

Adhlb-eo, ui, Itum, gre, to hold to; 
apply to ; put in force ; use, employ. 
(Ad, habeo.) 

Adipiscor, adeptus sum, adipisc-i, (dep. 
3,) to reach, overtake, gain, obtain. (Ad. 
apiscor, to get.) 

AdjungO, adjunxi, adjunctum, adjung- 
Sre, to join to, bind, unite. (Ad, jungo.) 

Admlnistr-O, avi, atum, fire, to man- 
age, guide, direct. (Ad, ministro.) 



Admirabll-is, is, e, worthy of being ad- 
mired; wonderful. (Admiror.) 
Admir-OT, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 

wonder at ; admire. (Ad, miror.) 
Adin6n-eO, ui, Itum, ere, to remind; 

to warn, admonish. (Ad, moneo.) 
Admoveo, admov-i, admotum, admBv- 

ere, to move towards; bring on; apply 

to. (Ad, moveo.) 
Adna.t-0, avi, atum, are, to swim to. 

(Ad, nato.) 
Adolescens, adolescent-is, m. or /, a 

young man or woman. (Adolesco.) 
Adolesco, adol-evi (rarely -ui), adul- 

tum, adolesc-8re, to grow up, increase. 
Ad6r-0, avi, Stum, are, to pray to, icor* 

ship, adore. (Ad, oro.) 
Adpar-eo, (or appareo,) ui, Itum, eie, 

to appear clearly, to be evident. 
Adpet-O, (or appeto,) Ivi, itum, gre, 

to seek to, try to get, aim at, aspire to ; 

catch at; assail, attack. (Ad, peto.) 
Adscribo, (or ascribo,) adscripsi, ad- 

sci iptum, adscrib-gre, to ascribe, impute 

to; apply to. (Ad, sciibo.) 
Adspicio, (or aspicio,) adspexi, ad- 

spectum, adspic-ere, to look at, behold, 

observe. (Ad, spgcio, to look.) 
Adsu-eSCO, (or assuesco,) evi, etum, 

escgre, to be accustomed to. 
Adsum, adfui, adesse, to be at hand; to 

be present. (Ad, sum.) 
AdtingO, (or attingo), attigi, attactum, 

adting-ere, to touch, reach. (A<\, tango.) 
Adult-US, a, um, perf. part, of adolesco. 
Adveni-O, adven-i, turn, Ire, to come to, 

approach, arrive at. (Ad, venio.) 
Advent-US, us, m., an approach; ar- 
rival. (Advenio.) 
Advers-US, a, um, adverse, unfavourable 

to: resadversae, adversity, exadverso, 

opposite, (perf. part, of adverto.) 
Adversus, prep, with accus., against. 
AdV0C-0, avi, atum, are, to call to, sum- 
mon. (Ad, voco.) 
Advol-O, avi, atum, are, to fly to; dart 

forward. (Ad, v51o.) 
Aed-es, is, /., a temple: also in pi, a 

house. 
Aedlf 1C-0, avi, atum, are, to build, erect. 

(Aedes, facio.) 
Aedu-i, orum, m., the Aedui, a people of 

Gaul. 
Aeger, aegr-a, aegr-um, sick, diseased. 
Aegre, adv., with difficulty : aegre ferre, 

to take (something) amiss. (Aeger.) 



192 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



A.egrftud-0, Inis, /, sickness ; sorrow. 
(Aeger.) 

Aequal-is, is, e, equal, similar; of the 
same age. (Aequus.) 

Aequltas, aequitat-is, /, fairness, jus- 
tice, equity. (Aequus.) 

Ae<JU-0, avi, atum, are, to make equal 
{with), to equal; to level, put on a level 
with. (Aequus.) 

Aequ-US, a, um, equal; equable; smooth: 
aequus animus, composure of mind, 
equanimity; contentment. 

Aes, aer-is, «., brass; copper. 

Aes6p-US, i, m., Aesop. 

Aestas, aestat-is, /., summer; heat. 

Aetas, aetat-is, /., age; life; time (gene- 
rally). 

Aetern-US, a, um, everlasting, eternal 

Affero, attuli, allatum, affere. (Seeadfero.) 

Afficio. (See adficio.) 

AfBjm-O, (or adfirmo,) avi, atum, are, to 
allege, affirm, declare; confirm. (Ad, 
firmo, to make strong.) 

Afilict-US, perf. part, of affligo, or ad- 
fligo, (which see.) 

Age, aglte, imperat. o/ago, used as inter- 
jections, — Come on! Now then! Well! 

Ager, agr-i, m., a field ; a district ; the 
country; land. 

Agger, agger- is, m., a mound, heap of 
earth, a rampart. (Ad, gero.) 

Aglt-O, avi, atum, are, to debate (with 
one's self), ponder. (Frequentative,/ro>r» 
ago.)* 

Ago, egi, actum, ag-Sre, to do, act, treat 
with ; lead, drive : agere gratias, to 
give thanks: agere augurium, to take 
an augury: agere consulem, to play 
the consul: agere de pace, to treat of 
peace : agitur, it is debated 

Agn-a, ae, /., a (she) lamb. 

AgllOSCO, agnovi, agnltum, agnosc-Sre, 
to acknowledge, recognise. (Ad, nosco.) 

Agn-US, i, m., a lamb. 

Agrest-is, is, e, belonging to the country, 
rustic: as subst, a countryman. (Ager.) 

AgriCOl-a, ae, m., a husbandman, far- 
mer. (Ager, colo.) 

Agripp-a, ae, m., prop, name of man. 
Agrippa Menenius, (R. H. 12.) 

Ai-O, J say. (Seep. 96.) 

Al-a, ae,/, awing. 

Alb-a, ae, /, Alba, a town in Latium, 

Alban-US, a, um, belonging to Alba, Al- 
ban: in pi., Albani, orum, the Albans. 

Alb-US, a, um, white. 



Ales, altt-is, m. or/., a winged creature^ 
a bird. (Ala.) 

Alexander, Alexandr-i, m., Alexander. 

Alias, adv., at another lime, in another 
way. (Alius.) 

Alien-US, a, um, belonging to another, 
strange: aes alienum, debt. (Alius) 

Aliquando, adv., sometimes; once on a 
time. 

Aliquantum, adv., in a considerable 
degree; somewhat. 

Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or aliquid, some 
(person or thing). 

Aliquot, adv., several, some, sundry. 
(Alias, quot) 

Ali-US, a, ud, another, (of many). (See 
alter.) Alii— alii, some — ot/ters. (See 
p. 35, 8.) 

Allat-US, perf. part, of sAfero, {which see.) 

Alli-a, ae, /., Allia, a tributary of the 
Tiber, on the banks of which the Gauls 
defeated the Romans, b.c. 390. 

Allicio, allexi, allectum, alllc-Sre, to en- 
tice, allure, inveigle. (Ad, lacio, to coax.) 

Alliens-is, is, e, belonging to the Allia. 

Allig-O, avi, atum, are, to bind to, at- 
tach. (Ad, llgo.) 

Alloquor, allocutus sum, allbqui, (dep. 
3,) to speak to, address. (Ad, loquor.) 

Al-O, ui, Itum, ere, to nourish, support, 
fatten. 

Alp-es, ium, m., the Alps. 

Altar-e, is, n., an altar. (Altus.) 

Alter, altera, alterum, (gen. in ius), an- 
other of two, tlie second. (Seep. 35, 8.) 

Alt-US, a, um, high, tall : also deep: 
alta voce, with a loud voice. (Ala) 

Alve-US, i, m., a hollow; a hollowed log; 
an ark; a hice; the c/iannel of a river. 

Alv-US, i, /., the belly ; stomach; also a 
bee- hive. 

Ambag-es, um, /. pi (abl. sing., am- 
bage), a roundabout way; obscuri 
hints; quibbles; circumlocution. (Ambi. 
ago.) 

Ambo, ae, o, both, two together. 

Ambul-O, avi, atum, are, to walk about. ' 

Amiciti-a, ae, /., friendship. (Amicus) 

AmiC-US, i, m., a friend (Amo.) 

AmittO, amlsi, amissum, amitt-ere, to 
throw away; lose; dismiss. (A, mitto ) 

Anm-is, is, m,, a river. 

Am-O, avi, atum, are, to love. 

Amor, amor-is, m., love. 

Amoveo, amovi, amotum, am5v-: 
move away, remove. (A, mOveo .) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



19: 



A.mplector, amplexus sum, amplecti, 

(dep. 3,) to embrace. 
Ampl-US, a, um, spacious, large. 
Amuli-US, i, to., Amulius, {proper 

name.) 
An, conj. or adv., if, whether or not. 
Ancil-e, is, n., a sacred shield, (ichich was 

supposed to have fallen from heaven in 

the reign of Numa.) 
- Ancill-a, ae, /., a maid-servant. 
m Ancor-a, ae, /, an anchor. 

Anc-us (Martius), i, m., fourth king of 

Rome. 
— AngUStl-ae, arum, /. pi, straits, a de- 
file. (Augustus.) 
— -AngUSt-US, a, um larroio, confined, 

strait. 
An.imadvert-0, i T animadversum, anim- 

advertSre, to perceive, observe; punish. 

(Animus, ad, verto.) 
Animal, animal-is, «., a living creature, 

an animal. (Anima, life.) 
Anim-US, i, to., the mind, spirit, disposi- 
tion. (Anima.) 
Annul-US, i, m., a ring. 
Ann-US, i, to., a year. 
Anser, ansSr-is, m. or/, a goose. , 
Ante, prep, governing accus., before, in 

front of; adv., before, (of time and 

place.) 
Antecedo, antecessi, antecessum, ante- 

ced-ere, to go before. (Ante, cedo.) 
Antiqu-US, a, um, old, ancient; former. 
Ant6ni-US, i, to., Antony. 
Antr-um, i, «., a cave, grotto. 
An-US, us,/, an old woman. 
Aper, apr-i, m., a wild boar. 
Aper-i.0, ui, turn, Ire, to open, uncover; 

make known. 
r """ Apert-US, a, um, perf part, of aperio, 

and adj., open. 
Ap-is, is,/., a bee. 
Apollo, Apollin-is, to., Apollo, god of 

music, dec. 
Apparat-US, us, to., preparation. 
Appar-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to appear, be 

manifest. (See adpareo.) 
Appell-O, avi, atum, are, to call to, call 

on, name. 
Append-O, i, appensum, append-gre, to 

hang on, weigh. (Ad, pendo.) 
Appens-US, a, um, perf. part, of ap- 

pendo, weighed. 
, Appeto. (See adpeto.) 
! Appius (Claudius), i'm., one of the De- 
cemviri. 
(122) 



Apprehend-O, i, appreliensum, appre- 

liend-Sre, to seize, lay hold of. (Ad, 

prehendo. 
Apprehens-us, a, um, perf. part, of 

apprehendo. 
Appropinqu-O, avi, atum, are, to ap- 
proach. (Ad, propinquus.) 
Apte, adv., fitly, properly, suitably. 
Apud, prep, with accus., near; at; among. 
Aqu-a, ae,/, water. 
■}- Aquil-a, ae, /., an eagle. 
Ar-a, ae,/, an altar. 
Arane-a, ae, /, (or araneum, i, «.,) a 

spider ; a spider's web. 
Arator, arator-is, to., a plougfiman. 
Aratr-um, i, n., a plough. (Aro.) 
Arbltri-um, i, n., judgment, decision, 

pleasure (in the sense of will). (From 

arbiter, an umpire.) , 

Arbor, (or arbos), arbor-is, /, a tree. 
Arc-eo, ui, ptum,] ere, to keep off', hinder 
Arcess-O, Ivi, Itum, ere, to send for, 

summon, call. 
Arc-US, us, m., a boio, arch. 
Arde-a, ae, /, Ardea, a town in Latium. 
Ardeo, arsi, arsuin, ard-ere, to burn, 

blaze, be dry (as with thirst or great heat). 
Argent-um, i, n., silver. 
Argument-urn, i, n., an argument; 

lesson ; proof; fable. (Arguo.) 
Arid-US, a, um, dry, parched. (Areo.) 
Ariovist-US, i, to., Ariovistus, king of 

the Germans. 
Aristld-eS, is, to., Aristides, a celebrated 

Athenian. 
Arm-a, orum, n. pi, armour; arms, 

weapons. 
Armat-US, a, um, perf. part, o/armo. 
Armill-a, ae, /., a bracelet, armlet. 

(Armus.) 
Arm-O, avi, atum, are, to arm, put on 

armour. 
Ar-O, avi, atum, are, to plough, cultivate, 

till. 
Arrept-US, a, um, perf. part, o/arriplo. 
Arrip-io, ui, arreptum, arrip-gre, to 

seize, lay hold of. (Ad, rapio.) 
Arroganti-a, ae,/, arrogance, assump- 
tion. (Arrogo, i.e. ad, rogo.) 
Ars, artis,/, art; skill. 
Art-US, a, um, (or arctus,) tiyht, close, 

narrow. 
Art-US, us, to., a joint. 
ArunS (Tarquinius), Aruntis, m., Aruns 
Arv-um, i, n., a field; properly, a 

ploughed field. (Aro.) 

13 



194 



LATIN VOCABULAKY. 



ATX, arc-is, /., a citadel, fortress. 

As, assis, m., an as, a Roman coin ; also, 
a pound weight. 

Ascend-O, i, ascensum, aseeud-ere, to 
climb up, mount, ascend. (Ad, scando.) 

Asell-U3, i, »»-, (diminutive of asinns,) a 
little ass ; a worthless ass. 

Asi-a, ae,/., Asia. 

Asm-US, i, m., an ass, donkey. 

Aspect-O, avi, atura, are, to look at, re- 
gard 

Asper, a, urn, rough ; harsh, severe. 

Asser-O, ui, turn, ere, to join to; take 
hold of: asserere in servitutem, to 
claim as a slave ; literally, to lay hold 
of for slavery. 

Assumo, assumpsi, assumptum, as- 
sum-ere, to take to one; take up; re- 
ceive. (Ad, sumo.) 

Astr-um, f, n., a star. 

Asyl-um, i, re., a place of shelter, an asy- 
lum. 

At, conj., but; but yet; at least 

Athen-ae, arum, f pi., Athens. 

Atque, conj., and. (See ac.) 

Atqui, adv., but yet ; but nevertheless. 

Atrox, gen. atroc-is, fierce, savage, cruel. 

AttlC-i, oram, m., the people of Attica. 

AttlC-US, a, um, belonging to Attica; 
Athenian. 

AttingO, attlgi, attactum, atting-€re, to 
touch, reaclu (Ad, tango.) 

Attoill t-US, a, um, perf. part, o/attono, 
(to thunder at,) thunderstruck; amazed; 
beicildercd. 

Auctor, auctor-is, m., an author; found- 
er ; first inventor. (Augeo ) 

Auctdritas, auctoritat is, /, authority; 
influence; dignity. (Auctor.) 

Auct-US, a, um, perf. part, of augco. 

Audaci-a, ae,/, boldness, daring. (Au- 
tlax.) 

Audax, gen., audac-is, adj., bold, daring, 
foolhardy. (Audeo.) 

Audeo, ausus sum, aud-ere, to be bold; 
to dare. 



Aud-10, ivi, Itum, Ire, to hear, listen. 
Aufero, abstulL, ablatum, auferre, to 

carry off, bear away. (Ab, fero.) 
Aufug-io, i, itum, ere, to flee away 

(Ab, fugio.) 
Augeo, auxi, auctam, aug-ere, to in- 
crease. 
AugUT, augur-is, m., an augur, a seer ; 

a priest who foretold future events by 

observing bir-ds and other omens. (Ety- 
mology doubtful.) 
AugU.ri.-um, i, n., an augury, propfiecy. 

(Augur.) 
AugUSt-US, a, um, venerable; august 

(Augeo.) 
Aul-a, ae, /., a hall; court; palace. 
Aul-US, i, m., Aulus, a proper name, 
Aur-a, ae, /, a breeze. 
Aure-US, a, um, golden, made of gold 
•Aur-is, is,/, an ear. 
Aurltul-US, i, m.. (dimin. o/auvlrus,// om 

auris), a hale animal with long ears. 
Aur-Um, i. n., gold 
Auspici-um, i. ».. an omen (from birds): 

an auspice. (Avis, specio.) 
Aut, conj., either: aut — aut. either -or 
Autem, adv., but; but on the contrary; 

however. 
AuXlli-um, i, n.. aid, help. (Augeo.) 
Avar-US, a, um, covetous, greedy. (Avco, 

to desire.) 
Avert-O, i, aversum, avert-ere, to turn 

away, avert (A, verto.) 
Aventm-US, i, m., Aventine, one of (he 

hills of Rome. 
A Vide, adv., greedily; eagerly. (A vidua.) 
Avidltas, aviditar-is, /, greediness; 

eagerness. (Avidus.) 
Avid-US, a. um, desirous, eager; greedy 

(Aveo, to desire.) 
Av-is, is, /, a bird. 
Avol-O, avi, atum, are, to fly away. (A, 

volo.) 
Avuncul-US, i, m., an uncle, (mother's 

brother.) (Avus.) 
Av-US, i, m., a grandfather. 



B. 



Bacul-um, i, n., and bacul-us, i, m., a 

staff, stick. 
Barb-a, ae, /, a beard 



Barbat-US, a, um. bearded: as a rabst, 
the goat 
-"Beat-US, a, um, blessed; happy. (Bet. > 



Barbar-US, a, um, of strange speech r "'Belg-a, ae, m., a Belgian 



foreign; uncivilized: as subst 
barian: ^[.foreigners. 



bar- 



Bellicos-us, 

war. 



a, um, warlike; for.! 



LATTN VOCABULARY. 



195 



Bell-urn, i, »., «w 

Beneflci-um, i, «., a kind service; fa- 
vour; benefit. 

Bene, adv., well. (Bonus.) 

Benevolenti-a, ae, /, good-will; kind- 
ness. (Bene, volo.) 

Benigne, adv., kindly ; generously ; boun- 
tifully. (Benignus.) 

Benignitas, benignitiit-is, /., bounty; 
generosity; kindness. (Benignus.) "» 

Benign-US, a, um, bountiful; generous; 
kind. (Ben [bene], and root o/gigno.) 

Besti-a, ae,/., a beast. 

Blb-O, i, (Itum,) eiv, to drink. 

Bilingu-is, is, e, double-tongued; deceit- 
ful. (Bi [two] lingua.) 

Bin-i, ae, a, two each (time, individual, 
Ac.) (See Distrib. Numerals, p. 39.) 

BlS, adv., twice. (See p. 39.) 

Blanditi-a, ae, /, (more usual in pi., 
blanditi-ae, arum,) a caressing, fond- 
ling; flattery. (Blandus.) 

Bonitas, bonitat-is,/, goodness; worth. 
(Bonus.) 

B5n-um, i, n., a good thing; blessing; 



advantage: in pi, bona, goods, pro- 
perly. 
B5n-US, a, um, good; moral; upright; 

beautiful, <kc. 
B6s, bov-is, m. or /., an ox or cow: in 

pi., boves, cattle. (See p. 33.) 
Brachi-um, i, n„ an arm, (properly, 

from hand to elbow:) lacertus, from 

elbow to shoulder. 
•Brev-is, is, e, short, brief: brevi, abl, 

in a short time, or briefly. 
BrSviter, adv., shortly, briefly. 
Britann-i, Drum, m., the Britons: sing. 

Britannus. 
Brum-a, ae,/., the winter solstice ; n inter, 

(as if brevima, brevissima, i.e., the 

shortest day.) 
Brut-US (L. Junius), i, m., Brutus, (pro- 
per name:) also, com. adj., heavy, 

sluggish; stupid. 
Bubll-e {or bSvile), is,rc., an ox stall. (Bos ) 
BuDUlC-US, i, m., a herdsman, ox-herd. 
Bull-a, ae,/., a knob; a boss, (usually of 

gold, worn on neck of Roman children oj 

upper classes.) 



c. 



C, an abbreviation for Caius. 

Cadaver, cadaver-is, n., a dead body, 
carcass. (Cado.) 

Cado, cecldi, casum, cad-gre, to fall; 
happen. 

Caec-US, a, um, blind. 

Caed-es, is, /, a cutting slaughter; 
combat ; blood. (Caedo.) 

Caedo, cecidi, caesum, caed-gre, to cut ; 
kill, slay. 

Caeli-US, i, m., Caelius, one of the hills 
of Rome. 

Caesar, Caesar-is, m , Caesar. 

Caesari-es, ei,/, a head of hair. 

Calamitas, calamitat-is, /, a disaster, 
misfortune, calamity, defeat. (Etymo- 
logy doubtful.) 

Calcar, calcar-is, n., a spur. (Calx.) ..^ 

Calend-ae, arum,/, the Calends, or first 
day of the month. (From old verb calo, 
to call, proclaim; as the priests an- 
nounced the first day of each montfi.) 

Cal-eo (and calesco), ui, ere, to b( 

warm. 
'Callld-US, a, um, knowing, cunning, 
crafty. 

Calor, calor-is, m., heat. (Caleo.) 



Calv-US, a, um, bald. 

Calx, calc-is, f., the heel. 

Camill-US, i, m., Camillus, (M. Furius.) 

Camp-US, i, m., a level plain, afield. 

Candld-US, a, um, white; bright, shining. 
(Candeo.) 

Can-is, is, m. or/, a dog. 

Cano, cecini, cantum, can-ere, to sing, 
to play (music) ; to prophesy. 

Cant-O, avi, atum, are, to sing. (Cano.) 

Cant-US, us, m., song, musical perform- 
ance. (Cano.) 

Can-US, a, um, hoary, grey, white: in 
pi, cani, grey hair. 

Capax, gen., eapac-is, adj., capacious, 
spacious, roomy. 
— hCapell-a, ae, /., a she-goat. 
- -Caper, capri, m., a he-goat. 

Capess-O, ivi, Itum, ere, to catch at, seize; 
take ; undertake ; take to : capessere 
fugam, to take to flight. (Capio.) 

Capill-US, i, m., a haw. 

Capio, cepi, captum, cap-gre, to take, 
catch, capture; captivate; delight, enjoy. 

Capit61i-um, i, n., the Capitol, or citadel 
of Rome. (Caput.) 

Capr-a, ae, /.. Capra, (proper name.) 



19G 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



CaptlV-a, ae,/., o < fe:nale captive, a slave. 

(Capio.) 
Capt-0,avi, atum, are, to catch at eagerly ; 

to attempt, try. (Capio.) 
Capt-US, a, urn, per/, part, of capio. 
Caput, capTt-is, «., the itead; top; chief 

part. 
Career, career-is, m., a prison. 
Car-eo, ui, (Itum), ere, to be without, to 

be in want of. to need; to fail. 
Caritas, caritat-is,/., deamess, affection, 

love. 
Carmen, carmln-is, n., a song, poem, 
Caro, carn-is, /., flesh, a piece of flesh. 
Carpent-Tim, i, n., a chariot, waggon. 
Carp-O, si, turn, e"re, to cull, gather; 

pluck; tear; revile, 
Car-US, a, um, dear, affectionate, much 
loved. 
~Cas-a, ae,/, a hut, cottage 
Case-US, i, m., cheese. 
Cassi-US, i, w., Cassias, (proper name.) 
Castell-Um, i, n., a fort. (Castra.) 
Castr-a, oruni, n, pi, a camp. 
Cast-US, a, um, chaste, pure, 
Cas-US, us, in., an accident; mishap, mis- 
fortune, calamity. (Cado.) 
Caten-a, ae, /., a chain. 
Cathedr-a, ae, /., a seat, chair. 
Catllln-a, ae, m., Catiline, 
Catul-US, i, m.. a puppy, whelp, cub. 

(Can is.) 
Caud-a, ae,/, a tad. 
Caus-a, ae,/, a cause, tvason: abl. causa, 
for the sake of: mea causa, for my 
sake: dicere causam, to plead (in a 
court of law). 
Caut-US, a, um, perf. part, of caveo, 

cautious, wary. 
Caveo, cavi, cautum, cav-ere, to be on 

one's guard, take care. 
Cavem-a, ae, /, a hale, hollow; cavern, 

den, (Caais.) 
Cav-O, avi, atum, are, to hallow out. 
Cav-US, a, um, hollow: m. and n. (used 

substantively), a hole, den, 
Cedo, cessi, cessum, ced-ere, to go, go 

away; to yield; retire from. 
Celeber (or Celebris), celebr-is, celebr-e, 

crowded; much frequented ; famous. 
Celer, celgr-is, celer-e, swift, quick, active. 
Celeriter, adv., quickly, speedily. 
Cel-O, avi, atum. are, to conceal, hide. 
Cels-US, a, um, high, lofty, tall. 
Cens-eo, ni, um, ere, to be of opinion; to 
(Mnk: believe; reckon. 



Censor, censor-is, m., a censor, (an 
officer at Rome who waichtd over iltt 
morals of the people, and attended to (he 
census-taking and other duties) ; a critic, 
(Censeo.) 
Cens-US, us, m., a census, or reckoning of 
the people, their property. <tc. (Censeo.) 
Centum, num. adj. (indeclinable), one 

hundred, 
Centuii-a, ae, /, a century, or body of 
one hundred men ; one of the sections 
into which Servius Tullius divided the 
Roman people. (Centum.) 
Cer-a, ae,/, wax. 
Cerno,cr6\i,cretum,cern-ere, toseparate. 

distinguish; to see, perceive; deter mint; 
Certamen, certamln-is, n., a contest. 

quarrel, struggle. (Ceito.) 
Certatim, adv., emulously, with teat 

(Ceito.) 
Certe, adv., really, surely, in truth, (Cer- 

tus.) 
Cert-O, avi, atum, are, to strive, struggle, 

contend, 
Cert-US, a, um, sure, certain, fixed: fa- 
cere aliquem certiurem, to certify one, to 
assure him. 
Cervix, cervlc-is, /., the neck; the nape of 

the neck. 
Cerv-US, i, m., a stag, deer. 
Ceter-i, ae. a, Vie rest, tlie others, (rare 

in the sing.) 
Chabri-as, ae, m,, Chabrias, a famous 

Athenian general, (about B.C. 380.) 
Clb-US, i, m,fooa\ 
Cicero, Ciceron-is, m., Cicero, a celebrated 

Roman orator and statesman. 
Cic6ni-a, ae,/, a stork. 
Circa, prep., about, around, (governs 

accus.) Sometimes used as adv. 
Circiter, prep, and ade., about, near; 

about, nearly (in the sense of almost.) 
Circum, prep, and adv., around, abouf, -^ 

(governs accus.) 
Circumar-O, avi, atum, are, to plough 

round. (Circum, aro.) 
Circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatnm, 
cirenmd-are, to put round, to surround, 
(Circum, do.) 
CircumstO, circumstlti, (see sto,) to 

stand round, encompass. 
Circ-US, i, m., a hoop, ring, a ctrctu. 
Cltat-US, a, um, perf. part, of clto. 
Cltius, adv., more quickly. . 
CltO, adv.. quickly; compar., cltius: 
citissime. 



LATTN VOCABULARY. 



197 



CIt-0, avi, atum, arc, to stir up; hasten; 

call, summon. (Frequentative, from 

cieo.) 
Clt-US, a, um, per/, part, of cfSo, clvi, 

eltum, ciere, to stir up; to call, summon. 
Civ-is, is, m. or/., a citizen. 
ClVltaS, civitat-is, /., citizenship ; the 

state; city. (Civis.) 
Clad-es, is, /., disaster, misfortune ; de- 
feat; slaughter. 
Clamit-O, avi, atum, are, to shout out 

frequently, or with earnestness; to bawl. 

(Clamo.) 
Clam-O, avi, atum., are, to cry aloud, call, 

shout; declare. 
Clamor, clamor-is, m., a shout, cry. 

(Clamo.) 
Clandestin-US, a, um, secret, underhand, 

clandestine. (Clam, secretly.) 
Clangor, clangor-is, m., a noise, (like 

the flapping of wings ; mixed sound of 

musical instruments, <te.) 
Clar-US, a, um, clear, bright; beautiful; 

famous. 
Class-is, is, /., a division of the people; 

a feet. 
Claudi-US, i, m., Claudius (Appius, one 

of the Decemviri) : also, Marcus Claudius. 
Claud-O, claus-i, claus-um, claud-ere, to 

shut, close; conclude, finish. 
Claus-US, a, um, perf. part, o/claudo. 
Cliens, client-is, m. or /., a client; re- 
tainer, dependant. (Clueo, to hear.) 
Clltell-ae, arum, /. pi, a pack-saddle; 

panniers. 
Cloeli-a, ae,/, Cloelia. (See R. H., 10.) 
Clusin-i, orum, m. pi, the people of 

Clusium. 
Clusi-um, i, n., Clusium, the city of Lars 

Porsena, on the Clanis. 
Coact-us, perf part, of cogo, forced, 

compelled. 
**" Codes, cocltt-is, m., one blind of an eye: 

as proper name, Codes (Horatius.) 
Coelest-is, is, e, heavenly, divine. (Coel- 

um.) 
Coel-um,i, n., heaven; the sky. (Old farm 

of sing, is coelus, i, m., with pi. coeli.) 
Coen-a, ae, /., dinner, supper: a coena, 

after supper. 
Coen-O, avi, atum, are, to dine, sup. 
Coep-i, isse, (seep. 95,) to begin. 
Coerc-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to restrain. 

(Con, arceo.) 
Cogitati.0, cogitation-is, f., a thought, 

reflection, del ibt ration. 



Coglt-O, avi, atum, ire, to think, ponder, 

reflect. 
Cognit-US, a, um, known, (perf. part, of 

cognosco.) 
Cogndmen, cognomtn-is, n., a surname. 

(Con, nomen.) 
CognOSCO, cognovi, cognttum, cognosc- 

6re, to know thoroughly; perceive, un- 
derstand, recognise. (Con, nosco.) 
C6gO, coegi, coactum, cog-ere, to force. 

compel; collect. (Con, ago.) 
Collati-a, ae,/., Collatia, name of a town. 
Collatln-US, i, m., Collatinus, (proper 

name.) 
Collat-US, a, um, collected, (perf. part. 

of coufero.) 
Collect-US, a, um, perf. part, o/colligo. 
Colleg-a, ae, m. or/., a colleague. (Con, 

lego, to choose.) 
Colllg-O, colleg-i, collectum, colligere, to 

collect, bring together; gain. (Con, lego.) 
Coll-is, is, m., a hill. 
Colloquor, collocutus sum, co!15qui, tc 

converse with. (Con, loquor.) 
Coll-um, i, «., the neck. 
C61-0, ui, cultum, col-gre, to cultivate; 

worship; practise: colere rem mili- 

tarem, to practise the art of war. 
Color, c616r-is, m., colour, aspect. 
Coliibr-a, ae, /, a snake. 
Columb-a, ae, /, a dove, pigeon. 
Column-a, ae,/, a pillar, column. 
Com-a, ae, /, hair ; a head of hair. 
Comed-O, comed-i, comesum, or comes- 

tum, comedere, or comesse, to eat up, 

devour. (Con, edo.) 
Comes, comlt-ts, m. or /., a companion. 

(Con and stem o/eo, to go.) 
Comiti-um, i, n., the Comitium, or place 

where the assemblies of the Roman 

people met. (Con and stem of eo.) 
Comemmor-O, avi, atum, are, to call to 

mind, remember; relate, mention. (Con, 

memoro.) 
Commigr-O, avi, atum, are, to remove 

in a body, migrate. (Con, migro.) 
Committ-O, commls-i, commissum, 

committere, to join together, unite; 

commit, intrust, cause: committere 

praelium, to join battle. (Con, mitto.) 
Commi-US,i, m., Commius (proper name.) 
Commoveo, commovi, commotum, com- 

m5v-ere, to move with violence; to shake. 

(Con, moveo.) 
Commun-is, is, e, common, public 

(Con, munus, or munia.) 



108 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Communiter, adv., in common; com- 
monly. (Communis.) 

Commut-O, avi, atum, are, to change; 
exchange; alter. (Con, muto.) 

Conids-US, a, urn, hairy. (Coma.) 

Compar, compar-is, adj., equal; a 
match; like. (Con, par.) 

Compar-O, avi, atum, are, to put to- 
gether; compare; provide; procure. 
(Con, paro.) 

Compello, compuli, compulsum, com- 
pell-gre, to drive together; compel; press. 
(Con, pello.) 

Compesc-O, ui, fire, to check, restrain, 
control 

Complector, complexus sum, cora- 
plecti, (dep.,) to embrace, encompass. 
(Con, and root plec-, to fold.) 

Compl-eo, evi, etum, ere, to fill up; 
finish. (Con, pleo.) 

CompleX-US, a, am, per/, part, of com- 
plector. 

Complur-es, es, a, adj pi., several; very 
many. (Con, plus.) 

CompositO, adv., designedly: ex com- 
posite, as agreed on. (Compositus.) 

Compreh.end-0, i, (n)sum, ere, to maty 
jatch ; apprehend. (Con, prehendo.) 

Coinprens-US, a, urn, (for comprehens- 
us,) pert part, o/comprehendo, to catcli. 

Compuls-US, a, um, perf part, of com- 
pello. 

CompungO, compunxi, compunctum, 
compung-Sre, to sting, prick. (Con, 
pungo.) 

Coil, used in compound words for cum. 

Concieo, conclvi, concltum, conci-ere, 
to urge, rouse, excUe, quicken. (Con, 
cieo.) 

Concili-O, avi, atum, are, to unite; con- 
ciliate, reconcile; secure. (Concilium.) 

Con.cinH.-0, avi, atum, are, to join to- 
gether; adjust; devise, contrive. (Con- 
cinnus.) 

Concio, concion-is, /., an assembly. 

Concipio, coucepi, conceptum, concip- 
cre, to take up, conceive, think of; under- 
stand. (Con, capio.) 

C0HClt-O, avi, atum, are, to stir up. 
excite, rouse, hasten on. (Con, cieo.) 

ConcIt-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
cieo. roused, quickened, tic 

Coiiclam-O, avi, atum, are, to shout out 
together; encourage; call on. (Con, 
clamq.) 

ConcoqttO, concoxi, concoctum, con- 



cuqu-ere, to boil together; to digest 

(Con, coquo.) 
Concordi-a, ae, /, harmony, concord 

(Con, and cor, the heart.) 
Concurr-O, i, concur-sum, concurr-ere, 

to run together ; to fight. (Con, curro.) 
ConcUTS-US, us, m., a running together; 

a concourse, assembly ; encounter. (Con- 

curro.) 
Condicio, (or con iltio,) condicion-is, /., 

a condition, state, agreement; terms. 

(Condo.) 
Condltor, condlt5r-is, m., a founder, 

builder. (Condo.) 
Condlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of condo. 
Cond-O, idi, itum, ere, to put together, 

found, build; hide. (Con, do.) 
Confect-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 

ficio. wailed, worn out, tic. 
Conf er-O, cuntul-i. collat-um, confer-rc, 

to bring together, collect; compare: con- 

ferre se, to betake one's self. (Con, fero.) 
Confert-US, a, um, part, and adj., 

closely packed together, crowded. (Con- 

fereio.) 
Conflcio, confeci, confectum, conflc- 

ere, to put an end to, finish; slay. 

(Con, facio.) 
ConflagT-O, avi, atum, are, to blaze up, 

bum up; set fire to. (Con, flagro.) 
Confllg-O, conflix-i, conflict-um, con- 

flig-ere, to doth together; fight (Con, 

fliga) _ 
Confod-io, eonfod-i, confoss-um, con- 

fod-ere, to dig into; stab, kill. (Con, 

fodio.) 
Conftig-io, confug-i, confugit-um, coit- 

fug-ere, to fine for refuge ; have recourse 

to. (Con, fugio.) 
Congero, congess-i, congest-um, con- 

ger-ere, to carry together, heap up, col- 
lect, amass. (Ccn, gero.) 
Conjici.0, eonjec-i, conject-um, conjic- 

6re, to throw together; hurl, dash. 

(Con, jacio.) 
ConjURg-O, conjunx-i, con.iunct-um, 

conjung-ere, to join together, untie. 

(Con, jungo.) 
Conjur-O, iivi, atum, are, to swear toge- 

tlier, conspire, join by oath. (Con, juro.) 
ConjUX, conjug-is, m. or/., spouse, yoke- 
fellow; husband, wife. (Conjungo.) 
Coiinubi-Uin, i, n., marriage. (Con. 

nubo.) 
Conor, conatus sum, cdnari, (dep. L.) to 

try, endeavour. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



199 



Conqueror, conquestus sum, conquSr-i, 
(dep. 3,) to complain of; lament. (Con, 
queror.) 

Conscisc-o, conscI\'-i, consclt-um, con- 
scisc-6re, to vote together with; approve; 
decree: hence the phrase, Conscivit 
mortem sibi, he killed himself. (Con, 
scisco, to vote.) 

Consci-US, a, urn, conscious, privy to. 

Conscrib-o, conscrlps-i, conscript-urn, 
couscrib-ere, to enroll, levy; to compose. 
(Con, scribo.) 

Consecr-O, avi, atum, are, to consecrate, 
devote. (Con, sacro.) 

Consens-US, us, m., unanimity, agree- 
ment. (Consentio.) 

Consequor, conseciitus sum, consequ-i, 
{dep. 3,) to come up with, overtake, gain. 
(Con, sequor.) 

Consero, conseru-i, consert-um, con- 
ser-ere, to tie together, bind: conserere 
manum. to fight hand to hand: con- 
serere pugnam, to fight. 

Con.Sld.eO, consedi, consessum, con- 
sid-ere to sit together; sit down. (Con, 
sideo.) 

Consider-O, avi, atum, are, to consider; 
examine. 

Consili-uxn, i, »., counsel, advice. 

Consisto, constlti, constltum, consistere, 
to halt, settle, stand still. (Con, sisto.) 

Cons61-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 
console, comfort. 

Conspect-US, us, m.,. a sight, view. 
(Conspicio.) 

Conspicio, conspex-i, conspect-um, 
conspic-ere, to behold, see. (Con, 
specio.) 

ConspiC-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 
observe, behold. (Conspicio.) 

ConspiCU-US, a, urn, evident, conspicu- 
ous. (Conspicio.) 

Conspir-O, avi, atum, are, to conspire. 
(Con, spiro.) 

Constanti-a, ae, /., firmness, endurance; 
steadfastness (of purpose, dec.) (Con- 
stans.) 

Constem-O, avi, atum, are, to terrify. 

Constiti, perf. of consisto. 

Constltu-O, i, turn, 6re, to set up, estab- 
lish, arrange. (Con, itatuo.) 

Const-O, iti, atum (or Itum), are, to 
stand firm, be established ; to last. (Con, 
sto.) 

Consuetudo, consuetudin-is, /, custom, 
habit. (Consuesco ) 



Consul, consul-is, m., a consul. 

Consulat-US, us, m., the consulship. 

Consul-O, ui, turn, ere, to advise or con- 
sult (for the good of another), with dat. ; 
to ask advice (of another), with the 
accus. 

ConsumOj consumpsi, consumptum, 
consum-ere, to waste, consume, spend. 
(Con, sumo.) 

Consumpt-US, a, urn, perf. part, of 
consum-a 

Conteg-O, contex-i, contec-tum, conteg- 
ere, to cover up, conceal. (Con, tego.) 

Contemn-O, centemps-i, contempt-um, 
contemn-£re, to despise, scorn. (Con, 
temno.) 

Contempt-US, a, um, perj '. part, o/con- 
temno, despised. 

Contend-O, i, content-um, contend-6rc, 
to strive for, fight ; to hasten toward ; to 
assert. (Con, tendo.) 

Contentio, contention-is, /, exertion, 
effort; strife. (Contends) 

Content-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
tend o, and ad}., strained, stretched. 

Content-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
tineo, held in, checked, restrained; satis- 
fied. 

Conterr-eo, tti, itum, ere, to terrify, 
affright. (Con, terreo.) 

Contin-eo, ait content-um, contin-ere, 
to hold in, check, restrain. (Con, 
teneo.) 

Contingit, impers., (3d sing, of con- 
tango,) it hap2)ens, falls to one' slot. 

ContingO, contlg-i, contact-um, con- 
ting-ere, to touch, reach; happen. (Con, 
tango.) 

Contlnuo, adv., immediately, forthwith. 

Contra, prep, with accus., against ; over 
against: adv., opposite,, on the other 
hand ; in reply. 

Contract-US, a, um, perf. part, of con- 
traho. 

Contrah-O, contrax-i, contrac-tum, 
contrah-ere, to draw together, contract; 
assemble. (Con, traho.) 

Contuberni-um, i, n., residence to- 
gether in a tent; companionship; so- 
ciety; neighbourhood. (Con, taberna.) 

Contumax, gen., contumac-is, adj., 
puffed up; haughty, insolent. (Con, 
tnmeo. 

Contumeli-a, ae, /., an insult, haughty 
treatment, an affront, disgrace. (Con, 
tumeoj 



200 



LATIN VOCABULARY 



Convalesco, conval-ui, convalesc-eYe, 

to regain strength, grow well. (Con, 

valeo.) 
Couven-io, i, turn, Ire, to come together, 

assemble; agree; suit. (Con, venio.) 
Coiivert-O, i, comers-urn, convert-ere, 

to turn round, change, alter. (Con, 

verto.) 
Convlci-um, i, n., a brawling noise; 

a reproach, abuse. 
Convict-US, us, m., a living with, con- 
sorting with ; intercourse. (Con, vivo.) , 
Convivi-um, i, n., a feast, banquet. pCri 

(Con, vivo.) 
Conv6c-0, avi, atum, are, to call toge- 
ther, convoke, assemble. (Con, voco.) 
Coorior, coortus sum, cooriri, (dep.,) to 

rise up, arise. (Con, orior.) 
C6pi-a, ae, /., plenty, abundance: in pi., 

copiae, forces, troops. 
C5pi6s-US, a, uni, plentiful, abundant, 

well supplied. (Copia.) 
Cor, cord-is, n., the lieart. 
Coram, prep, with abL, before, in presence 

of. 
Corinth-US, i, /, Corinth, (a city of 

Greece.) 
Cori-um, i, n., a hide, skin ; leather. 
Comeli-a, ae, /, Cornelia, (a female 

name.) 
Comix, coiTiic-is, /, a crow. 
Cornu, corn- us, n., a horn. 
■ C6r6n-a, ae, /, a crown, chaplet, wreath. 
Corpus, corpor-is, n., a body, corpse: 

vasti corporis, of huge size. 
Corrept-US, a, am, perf. part, of cor- 

ripio. 
Corrip-io, ui, correptum, compere, to 

seize hastily, lay hold, snatch, carry off. 

(Con, rapio.) 
Corrod-O, corros-i, conos-um, corrod- 

ere, to gnaw in pieces, devour. (Con, 

rodo.) 
Corrump-O, corrup-i, coiTup-tum, cor- 

rump-ere, to break up, spoil, d<t(roy. 

(Con, rumpo.) 
Corrupt-US, a, am, perf. part, of cor- 

rumpo. 
Corv-US, i, nu, a raven. 
COS, cot-is,/., a whetstone. 
Cras, adv., to-morrow ; in time to come. 
Crass-US, i, m., Crassus, (a Human 

name.) 
Cred-O, Idi, Itum, Sre, to believe, trust to. 
Credulltas, credulitat-is, /., readiness to 

believe, credulity. (Credulus.) 



Cre-O, avi, atum, are, to create; beget, 
make; elect. 

Crepit-US, us, m., a crash ; harsh noise 
(Crepo.) 

Crepuscul-um, i, n., evening twuight: 
(One morning twilight, diluculirm.) 

Cresco, crevi, cretum, cresc-ere, to grow, 
increase. (Creo.) 

Crimen, crimin-is, n., a criarge, accusa- 
tion; fault. 

Crimin-or, atus sum, an, (dep.,) to lay 
charges against, accuse. (Crimen.) 
!n-is, is, m., hair. 

Cr6codil-US, i, m., a crocodile, (some- 
times written corcodilus.) 

Crudel-is, is, e, savage, cruel, hursli. 
(Crudus.) 

Cruor, cruor-is, m., blood, gore. 

Crus, crur-is, n., a leg. 

Crux, cruc-is,/., a cross. 

CublCul-um, i, n., a bed-chamber. 
(Cubo, to lie down.) 

Cubll-e, is, n., a bed; den; kennel; stye. 
(Cubo.) 

Culp-a, ae,/., a fault, blame. 

CUlter, cultr-i, m., a knife. 

Cult-US, a, am, perf. part, of colo, culti- 
vated, worshipped, dc. 

Cult-US, us, in., culture, cultivation; 
treatment; mode of life. (Colo.) 

Cum, prep with abl., along with, with; 
also as conj., when. (See quum.) 

Ciim-ae, arum,/, pi., Cumae, a town in 
Campania. Italy. 

Cunct-or, atus, ari, (dep. 1,) to delay, 
hesitate. 

Cunct-US, a, am, all, whole: usually in 
pi, all (Conjunctus.) 

Cupidltas, cupldltat-is, /., desire, pas- 
sion, eagerness; appetite; greed. (Cu- 
pidus.) 

Cupid-US, a, urn, eager, desirous, greedy. 
(Cupio.) 

Cup-io, ivi, itum, ere, to covet, desire, 
wish. 

Cur, adv., why. 

Cur-a, ae,/, care, anxiety. 

CUT-es, ium, /, Cures, a Sabine totrn. 

Curi-a, ae, /., a curia (a division of Ro- 
man people) ; senate house. 

Curiati-US, i, nu, Curiatius, (proper 
name.) 

Cur-O, avi, atum, are, to care for, take 
care of, see to, tend. (Cura.) 

Curr-O, cucurr-i, curs-um, curr-: 
not, hasten. 



LATIN VOCABULARY-. 



201 



Curr-US, us, m., a. carriage, vehicle, 
waggon, car. (Curro.) 

Curs-US, us, m., a running, race; course. 
(Curro.) 

Curul-is, is, e, curule : sella curulis, the 
curule chair, on which chief magis- 
trates at Rome sat ; hence curulis was 
applied to the higher offices. (Currus, 
or curvus.) 

Curv-US, a, um, bent, crooked, curved. 



CustOS, custOd-is, m. or /, a guardian, 

keeper, guard. 
Cut-is, is,/., the skin. 
Cybeb-a, ae, /., Cybebe, a goddess, wifii 

of Saturn. The name is also written, 

Cybebe, or Cybela, or Cybele, or GybSle. 
Cycn-US, i, m., a swan : also proper 

name. 
Cypri-US, a, um, Cyprian; (Cypriua 

vicus, the Cyprian street, in Rome.) 



D. 



Damn-O, avi, atum, are, to condemn. 
(Damnum.) 

Damn-um, i, n., loss, damage. 

Dap S, or dap-is, is, /., a banquet, feast. 
Often in pi., dapes, (but genitive not 
found.) 

De, prep, with abl., down from; from; out 

of; concerning. 
. De-a, ae, /., a goddess. 

Deb-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to owe, be under 
an obligation. In the 3d pers. sing, it 
is used impersonally, — debet, it ought, 
must, &c. 

D§bll-is, is, e, weak, feeble, exhausted. 

Deced-O, decess-i, decess-um, deced-ere, 
to go away, depart; die. (De, cedo.) 

Decern, num. adj., {indeclinable,) ten. 

Decept-US, a, um, deceived, outwitted; 
(perf. part, of decipio;) 

Dec-et, decehat, decuit, <fcc., impers. 
verb, it becomes, it behoves, it is proper. 
(See p. 97.) 

DeCld-0, i, ere, to fall down, drop ; die. 
(De, cado.) 

Decim-US, a, um, tenth. 

Decipi-O, decep-i, decept-um, decip-ere, 
to deceive, outwit, over-reach. (De, 
capio.) 

Decor, decor-is, m., beauty, grace, ele- 
gance. 

Dec8r-0, avi, atum, are, to beautify, 
adorn, set off. (Decus.) 

Dec6r-US, a, um, seemly, beautiful, fit- 
ting. (Decor.) 

Decurr-O, i, (or decucurri,) decursurn, 
decurr-ere, to run down; to have re- 
course to, (i.e., to run to.) (De, curro.) 

DeCUS, drc5r-is, n., beauty, grace, orna- 
ment, glory. 

DeCU.t-i.0, decuss-i, decuss-um, decut- 
ere, to shake, down; strike. (De, qua- 
tio.) 



Dedecus, dedgc5r-is, n., a disgrace, stain. 

Dedlti.0, dedition-is, /, a giving up, sur- 
render. (Dedo.) 

Ded-O, Idi, Itum, ere, to giveup, surrender, 
abandon. (De, do.) 

Dedu.C-0, dedux-i, deduct-um, deduc- 
Sre, to lead down; conduct; bring; lead 
off, withdraw. (De, duco.) 

Defect-US, a, um, worn out, exhausted; 
deprived of; deficient in; (perf. part. 
o/deficio.) 

Defend-O, i, defens-um, defend-gre, to 
keep off, repel, defend; forbid. 

Defer-O, detul-i, deliit-um, defer-re, to 
carry down or off; conduct; report, 
accuse ; intrust to. (De fero.) 

Defess-US, a, um, wearied; worn out; 
(perf. part, o/defetiscor.) 

Defetiscor, (ordefatiscor), defessussum, 
defetisci, to grow wearied, be exhausted. 
(De, fatiscor.) 

Defici-O, defec-i, defect- um, defic-ere, 
to fail; forsake, leave; revolt. (Defacio.) 

Deg-O, i, fire, to spend time ; live. (De, 
ago.) 

Dein, adv., then; next in order; after- 
wards. 

Deinceps, adv., then, in the next place, 
■ thereafter. 

Deinde, adv., thereafter, next in order, 
then. (De, inde.) 

Dejici-O, dejec-i, deject-um, dejIc-Sre, 
to throw down; cast out of. (Dejacio.) 

Delect-O, avi, atum, are, to delight, give 
pleasure: delectat, impers., it delights. 

Delet-US, a, um, perf. part, of del-eo, 
obliterated, annihilated, destroyed. 

Del-eo, evi, etum, ere, to blot out, de- 
stroy. 

Dellb-O, avi, &c, to taste, enjoy. 

Dellg-O, avi, atum, are, to bind down^ 
make firm, fasten. (Oe, Hgo.) 



202 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Dellg-O, deleg-i, delcct-um, dellg-Sre, 

to choose out. select. (De, lego.) 
Delinqu-O, deliqu-i, delict- am, deliDqu- 

ere, to fail, fall short; sin. (De, linquo.) 
Delir-US, a, um, silly, doting, half-witted. 

(Dellro, and that from de, lira.) 
Delph-i, orum, m. pi., Delphi, a town of 

Phocis in Greece, with famous temple 

and oracle. 
Delud-O, delus-i, delus-um, delfid-ere, 

to mock, laugh to scorn ; disappoint. 

(De, ludo.) 
DeluS-US, a, um, perf. part, of deludo, 



Demens, gen. dement-is, adj., mad, 

frantic; foolish. (De, mens.) 
Dernigr-O, avi, atum, are, to wander 

away ; to migrate, emigrate. (De, 

migro.) 
Demiim, adv., at length, at lust. 
Dens, dent-is, in., a tooth. 
Dens-US, a, um, close, crowded, dense, 

thick. 
Denu.d-0, avi, atum, are, tolaybare, make 

naked; expose; plunder. (De, nudo.) 
Denunti-O, avi, atum, are, to denounce; 

give fair warning ; declare. (De, nun- 

tio.) 
Dep5n-0, dep5su-i, deposlt-um, depon- 

ere, to lay down; unburden one's self; 

bring forth. (De, pono.) 
Deprehend-O, (or deprendo), i, depre- 

hens-um, deprehend-Sre, to catch in the 

act; surprise, detect; arrest. (De, pre- 

hendo.) 
Depress-US, a, um, perf. part, of depri- 

ino, sunk. 
Deprimo, depress!, dcpressum, deprlm- 

ere, to press down, lower, sink. (De, 

premo.) 
Derepo, derepsi, dereptum, derep-cre, 

to creep down. (De, repo.) 
Derideo, deris-i, deris-um, deiid-ere, 

to laugh at, deride, tnock. (De, rideo.) 
DeriSOr, devisor-is, m., a mocker, a scoffer. 

(Derideo.) 
D§ris-US, us, m., mockery, laugliier, 

scoffing. (Derideo.) 
Descend-O, i, descens-um, descend-ere, 

to go down, descend. (De, scando.) 
Bescrib-O, descrips-i, descript-um, de- 

scribere, to writedown; assign; describe. 

(De, scribo.) 
D§ser-0, ui, torn, 5re, to desert, abandon. 
Desert-US, a, um, perf. part, of desero, 

abandoned. 



Desldeo, desed-i, desid-ere, to sit down; 

sit idly ; loiter, lounge. (De, sedeo.) 
DeSlderi-Um, i, «.. a longing desire; 

regret (for want of) ; need, (Desidero.) 
Desll-io, ui, desult-u:n, desil-Ire, to leap 

down. (De, salio.) 
Desin-0, desivi (desii), desit-um, desin- 

ere, to leave off, cease, desist. (De, 

sino.) 
DesistO, destlti, destttum, desist-e"re, 

to stand off; leave off, desist. (De, 

sisto.) 
Despect-US, a, um, being despised, (perf. 

part, o/despicio.) 
Despici-0, despex-i, despect-um, de- 

splc-6re, to look down on, despise. (De, 

specie) 
Desum, defui, deesse, to be away; to 

be wanting, or deficient. (De, sum.) 
Deter-0, detrlv-i, detrit-um, deter-ere, 

to rub off, wear away. (De, tero.) 
Deterr-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to frighten 

away; deter; dishearten. (De, terreo.) 
Detest-or, atussum, ari, (dep. 1,) to hate, 

abominate. 
Detrah-O, detr?.x-i, detract-um, detrah- 

Sre, to drag or pull off; take away. 

(De, tralio.) 
Detrit-US, a, um, rubbed bare, (perf. 

part of detero ) 
De-US, i, m., a god. (Seep. 15, note.) 
Deven-io, i, tuin, ire, to come down; 

arrive; reach. (De, venio.) 
DeV0C-0, avi, atum, are, to call down; 

lead on, entice, (De, voco.) 
D§v6r-0, avi, atum, are, to stcallow 

greedily, devour, bolt. (De, voro.) 
Dextr-a, ae, /., the right hand: fern, of 

adj. dexter, era (-ra), erum (-rem). 
Dian-a, ae, /., Diana, the goddess, sister 

of Apollo. 
DlC-0, dixi, dictum, dlc-ere, to say, 

speak, tell, declare ; plead. 
Dictator, dictatBr-is, m., dictator, (a 

magistrate occasionally elected at Rome, 

having supreme power.) (Dicto.) 
Dictatur-a, ae, /., the office of dictator, 

dictatorship. (Dictator.) 
Dict-um, i, n., a saying, report, word, 

command (Dico.) 
Dict-US, a, um, perf. part, of dico. 
Dldici, perf ind. act. of disco, to learn. 
Dies, diei. m. or /., a day, time : in pi 

masc, days, seasons. 
DifflCll-is, is. e, difficult. (Foreompari 

son, see p. 37.) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



203 



Dlger-0, digess-i, digest-urn, diggr-Bre, 
to carry in different directions ; digest. 
(Di, gero.) 

Dlglt-US, i, TO., a finger. 

Dignitas, dignltat-is,/., worth; dignity, 
honour. (Dignus.) 

Dign-US, a, um, worthy, deserved, meet. 

Dlllgens, gen. diligent-is, loving {one's 
work); diligent; careful. (Diligo, to 
love.) 

Dlllgenter, adv., carefully; with dili- 
gence. (Diligens.) 

Dimicatio, dimicati5n-is, /., a contest, 
struggle, fight. (Dimico.) 

DimiCO, avi, or ui, atum, are, to fight, 
struggle, contend. (Di, mlco.) 

DImitt-O, dimis-i, dimiss-um, dimitt- 
ere, to xend away, dismiss; let go; drop. 
(Di, mitto.) 

Bionysi-US, i, m., Dionysius, (proper 
name.) 

DirlgO, direx-i, direct- um, dirlg-ere, to 
set right ; make straight ; arrange ; di- 
rect, guide. (Di, rego.) 

Dirip-io, ui, dirept-um, dirip-ere, to 
carry off, plunder, destroy. (Di, rap- 
io.) 

Diru-O, i, diru-tum, ere, to pull down, 
destroy. (Di, ruo.) 

Disced-O, discess-i, discess-um, disccd- 
ere, to go away, depart; separate. 
(Di, cedo.) 

Discem-O, discrev-i, discretum, dis- 
cern-ere, to separate between, distin- 
guish, point out. (Di, cerno.) 

Discipul-US, i, m., a learner, pupil, 
disciple. (Disco.) 

Disc-O, dtdic-i, disc-2re, to learn. 

DiSCOrdi-a, ae, /., alienation of heart; 
discord, disagreement. (Discordo.) 

DisCOrd-O, avi, atum, are, to disagree. 
(Di, cor.) 

Dispar, gen. dispar- is, not a match, un- 
equal, unlike. (Di, par.) 

Dissimil-is, is, e, unlike, dissimilar. 
(Di, similis.) 

Dissimul-O, avi, atum, are, to conceal 
the truth, dissemble. (Di, simulo.) 

Dissolut-US, a, um, perf. part, of dis- 
solvo: as adj., abandoned, dissolute, 
licentious. 

Dissolv-O, i, dissSlutum, dissolv-ere, to 
break up, dissolve. (Di, solvo.) 

Distrah-O, distrax-i, distract-um, dis- 
trah-Sre, to tear asunder, separate ; dis- 
tract, peiplex. (Di, traho.) 



Distribu-O, i, turn, 5re, to divide, dis- 
tribute. (Di, tribuo.) 
Diu, adv., for a long lime. 
Diu.ti.US, adv., (compar. of diu), longer; 

(superl. diutissime.) 
Dili tum-US, a, um, of long continuance, 

protracted, lasting. (Diu.) 
Divers-US, a, um, different, varied, 

(perf. part, o/diverto.) 
Dives, gen. dlvlt-is, adj., rich; compar. 

divitior, or ditior; superl. divitissimus, 

or ditissimus. 
DlVld-O, divls-i, divis-um, dlvld-ere, to 

divide, sepai-ate. (Di, video ) 
DlVinit-US, adv., divinely, by divine di- 
rection. (Divinus.) 
DlVlU-US, a, um, belonging to a god; 

divine, heavenly. (Divus.) 
Divitiac-US, i, m., Divitiacus, a chief of 

the /Edui, a Gallic tribe. 
DlVlti-ae, arum, f. pi, riches, wealth, 

resources. (Dives.) 
DlV-US, i, m., a god, a deity. 
Do, dedi, datum, dare, to give, bestow: 

dare poenas, to suffer punishment: 

dare leto, to put to death. 
Doc-eo, ui, turn, ere, to teach, show, 

inform, tell. 
Docil-is, is, e, easily taught, quick in 

perception, docile. (Doceo.) 
Doct-US, a, um, taught, learned; (pmf. 

part, of doceo.) 
Document-um, i, n., lesson, example; 

proof, illustration; warning. (Doceo.) 
D61-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to feel pain ; to 

grieve, lament. (Dolor.) 
Dolo, or dolon, dol5n-is, m., a staff with 

sharp iron point; a sting. 
Dol-O, avi, atum, are, to hew; to bela- 
bour, cudgel. 
Dolor, dolor-is, m., pain, grief, sorrow. 
Dolose, adv., craftily, slyly, deceitfully.* 

(Dolosus.) 
D8l6s-US, a, um, crafty. (Dolus.) 
D61-US, i, m., adevice, trick; guile, fraud, 

deceit. 
Domi, gen. «/ domus, {used adverbially,) 

at home. 
Domicili-um, i, n., a house, abode, 

lodging, domicile. (Domus.) 
Domin-a, ae,/, a mistress, owner. 
Domm-US, i, m., a master, owner, lord m 

(Domus.) (See magister.) 
Dom-O, ui, ltum, are, to subdue, conquer 

tame. 
D6m-US, us, /., a house, home. (Step. 26.1 



204 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



D6neC, adv. or conj., until. 

Don-O, 5vi, atum, are, to give a gift, ; to 

bestow. (Doimrn.) 
Don-um, i, n., a gift, present. 
Dorm-io, Ivi, itum, Ire, to sleep. 
Dors-Tim, i, n., a back; ridge (of a hill, 

road, <Stc.) 
DOS, dot-is, /, a gift, dowry ; a gift of 

nature, an endowment. (Do.) 
Dubit-0, avi, atum, are, to doubt, hesi- 
tate. (Dubius.) 
Diibi-US, a, nra, doubtful, not easily 

settled; undecided. (Duo, two, and old 

verb, bito, to go.) 
Ducent-i, ae, a, two hundred. (Duo, 

centum.) 



Du.C-0, dux-i, duct-um, duc-ere, to lead, 
guide; think, suppose: ducere uxorom, 
to marry a wife. (Dux.) 

Dulc-is, is, e, sweet, pleasant, agreeable. 

Dum, conj. or adv., whilst. 

Dunmorix, Dumnorlg-is, m., Dumnoiir, 
an j£duan chief. 

Duo, ae, o, (curd, num.,) two. (Set 

p i 3d jK 
Duodecim, (card, num.,) twelve. 

Dupllc-O, avi, atum, are, to make two- 
fold, double; enlarge. (Duplex.) 

Dur-US, a, um, hard, harsh. 

Dux, due-is, m, or /, a leader, guide, 
commander. 



E, or ex, prep, unth abl., out of, from. E is 

used before consonants, and ex before 

vowels. 
Eblb-O, i, Ttum, ere, to drink up, drain. 

(E, bibo.) 
Ebur, 5b5r-is, «., ivory. 
Eburne-US, a, um, made of ivoi «. 

(Ebur.) 
Ecce, interj., lo! behold! look here! 
£d-0, edi, esum, edere, to eat, consume. 
Ed-O, Idi, Itum, 6re, to give forth, utter, 

publish, proclaim. (E, do.) 
Educ-O, eduxi, educt-um, educ-ere, to 

lead forth. (E, duco.) 
Edu.C-0, avi, atum, are, to bring up, edu- 
cate, train. 
Effect-US, us, m,, result, cfect, issue; 

success. (Efficio.) 
Eff ero, extul-i, elatum, effere, to carry 

forth; to bring out, publish; save. (E, 

fero.) 
Eff lgi-es, Ri, /., an image, likeness. (E, 

fingoO 
Effug-io, i. Itum, ere, to escape, avoid. 

(E, fugio.) 
Effugi-um, i, n., escape, rescue. (Effu- 

gio.) 
Effund-O, effudi, effusum, effundere, to 

pour forth, gush out; lavish* (E, fundo.) 
Effus-US, a, um, perf. part, of effundo, 

spread abroad. 
Egens, gen. egent-is, adj., poor, needy: 

(part. pres. <f egto.) 
Eg-eO, ui, ere, to be in need, to want, to 

be poor. 



EgO, mei, /, (first pers. pron., — on u-hich 
see p. 41.) 

Egredior, egressus sum, egrgdi, (dep. 
3,) to go forth, depart. (E, giadior.) 

Egregi-US, a, um, extraordinary; ex- 
cellent; conspicuous. (E, grex.) 

Ejici-O, ejec-i, eject-um, ejicere, to cast 
out, throw forth, banish, (E, jaeio.) 

Elabor, elapsus sum, elabi, (dep. 3,) to 
glide forth, slip away, escape. (E. labor.) 

Elaps-US, a, um, perf. part, of elabor. 

Elat-US, a, um, perf. part, o/effero. 

Eleganti-a, ae, /, neatness of drat, ele- 
gance, grace. (Elegans.) 

EleV-O, avi, atum, are. to lift up, raise; 
make light; make light of, disparage. 
(E, leva) 

Ellg-O, elegi, electum, ellgSre, to choose, 
select, elect (E, lego.) 

Eloquens, gen- eloquent-is, part, o/elo- 
quor ; also, adj., eloquent, speaking well 
(out.) 

Elud-O, elus-i. elusum, elud-ere, to es- 
cape from; mock; elude, baffle. (E. 
ludo.) 

Emln-eo, ui, ere, to tower upward, be 
raised high, be conspicuous. (E, mineo; 
see immineo.) 

Emitt-O, emls-i, emiss-um, emitt-ere, 
to send forth ; letfaU, drop. (E, mitto. > 

Emorior, emortuus sum, em5ri, (dep. 3j 
to die outright, to die. (E, morioi.) 

En, interjec., lo! behold! 

Enim, conj., for, = and the reason a. 

EnS-is, is, m., a strord. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



201 



Eo, Ivi, It am, Ire, to go. {See p. 82.) 

Eo, adv., to that place, thither : also, 
there. 

Ephesi-us, a, um, of Ephesus; (applied 
to Diana.) 

Epist61-a, ae, /., a letter, epistle, de- 
spatch. 

Eques, eqult-is, m., a horseman; a knight. 
(Equus.) 

Equester, (or equestr-is,) is, e, equestrian, 
belonging to a horseman, or to cavalry. 
(Eqnes.) 

Equidem, adv., indeed, I for my part. 
(Ero, quidem.) 

Equitat-US, fis, m., cavalry, horse sol- 
diers.. (Equito.) 

Equit-O, avi, atum, are, to ride. (Eques.) 

Erect-US, a, um, raised up, erect : erecta 
expectatione, expectation being on tip- 
toe, (per/, part, of erlgo.) 

Erga, prep, with accus., towards. 

Ergo, ado., therefore, accordingly. 

Erig-O, erex-i, erect-um, erlg-ere, to set 
up, raise; encourage. (E, rego.) 

Erip-io, ui, erept-um, erlp-gre, to snatch 
away; drag from, rescue. (E, rapio.) 

Eriid-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to cultivate, pol- 
ish; educate, instruct. (E, rudis.) 

Erumpo, erupi, eruptum, erump-ere, 
to burst forth, sally forth. (E, rumpo.) 

Esc-a, ae, /., food; a bait. (Sdo, 
es-um.) 

Escend-O, i, escens-urn, escend-Sre, to 
climb up, mount. (E, scando.) 

Esquilin-US, i, m., the Esquiline hill at 
Rome. 

Esiir-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to desire to eat; 
be hungry. (Edo, es-um.) 

Et, conj., and: et— efc, both— and: adv., 
also. 

Etiam, conj., also, and also ; adv., also, 
even. 

Etruri-a, ae,/., Etruria, part of Italy. 

EtrilSC-i, orum, m., the Etrurians. 

Evad-O, evas-i, evas-um, evad-Sre, to go 
forth, escape. (E, vado.) 

Evagat-US, perf. part. 0/ evador. 

Evagor, evagatus sum, evagari, to wan- 
der forth. (E, vagor.) 

Evell-O, evelli {or evulsi), evuls-um, 
evell-ere, to pluck out, pull out. (E, 
vello.) 

Event-US, us, m., an event, issue, result. 
(Evenio.) 

Evert-O, i, evers-um, evert-6re, to over- 
turn. (E, verto.) | 



EVOC-O, avi, atum, are, to call out, sum- 
mon. (E, voco.) 

Ex, prep, with abl., out of. (See E.) 

Exactor, exactor-is, m,, an overseer, 
collector. (Exlgo.) 

Excell-O, ui, excels-um, excell-gre, to be 
eminent; to surpass, exceed, excel. (Ex, 
cello.) 

Excio, exclvi (excii), excltum, exclre, 
(part., excltus, or excltus), to call forth, 
rouse, excite. (Ex, cio, or cieo.) 

Excipi-O, excepi, except-um, excip-5re, 
to take in succession, to follow, succeed ; 
catch. (Ex, capio.) 

Excitat-US, a, um, perf. part, of ex- 
clto. 

Excit-O, avi, atum, are, to rouse hastily ; 
calljorth; excite. (Ex, cito.) 

Excltus, (or excltus), perf. part, of 
excio. 

Exempl-um, i, n., an example, an illus- 
tration, instance; fable. 

Exeo, exii, exltum, exlre, to go forth, 
depart. (Ex, eo.) 

Exerc-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to exercise, prac- 
tise, employ. (Ex, arceo.) 

ExerClt-US, us, m., an army. (Ex- 
erceo.) 

Exhlb-eo, ui, ttutn, ere, to hold forth, 
exhibit, show; make proof of. (Ex, 
habeo.) 

ExigO, exegi, exactum, exig-Sre, to 
drive out; to spend; pass time. (Ex, 
ago.) 

Exili-um, (or exsilium), i, »., exile, 
banishment. (Exul.) 

Existim-O, avi, atum, are, to esteem, 
value; consider. (Ex, aestimo.) 

Exiti-um, i, n., destruction. (Exeo.) 

Exit-US, us, m., departure; issue, end. 
(Exeo.) 

Exorior, exortus sum, exorlri, (dep. 3,) 
to rise out of, to arise; begin. (Ex, 
orior.) 

Exorn-O, 5.vi, atum, are, to adorn, equip, 
ornament. (Ex, orno.) 

Ex6r-0, avi, atum, are, to obtain by en- 
treaty ; to beg earnestly. (Ex, oro.) 

Expectatio, (or exspectatio), expecta- 
tion-is, /, expectation. (Expecto.) 

Expect-O, avi, atum, are, to wait for, 
expect. 

Exped-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to set free, re- 
move obstructions, extricate ; get ready • 
explain: expSdit, impers., it is profit- 
able. (Ex, owd pes, pedis.) 



:oc 



LAI IX VOCABULARY. 



Expello, expiili, expuls-um, expell-ere, 
to drive out, expel, banish, (Ex, pello.) 

Experimen-tum, i, n., a trial, test, ex- 
periment. Experior.) 

Experior, expertus sum, exper-iri, (dep. 
4,) to try, experience. (From root peri-, 
to try, as found in peri-tus, peri-culum, 
dec.) 

Expers, gen., expert-is, adj., iciihout 
a share of, devoid of, destitute of. (Ex. 
pars.) 

Explic-O, avi or ui, atum, or ttnm, are. 
to unravel, unfold; make plain; expand. 
(Ex, plico.) 

Expl6rat-US, a, um, perf part, of ex- 
plore. 

Explor-O, avi, atum, are, {to cry aloud.) 
to search out, examine, reconnoitre, ex- 
plore. (Ex, ploro.) 

Expono, exposu-i, exposTt-um, expon- 
Sre, to set forth, put forth, expose, make 
known, display. (Ex, pono.) 

Exposco, expoposci, exposc-ere, to de- 
mand eagerly, implore, entreat. (Ex, 
posco.) 

Expos! t-US, a, um, perf. part: of ex- 
port o. 

Expugll-O, avi, atum, are, to take by 
storm, storm, capture. (Ex, pngno.) 

Expuls-US, a, um, perf part, of ex- 
pello. 

Exser-O, ui. turn, ere, to thrust forth ; set 
forth plainly ; show; prove. (Ex, sero.) 

Exsili-um. (See Exilium.) 

Exspect-O, avi, atum, are, to look for, 
expect, await. (Ex, specto.) 



Exspir-O, avi, atnm, are, to breathe forth, 
expire, die. (Ex, spiro.) 

Exstinct-US, a. um, (or extinctus, )/><?//. 
part, of exstinguo. 

Exstinguo, (or extinguo,) exstinxi, ex- 
stinctum, exstingu-gre, to blot out, put 
out, extinguish, destroy: exstinctns mor- 
bo, having died of disease. (Ex, tinguo.) 

Exsul. (See Exul.) 

Exsul-o. (See Exulo.) 

Exsuit-O, avi, atum, are, to bound forth, 
leap up; exult; rejoice, (Exsilio.) 

Ext-a, orum, n. pi, the entrails, (heart, 
lungs, liver.) 

ExteiT-eO, ui, Itum, ere, to terrify, af- 
fright. (Ex, terreo.) 

Extra, adv., outside, beyond: prep, with 
accus., beyond, without. 

Extract-US, a, um, perf. part, of ex- 
traho. 

Extraho, extrax-i, extractum, extrah- 
gre, to draw forth, pull out, extract. 
(Ex, traho.) 

Extrem-US, a, um, superl o/exte 
exter, (seep. 37, 6), the last; highest. 

Extund.0, extudi, extiisum, extund-ere, 
to beat out, kick ouL (Ex, tundo.) 

Exul, exul-is, m, or/., an exile. 

Exulo, avi, atum, are, (or exsulo,) to be 
an exile ; to go into exile, (Exul.) 

Exii-O, i, (u)tum, Src, to strip off. plunder, 
despoil, divest of: exuere patrem, to di- 
vest {one's self) of a father's feelings. (Ec 
[ex] duo.) 

Exur-O, exuss-i, exust-um, exur-i-re, to 
burn up, parch, dry. (Ex, uro.) 



Fabell-a, ae, /.. a little fable, a fable, 
story. (Fabula.) 

Faber, fabri, m., a workman, mechanic. 

Fabul-a, ae,/., a fable, (For, fa-tus.) 

Faci-eS, ei, /., make, form, appearance ; 
face, countenance. (Facio.) 

Facile, adv., easily ; (rarely, facililer.) 

Facll-is, is, e, easy ; affable. (For com- 
parison, seep. 37.) (Faeio.) 

Facilius, adv., more easily. 

Faciaus, facinor-is, n., a deed; (gener- 
ally) a bad action, a crime, (Facio.) 

Facio, feci, factum, fac-ere, to do, make: 
passive, fio, p. 82. 

Factio, faction-is, /., a party, clique, 
faction. (Facio.) 



Fact-US, a, um, perf. part, of fio, p. S2. 
(See Facio.) 

FaCUUd-US, a, um, eloquent, fluent; i.e., 
composing readily. (For, fa. 
speak.) 

Fallax, gen,, fallac-is, adj., c 
treacherous. (Fallo.) 

Fallo, fefelli, falsum, fall-ere. to deecire, 
cheat; to escape notice: fallere fidem, 
to break faith, 

Faleri*i, orum, m,, FaJerii, a town of 
Etruria, in Italy. 

FallSC-i, orum, m,, the Falisci, inhabi- 
tants of Fclerii. 

Fals-US. a, um, false, deceitful, treacher- 
ous. (Fallo.) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



20 



Fam-a, ae, /., report, rumour; the talk 
of the country; fame. (For, ftl-tus.) 

Fain-es, is,/, hunger ; famine ; poverty. 

Famili-a, ae, /., a household (of slaves) ; 
domestics; a family. (Famulus.) 

Familiaritas, familiaritat-is, /., inti- 
macy, friendship. (Familia.) 

Fan-um, i, n., a shrine, temple. (For, 
fa-tus.) 

Fas, n., (indeclinable,) right, (according 
to law of Heaven.) 

Fastld-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to loathe, dis- 
dain, scorn. (Fast us, haughtiness.) 

Fast-US, a, um, lawful: fastus dies, a 
day on which common business might be 
done; (opposed to nefaslus.) (Fas.) 

Fateor, fassus sum, fat-eri, to confess, 
acknowledge. (For, fa-tus.) 

Fatlg-atus, a, um, perf.part. o/fatlg-o, 
avi, &c, to weary, tire; annoy, vex. 

Fatisco, (more rarely fatiscor, dep.), 
fatisc-ere, to go into clefts, to crack, 
open ; be wearied. 

Fat-um, i, n,fate, destiny. (For, fu-tus.) 

Faustiil-US, i, m., Faustulus. 

Fauc-es, ium, /. pi, the throat, gullet ; 
mouth; a narrow pass, strait, defile. 
(Fauce, abl. sing, of obsolete faux, some- 
times used.) 

(Faux.) See fauces. 

FaV-US, i, m., a honey-comb. 

Fax, fac-is,/, a torch, firebrand. 

Fecial-is, (or fetialis,) is, m., a priest: 
pi, fecial-es, ium, m., a brotherhood of 
priests at Rome, under whose charge were 
the demanding of satisfaction from ene- 
mies who had injured the state, the declar- 
ation of war, and the making of treaties. 

Fel-es, (or fel-is,) is,/., a cat. 

Felix, gen., fellc-is, adj., fruitful; favour- 
able, lucky, fortunate, happy. (Fe, root 
of old verb, fco, which is seen in fe-tus, 
fe-cundus, fe-mina, <£c.) 

Femin-a, ae, /, a female (of any ani- 
mal) ; a woman, (See under Felix.) 

Fenestr-a, ae,/, an opening in the wall 
of a house (to admit light) ; a window. 

Fer-a, ae, /, a wild beast. 

Fere, adv., almost, commonly. 

Fer-io, fer-Ire, to strike; kill 

Fer-0, tuli, latum, ferre, to carry, bear; 
say ; to suffer : aegre ferre, to lake 
amiss, take to heart. 

Ferox, ferSc-is, adj., self-confident, proud; 
wild, fierce, savage, cruel; haughty. 
(Ferus.) 



Ferr-Uin, i, n,, iron ; a sword. 

Fer-US, a, um, wild, savage, fierce. 

Fer-US, i, m., a wild beast. 

Fess-US, a, um, wearied, worn out, ex- 
hausted. (Fatisco.) 

Festin-O, avi, atum, are, to make haste, 
hasten. 

Fet-US, us, m., offspring, young, a brood. 
(See Felix.) 

Fict-US, a, um, perf. part, of fingo, 
made-up, feigned, groundless. 

Fldel-is, is, e, faithful, trustworthy, re- 
liable. (Fides.) 

Fld-es, Si,/, faith; truthfulness, sincerity; 
honesty; credit; a vow; promise: ser- 
vare fidem, to keep a promise : violate 
fidem, to break a promise. 

Flduci-a, ae, /., confidence; hence, pre- 
sumption, assurance. (Fidus.) 

Fld-US, a, um, trusty, faithful, to be re- 
lied on. (Fido.) 

Flgiir-a, ae, /., figure, shape; make. 
(Fingo, root of which is fig-.) 

Flli-a, ae, /, a daughter ; dat. and abl. 
pi, filiis, or filiabus. 

Flli-US, i, m., a son: voc. sing., fill, for 
filie. 

Fing-O, finx-i, fict-um, fing-ere, to make 
up, fashion, form ; invent; devise; feign. 

Fin-i.0, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to finish, put an 
end to. (Finis.) 

Fin-is, is, m. or /, an end, limit, fron- 
tier : in pi, territory. 

Finitim-US, a, um, bordering on, neigh- 
bouring: as subst., a neighbour, inti- 
matefriend. (Finis.) 

FlO, factus sum, fieri, (pass, o/facio,) to 
be made ; become ; happen. (See p. 82. ) 

Firm-US, a, um,firm, strong, well-knit. 

Fisc-US, i, m., a money bag, purse. 

Flagell-um, i, n., a lash, whip ; (dimin. 
o/flagrum, a whip.) 

Flaglt-O, avi, atum, are, to demand 
(imperiously), insist on. (Frequentative, 
verb from root flag-, which occurs in 
flagro, to burn, be in a passion.) 

Flamen, flam!n-is, m., a priest (of some 
particular deity). (Said to be from 
filum, a fillet, which was worn on the 
head. Old form of spelling, filamen.) 

Flamm-a, ae, /, a flame, blaze, torch. 
(From root flag-, (see Flagito,) as if 
flagma.) 

Flav-US, a, um, yellow, golden. 

Flecto, flexi, flexuin, flect-ere, to lend; 
change; turn. 



208 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Fl-eo, evi, Stum, 5re, to iceep, lament, 
wail. 

Flet-US, us, 77i., weeping, lamentation, 
wailing. 

F16r-eo, ui, ere, to flower, flourish ; be 
prosperous; be famous. (Flos.) 

Flos, fl5r-is, 771., a blossom, flower. 

Fluct-US, us, 77i., a ware, billow. 
(Fluo.) 

Flumen, flumln-is, n., a stream, river; 
flood. (Fluo.) 

Fluvi-US, i, 7?j., a stream, river. (Fluo.) 

F6cul-US, i, m., a little hearth, brazier, 
chafing dish ; (dimin. from focus, a 
hearth.) 

Fod-io, f5di, fossum, fod-ere, to dig, 
delve, penetrate. 

Foed-US, a, um, foul; disgraceful. 

FoeduS, foedgr-is, n., a league, treaty: 
icere loedus, to make a treaty. 

F81i-um, i, »?., a leaf. 

FoUS, font-is, 7?j., a fountain, spring. 

For, fatus sum, fari, (dep.,) to speak, de- 
clare, <Lc. 

Foras, adv., to the doors, outward, out of 
doors; abroad. It is an old accus. 
pi., whose dat. and abl. appear in the 
adv./o7-ts, out of doors, abroad. 

Fore, and fBrem, to be about to be; (de- 
fective verb, for which see p. 7S, 
note t-) 

Form-a, ae, /., shape, form; beauty; 
general appearance, carriage, bearing. 
(Said to be derived from f&ro, or from 
Gr. fj.op<j>rj, by transposition of letters.) 

FormiC-a, ae,/, an ant. 

FormdS-US, a, um, finely formed, beauti- 
ful, (Forma.) 

Forsan, (for fors sit an,) adt , perhaps, 
''chance so." (Fors, chance.) 

Forte, adv., by chance, perhaps. (Fors.) 

~ort-is, is, e, strong; brave, 

Fortissime, adv., (superl,) very bravely. 

Fortltudo, fortitudln-is, /, brai\ry; 
fortitude; endurance, (Fortls.) 

Fortuit-US, a, um, accidental, chance, 
casual. (Fors.) 

Fortun-a, ae, /., fortune: os proper 
name, the goddess Fortune. (Fors.) 

F5r-um, i, t?., a market-place; Vie For- 
um (at Rome.) 

F8ve-a, &e.f.,apit: well 

Foveo, fovi, fotum, fov-ere, to warm; 
cherish; caress, fondle. 

Fract-US, a, um. broken; (perf. part, of 
trango.) 



Fraen-um, (or frenum,) i, «., a oit; 
bridle: pi. fraena, n., or fraeui, 7/i. 
(See Frenum.) 
Fragor, fragor-is, 77>., a crash, noise. 

din, (Frango.) 
Frang-O, freg-i, fract-um, frang-gre, to 

break, shatter; overcome, subdue. 
Frater, fratr-is, m., a brother. 
Fraud-O, avi, atum, are, to cheat, de- 
ceive, overreach, outwit. (Fraus.) 
Fraus, fraud-is, /., deceit, guile, fraud. 

trick. 
Fren-tim, i, n. (See fraenum.) 
Frequentius, 'adv., more thickly (peo- 
pled), more crowded; more frequently. 
(Frequens.) 
Frequent-O, avi. atum, are, to visit fre- 
quently; frequent. (Frequens.) 
FrigUS, frigor-is, n., cold: in pi, coll 

days, cold weather. 
Friv61-tlS, a, um, silly; trifling, ptttj, 

frivolous; worthless. 
Frons, front-is, /., the forehead, brow; 

front. 
Frons, frond- is,/., a leaf; foliage. 
Fmct-HS, us, m., enjoyment; fruit, 
.produce; income; consequence, result 

(Fruor.) 
Frument-um, (ue , fi flgimentum,) i, n., 

corn, grain. (Fruges.) 
Fruor, fructus, or fruitns sum, frul, 

(dep. 3,) to enjoy, delight in. 
Fmstra, adv., in vain ; uselessly. 
Frust-um, i, n., a bit, crumb, broken 

piece, scrap. 
FruteX, frutlc-is, m,, a shrub, bush ; 

shrubbery. 
Frux, frug -is, (usually in pi, Brig 

■am, f, fruits of the earth, produce, ykid. 
FUC-HS, i, 771., a drone bee. 
Fuffeti-US, i, 771., Fuffetius. 
Fug-a, ae, /.. flight. 
Fug-io, fuje-i, fugltum, fug-ere, to flee, 

run away; try to escape; avoid. (Fuga.) 
Fu.glt-0, avi, atum, are, to run away 

hastily, scamper off. (Frequentative, 

from fucio.) 
Ftig-O, avi, atum, are, to put to flight, 

hunt away, beat off. (Fuga.) 
Fulg-eo, tuls-i, fulg-ere, to shine, 

glitter. 
FttlgttT, fulgur-is, n.. lightning. 

Fulgeo.) 
Fulmen, fulmln-is, n.. (i.e., fulgimeiO 

a thunderbolt ; a calamity. (Fulgeo.) 
Fulmine-US, a, am, belonging to light- 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



209 



ning; lightning -like; thundering; de- 
structive. (Fulmen.) 

Pund-a, ae, /, a sling; casting net. 

FundltUS, adv., from the very founda- 
tion ; by the root ; entirely, completely. 
(Fundus.) 

Fund-O, avi, atum, are, to lay the base- 
ment of, found; fasten, secure. (Fundus.) 

Fundo, fudi, fusum, fund-gre, to pour 
out ; shed ; produce abundantly ; put to 
rout, defeat. 



Fund-US, i, m., the bottom or lose or 

anything; a farm, estate. 
Fiinus, fungr-is, n., a burial, funeral; 

death. 
Fur, fur-is, m. or/., a thief. 
Furi-US, i, m., Furius (M. Camillas). 
Furtim, adv., by stealth ; secretly. 

(Fur.) 
Fust-is, is, m., a club, cudgel. 
Futur-US, a, um, about to be; (fut. 

part, of sum, p. 78.) 



G. 



Gabi-i, ornm, 777. pi., Gabii, a town of 

Latium, in Italy. 
Gabin-i, orum, m., the people of Gabii; 

(77.0m. pi. masc. of following.) 
Gabln-US, a, um, belonging to^ Gabii. 
Gall-i, orum, m., the Gauls: sing., 

Gallus, a Gaul. 
Galli-a, ae, /., Gaul, {France.) 
Gall-US, i, 77i., a Gaul: proper name, 

Gallus : as common noun, a cock. 
Gaudeo, gavisus sum, gaud-ere, to re- 
joice, to be glad ; to delight in. 
Gaudi-um, i, n.Joy, gladness. (Gaudeo.) 
Gelu, gelus, ra., (also in norn., gelus, m., 

and gelum, 7?.,) cold, frosty chill. 
Gemin-O, avi, atum, are, to double. 
Gemin-US, a, um, twin; twofold: gem- 
in i, twins. 
Gemme-US, a, um, set with gems, pearly; 

spangled; variegated. (Gemma, a gem.) 
Gen-a, &e,f.,acheek: usually in pi. genae. 
Gener, gener-i, m., a son-in-law. 
Genitor, gSnitOr-is, m., a father; parent. 

(Gigno, ge«-ui.) 
Gens, gent-is,/., a nation, tribe. 
Genu, gen-us, w., the knee: pi. gSnua. 
Genus, genSr-is, 7»., kind, race; origin. 

(Gen-, root 0/ gigno.) 
German-i, orum, m., the Germans. 
Ger-O, gessi, gestum, ger-ere, to wear; 

bear, carry : gerere se, to conduct one's 

self, behave as. 
Gign-O, gen-ui, genit-um, gign-ere, to 

beget, bring forth. 
Glaci-es, ei, /., ice. 
Gladi-US, i, m., a sword. 
Glans, gland-is, /, an acorn. 
Gleb-a, ae, /., a clod, the soil. 
Gloria, ae, /, glory, renown. 
Gl6ri-or, at us sum, ari, (dep. I,) to glory, 

boast. (Gloria.) 



G16ri6s-US, a, um, glorious, famed; 

boastful. (Gloria.) 
Gracil-is, is, e, slender, delicate, thin; 

graceful. (Seep. 37.) 
GraCUl-US, i, m., a jackdaw, a jay. 
Grad-US, us, m., a step, pace, degree. 
Graeci-a, ae, /, Greece. 
Graec-US, i, m., a Greek: pi, Graecf, 

the Greeks. 
Gramen, gramln-is, 7»., a blade of grass; 

grass, pasture. 
Gran-um, i, n., a pile, pickle, grain ; 

corn. 
Grass-OT, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to ad- 
vance; proceed against ; attack. (Grad- 

ior.) 
Grati-a, ae, /., favour, grace ; beauty ; 

gratitude : agere gratias, to thank : 

habere gratias, to be grateful: gratia, 

abl., for the sake of: redire in gratiam, 

to be reconciled. 
Grati-ae, arum, / pi, thanks. (See 

Gratia.) 
Gratul-or, atus sum, ari, to wish joy, 

congratulate. (Gratus.) 
Grat-US, a, um, agreeable, pleasant ; 

grateful. 
Gravat-US, a, um, oppressed, weighed 

doion, overburdened; (perf. part, of 

gravo, to oppress.) 
Grav-is, is, e, heavy, weighty; impor- 
tant. 
GraVlter, adv., (compar. gravius, superl. 

gravissime,) heavily, severely, greatly; 

sorely. (Gravis.) 
Grav-O, avi, atum, are, to render heavy, 

burden, load, oppress. (Gravis.) 
Grex, greg-is, 777., a flock, herd. 
Grus, or gruis, gruis, m. or/, a crane. 
Gust-O, avi, atum, are, to taste. 
Gutt-a, ae, /., a drop. 



U-'*) 



H 



210 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



flab-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to have; hold; 
consider. 

Hablt-O, avi, Stum, are, to dwell in, in- 
habit. (Habeo.) 

Hablt-US, us, m., habit ; external dress 
or appearance ; manner, way. (Habeo.) 

Haer-eo, liaes-i, haes-um, haer-ere, to 
stick to, stick fast, cling, adhere, 

Hast-a, ae, /., a spear. 

Haud, adv., not ; by no means. 

Haust-US, us, 77i., a draught. (Haurio, 
haust-um.) 

Helvlti-i, orum, m., the Helvetii, (Swiss.) 

Herciil-es, is, m., Hercules: Hercule, 
adv., used as an oath,— By Hercules! 

Heri, adv., yesterday. 

HeuS, interj., ho ! hark ! holla ! 

Hlbern-a, orum, n. pi., winter quarters: 
(n. pi. of adj., hibein-us, a, um.) 
(Hiems.) 

Hie, haec, hoc, this, (see p. 42) : abl., hoc, 
on this account. 

HlC, adv., in this place, here; on this, 
hereupon. (Hie.) 

Hlem-O, avi. atum, are, to pass the win- 
ter ; to winter. (Hiems.) 

Hiem-S, hiem-is,/, winter. 

HinC, adv., from this place (or time) 



hence; hereafter; from this causes -Host-is, is, tt?. or/, an enemy. 



(Hie) 

Hirc-US, i, 771., a he-goat. 

Hist6ri-a, ae, /, a history, story, record. 

Homo, homln-is, m. or /., a human 
being, a man or woman, a child ; man- 
kind. 

Honest-US, a, um, respected; honour- 
able; honest, upright. (Honor.) 



Honor, or honos, hSnor-is, m., honour, 

glory; preferment; office (oftrusL) 
Hon6r-0, avi, atum, are, to honour, 

esteem, respect. (Honor.) 
H5ra, ae,/., an hour; time. 
Hdrati-i, orum, m., the (brothers) Hor- 

atii. 
HSrati-US, i, m., Horatiui, Horace. 

Horatius Cocks. 
Horde-um, i, n., barley. 
Horrend-US, a, um, to be dreaded; 

dreadful; (fut. part. pass, [gerundive] 

of horreo.) 
Horr-eo, ui, ere, to shudder ; be afraid 

of, dread. (Horror.) 
Horre-U.m, i, n., a bam, grain-store. 
Horror, honor-is, m., horror, dread. 
Hort-or, atus sum, aii, to exhort; en- 
courage. 
Hort-US, i, 777., an enclosed place ; garden. 
HospSs, hosptt-is, 773,, a stranger, guest; 

host. 
Hosplti-um, i, n., hospitality ; a place oj 

entertainment, lodging. (Hospes.) 
Hostll-is, is, e, of or belonging to an 

enemy; hostile, inimical (Hostis.) 
Hostlli-US, i, 772., Hostilius : Tullus Hos- 

tilius. 



Human-US, a, um, belonging to ' man- 
kind, human; kind. (H<5mo.) 

Humer-US, i, rn,, the upper bone or part 
of the arm ; the shoulder. 

HumlMs, is, e, low-lying ; lowly, 
humble. (Humus.) 

Hum-US, i, /, the earth, the ground. 

Hydr-US, i, m., a water-serpent. 



Ibi, adv., there. 

Ic-O, i, turn, 5ie, to strike: icere foedus, 

to make a league. 
Ict-US, us, 771,, a stroke, blow. (Ico.) 
Ict-US, a, um, struck; (perf. part, of 

ico.) 
Idem, eadem, Idem, gen. ejusdem, the 

same. (See p. 43.) 
Ideo, adv., therefore, accordingly, on that 

account, for that reason* 
Igltur, adv , therefore, then. 



Ignavi-a, ae, /., traTj* of acticity ; idle- 
ness; cowardice. (Ignavus.) 

IgnaV-US, a, um, inactive; idle, lazy; 
cowardly. (In, gnavus.) 

Ign-is, is. rn., fire. 

Ign6r-0, avi, atum, are, to lx ignorant 
of, not to know. (Ignarus.) [pardon. 

Ig-nosCO, novi, notum, noscgre, to 

Ign6t-US, a, um, unknown; unacquainted 
with, strange. (In, notus.) 

Hie, ilia, illud, that (Seep. 4?. Sl) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



211 



YmagO, imagtn-ls,/, an image, likeness. 

Imbecill-us, a, um, weak, feeble. 

Imbell-is, is, e, unwarlike ; cowardly. 
(In, bellum.) 

Imber, imbr-is, m., rain, a shower. 

Imit-or, atus sum, ari, to imitate, 
copy. 

Immatur-US, a, um, unripe, premature. 
(In [not], maturus.) 

lmmin-eo, ui, ere, to overhang (in a 
threatening way), impend, be imminent. 

Immisc-eo, ui, immist-um (or immlxt- 
um), immisc-5re, to mingle with, mix. 
(In, misceo.) 

Immitt-O, immls-i, immiss-um, immitt- 
Sre, to send into; let loose. (In, mitto.) 

Immol-O, avi, atum, are, to sacrifice, 
immolate. (In, m51a.) 

Impar, gen., impai-is, adj., unequal to, 
not a match for. (In, not, and par.) 

Impedlment-um, i, n., an obstruction, 
hindrance: in pi., impSdlmenta, bag- 
gage. (Impedio.) 

Imped-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, to obstruct, 
entangle, hinder. (In, and pes, pedis.) 

Impedlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of im- 
pgdio. 

Impend-eo, Ere, to overhang, impend, 
threaten. (In, pendeo.) 

Imperator, imp8rator-is, m., a military 
commander, general. (Inrpeto.) 

Imperi-um, i, n., military command; 
power, authority; empire. (Impem) 

Imper-O, avi, atum, are, to command, 
govern, rule, give orders. (In, and paro ; 
literally, to put upon: so compare-, to 
put together ; separo, to put asunder.) 

Impetr-O, avi, atum, are, to obtain, pro- 
cure. (In, patro, to bring to pass.) 

Impet-US, us, m., an attack, assault; 
impetuosity; violent motion; impulse. 
(Impeto.) 

Impiger, impigr-n, impigr-um, not slow; 
not idle; not lazy; active, energetic. (In, 
piger.) 

Imping-O, impeg-i, impact-um, imping- 
Sre, to dash against; drive into ; fling. 
(In, pango.) 

Impi-US, a, um, undutiful; unholy; im- 
pious, profane. (In, puts.) 

Impl-eo, evi, etum, ere, to fill up, fill. 
(In, pleo.) 

Implic-O, avi (or ui), atum (or Icitum), 
ai'e, to entwine, entangle: impttcatus 
morbo, attacked with disease; i.e., en- 
tangled in the meshes of disease. 



Imp6n-0, imp5su-i, impBsTtum, imp5n- 
Sre, to put upon, lay upon. (In, pono ) 

Import-O, avi, atum, are, to carry into, 
import, introduce ; bring upon, cause. 
(In, porto.) 

Imp6sit-US, a, um, perf. part, of im- 
pono. 

Improbitas, improbitat-is, /., want of 
uprightness ; wickedness; violence. (lift- 
probus.) 

Impr6b-US, a, um, not upright; regard- 
less ; wicked. (In, probus.) 

Imprudens, gen., imprudent-is, adj., 
not foreseeing; thoughtless, inconsiderate, 
imprudent; unaware. (In, prudens.) 

Impudens, gen. impiident-is, adj., 
without shame, shameless, barefaced, 
impudent. (In, pudens.) 

Imp Hue, adv., without punishment, with 
impunity, safely. (In poena. See Pu- 
nio.) 

Impiit-O, avi, atum, are, to attribute to, 
impute, reckon against. (In, puto.) 

Im-US, a, um, inmost, lowest: used as form 
of superl. of inferus. (See p. 37.) (By 
some said to be contracted for inimus 
[superl. of in]; by others from infimus.) 

In, prep, with abl., in, on, at, among, 
near; with accus., into, toward, to, 
against. Used as a prefix, in, into, &c; 
as, importo, influo. (For change of final 
letter, see next word.) 

In, used as a prefix, = un, or '■not ' in Eng- 
lish. Before b and p it becomes im; 
before I, m, r, it is assimilated : as, il- 
labor for inlabor, imbellis for inbellis, 
irrideo for inrideo. 

Inambiil-O, avi, atum, are, to walk up 
and down. (In, ambulo.) 

Inan-is, is, e, empty, void; useless; vain. 

Incedo, incessi, incessum, inced-ere, to 
go into; advance, march forward: 
strut, stalk. (In, cedo.) 

Incend-O, i, incens-um, incend-gre, to 
set on fire, burn. (Root can-, as in 
candeo.) 

Incens-US, a, um, inflamed; enraged; 
(perf. part, ofincendo.) 

Incid-O, i, incas-um, incid-Sre, to fall 
upon, attack ; fall in with ; occur, hap- 
pen. (In cado.) 

Incipi-O, incep i, incept-um, inclp-c're, 
to begin; take up; undertake. (In, 
capio.) 

Incitat-US, a, um, urged on, stimulated, 
prompted; (peif. part. 0/ Incite) 



212 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



I ncit-O, avi, atum, are, to urge on, in- 
cite, stimulate, (In cito.) 

Inclam-O, avi, atum, are, to shout aloud; 
shout to; call out against, reproach. 
(In, clamo.) 

Includ-O, inclus-i, inclus-um, includ- 
§re, to shut in, include; confine; hin- 
der. (In, claudo.) 

Inclyt-US, (or inclltus, or inclutns,) a, 
um, much heard of, famed, celebrated. 
(In, elueo, to be esteemed.) 

Incdl-a, ae, m. or/., an inhabitant. (In- 
colo.) 

Incolum-is, is, e, unhurt, safe; entire. 
(Etymology doubtful.) 

Inconveniens, gen. inconvenient-is, 
adj., not agreeing with; not suitable; 
dissimilar, incongruous. (In, con- 
venio.) 

Increp-O, ui, Ttum, are, to make a harsh 
noise; to upbraid, reproach, revile. 
(In, crepo.) 

Incresc-O, increv-i, incresc-gre, to grow 
on, increase. (In, cresco.) 

Incursio, incursion-is,/., a running for- 
ward; incursion, inroad, invasion. 
(In, cur ro.) 

Incuti-O, incuss-i, incuss-um, incut-6re, 
to strike into or against; hurl; inspire 
with. (In, quatio.) 

Inde, adv., from that place, thence; there; 
thereafter. 

Index, indlc-is, m. or /, something that 
points: hence, an informer; a mark, 
sign; means of information. (In, and 
die-, to point out. See Dico.) 

IndlC-O, avi, atum, are, to point out, 
indicate, show. (Index.) 

IndlCO, indix-i, indict-um, iudlc-gre, to 
say aloud, proclaim, declare, (In, dico.) 

Indignat-US, a, urn, p. part, o/indignor. 

Indigne, adv., in an unworthy manner, 
unaorthily; shamefully. (Indignus.) 

Indign-or, atus sum, ili, (dep. 1,) to 
consider unworthy ; be angry at ; (o be 
indignant. (Indignus.) 

Industri-a, ae. /, diligence, actirUu. in- 
dustry. (Industrius.) 

Industri-US, a, um, diligent, act ire, in- 
dustrious. 

Inedi-a, ae, /., abstaining from food; 
icunt, hunger; starvation. (In, edo.) 

Inepti-a, ae, /., silly conduct, folly : in 
pi., ineptiae, trifles; absurdities, fooler- 
ies. (Ineptus.) 

Iliers, gtn inert-is, adj., devoid of skill ; 



wanting energy ; without resource, Mp~ 
less; lazy, indolent. (In, ars.) 

Infami-a, ae, /., bad report; ill repute ; 
disgrace, (Infamis.) 

Infans, gen. infant-is, adj., unable to 
speak, mute; young: hence, as subsl., 
an infant, child. (In, and for, fatus.) 

Infelix, gen. infellc-is, adj., unfruitful; 
unhappy; miserable. (In, felix.) 

Inferior, m. and/, inferius, n., fartfter 
down, lower; inferior: compar. of in- 
ferus. (Seep. 37.) 

Infer-O, intul-i, illatum, inferre, to bring 
in, introduce; wage (war). (In, fero.) 

Infest-O, avi, atum, are, to attack; art- 
noy; injure. (Infestus.) 

Infest-US, a, um, carried against, (old 
part kip. of infero;) hostile; trouble- 
some 

Inflammat-US, a, um, set on fire; in- 
fiamed; roused, enraged; (perf. part. 
o/inflammo.) 

Infl-O, avi, atum, are, to blow into; blow 
up, puff up, inflate. (In, flo.) 

Infund-O, infud-i, infus-um, infund-6re, 
to pour into; to pour out for ; to iufu&e. 
(In, fundo.) 

Ingem-O, ui, ttum, 6re, to groan over ; 
bewail, lament. (In, gemo.) 

Ingeni-um, i, n., natural quality, tem- 
per, disposition ; talent (In, and gen-, 
stem ofgigno.) 

Ingens, gen, ingent-is, adj., not natural, 
monstrous; immense, huge. (In, not; 
and gen-, stem of gigno.) 

Ingenu-US, a, um, free-born, noble; 
ingenuous. (In, and root of gigno.) 

Ingrat-nS, a, um, disagreeable; un- 
grateful. (In, gratus ) 

IngrediOT, ingressus sum, ingrgd-i, 
(dep. 3,) to go forward; enter; advance. 
(In, gradior.) 

InimiC-US, a, um, unfriendly; hostile: 
as subst., an enemy. (In, amicus.) 

Inlti-um, i, n., an entering upon ; a be- 
ginning. (Into.) 

Injicio, injeci, injectum, injic-eYe, to 
throw or fling in; thrust; uispirc 
(In, jacio.) 

Injuri-a, ae, /., injustice; injury, wrong; 
oppression; insult. (In. jus.) 

Injliste, adc, unjustly, wrongfully; in- 
juriously. (Injustus.) 

Injust-ns, a, um, unjust, wrongfui. 
(In, Justus.) 

Innocens, gen. Innocent-is, adj.. n-rt 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



213 



from guilt, innocent, unoffending; 
harmless. (In, nocens.) 
Innoxi-us, a, urn, free from hurt; not 
hurtful, harmless ; innocent. (In, noxi- 
us.) 
Inopi-a, ae, /, scarcity, want, povei'ty. 
(Inops.) 

Inops, gen. in5p-is, adj , without re- 
sources, poor, needy, helpless, destitute 
of. (In, opis.) 

InqtUim, I say. (Seep. 96.) 

Inqum-O, avi, atum, are, to bedaub; 
stain ; defili, pollute. 

Inrit-US, (or irritus,) a, tim, vain, un- 
availing, useless. (In, and ratus, estab- 
lished.) 

Insan-US, a, um, unsound in mind, in- 
sane, mad. (In, sanus.) 

Insci-US, a, um, not knowing, ignorant; 
unconscious. (In, scio.) 

Insequof , insecutus sum, insequ-i, to fol- 
low after, pursue ; to ensue. (In, sequor.) 

Insideo, insedi, insessum, insld-ere, to 
sit upon. (In, sedeo.) 

Insidi-ae, arum, / pi, an ambush, 
snare; treachery. 

Insidi6s-US, a, um, treacherous, deceit- 
ful, crafty. (Insidiae.) 

Insidi-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1.) to lay 
snares for ; lie in ambush; plot against. 
(Insidiae.) 

Insigne, (n. o/insignis, used as subst.,) 
a badge, mark, token. 

Insign-is, is, e, remarkable, notable, 
famous. (In, and signum.) 

Insil-io, ui, (or ii,) insultum, insil-Ire, 
to leap upon; attack. (In salio.) 

Insolens. gen. insolent-is, adj., insolent, 
overbearing, haughty; impudent. (In, 
soleo.) 

Insolenti-a, ae, /, insolence; haughti- 
ness; impudence. (Insftlens.) 

Inspicio, inspexi, inspectum, insplc- 
ere, to look into, examine. (In, specio.) 

Installs, gen. instant-is, adj., (also par- 
ticip. of insto,) present; instant, imme- 
diate; impending. * 

InstltU-O, i, turn, gre, to set up, estab- 
lish; resolve. (In, statuo.) 

Inst-O, Iti, itum, or atum, are, to stand 
upon, press on; to be near, close at 
hand. (In, sto.) 

Instru-O, xi, ctum, ere, to draw up in 
order. (In, struo.) 

Insuet-US, a, uuv, unaccustomed; inex- 
perienced; unusual. (Insuesco.) 



Insiil-a, ae, /, an island. 

Insult-O, avi, atum, are, to trample on, 

leap upon; insult. (Insilio.) 
Intact-US, a, um, untouched; sound. 

(In, tango.) 
Integer, integr-a, integr-nm, un- 
touched; undiminislied ; unscathed; 
whole, entire. (In, tango.) 
IntelllgO, intellexi, intellectum, intel- 
lig-gre, to understand, comprehend. 
(Inter, lego.) 
Intend-O, i, inten-sum, or turn, intentl- 
gre, to stretch, strain; strive; direct. 
(In, tendo.) 
Intent-US, a, um, bent on, earnest, eager 

for; ( perf. part, of In ten do.) 
Inter, prep, with accus., between, among; 

during. 
Inter-Cipio, cepi, ceptum, cipere, to 

intercept, hinder; steal; anticipate. 
InterdlU, adv., by day. 
Interea, adv., in the meantime. 
Interest, impe?-s.verb,it concerns; it is the 
interest of. (Seep. 98, i), (1), and note.) 
Interficio, interfeci, interfectum, in- 
terfTc-ere, to finish, put an end to; slay, 
kill. (Inter, facio.) 
Interim, adv., in the meantime. 
InterimO, interemi, interemptum, in- 
terlm-gre, to take out of the midst of; 
destroy; kill. (Inter, and gmo, to take.) 
Interit-US, us, m., destruction, death. 

(Intereo, to perish.) 
Interject-US, a, um, (perf part, o/in- 

terjlcio,) having intervened. 
Interjlcio, interjeci, interjectum, inter- 
jic-gre, to throw in between, insert. 
(Inter, jacio.) 
Intemecio, inteniecion-is, /., slaugh- 
ter, massacre. (Inter, nex ) 
Intero, intrivi, intritum, inter-gre, to 

rub in; crumble; mince. (In, tero.) 
InterponO, interposui, interpSsitum, 
interpon-gre, to put in between, insert, 
interpose. (Inter, pono.) 
Interposit-US, a, um, (perf. part, of 
interpono,) having intervened, or been 
inserted, or alleged. 
Interrogat-us, a, um, perf. part, of 

interrogo. 
Interrog-O, avi, atum, arc, to ask, in- 
quire. (Inter, rogo.) 
InterrumpO, interrupt interruptum, 
interrump-ere, to burst in upon, inter- 
rupt. (Inter, rumpo.) 
Intersum, interful, interesse, to be 



214 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



present at or among ; to be of impor- 
tance. (Inter, sum.) 
Interven-io, i, turn, ire, {see Venio,) to 

come .in between, intervene, interrupt; 

put an end to. (Inter, venio.) 
Intrit-US, a, um, (per/, part, o/intero,) 

crumbled; minced. 
Intr-O, an, atum, are, to enter 
IntromittO, intromisi, &c, {see Mitto.) 

to send into; introduce. (Intro, mitto.) 
Intulit, per/, ind. o/infero. 
Inutll-is, is, e, useless; without advan- 
tage. (In, utilis.) 
Invad-O, invasi, invasum, invad-cre, to 

go against; come on; attack; enter. 

(In, vado.) 
Inveh.0, invexi, invcctum, invch-gte, to 

carry in or on: passive, to ride. (In, 

veho.) 
Inven-io, <fec., (see Venio,) to come upon, 

find. (In, venio.) 
Invid-eo, invldi, invlsum, invld-ere, to 

look on {with malice); to envy; hate. 

(In, video.) 
Invidi-a, ae, /, envy; hatred; malice. 

(Invideo.) 
Invlcem, adv., in turn; lime about. 

(In, vicis.) 
Invigll-O, avi, atum, are, to lie awake; 

to keep watch on; to be earnest on, (In, 

vigilo.) 



In VIS-US, a, um, {per/ part. 0/ invideo,) 
hated; hateful. 

Invit-O, avi, atum, are, to invite; sum- 
mon. (Invitus.) 

Invit-US, a, um, unwilling, reluctant. 

InVOC-0, avi, atum, are, to call upon. 
invoke. (In, vcco ) 

Ips-e, a, um, self; very. {See p. 42.) 

Ir-a, ae, /, anger, wrath. 

Iracundi-a, ae, /, irascibility, rage; 
/ret/ulness. (Iiacundus.) 

IraCUnd-US, a, um, passionate, irascible. 
(Ira) 

IraSCOr, Iratus sum, irasc-i, {dtp. 3,) to 
be angry. (Ira) 

Irat-US, a, um, {per/, part. 0/ irascorj 
enraged ; angry. 

Irrevocabil-is, ia, e, that cannot be re- 
called, irrevocable. (In, re, back, and 
voco.) 

Irrit-US, a, um, same as inrltus, (which 
see) 

Is, ea, id, this. {See p. 43.) 

Ist-e, a, ud, that (0/ yours). (See ft 43, 
7.) 

Ita, adv., thtis, so, yes. 

Itali-a, ae, /, Italy. 

Itaque, oulv.. there/ore, accordingly. 

Iter, Itingr-is, n, a journey; road; 
march. 



Jac-eo, ui, Ttum, ere, to lie. 
Jaciojeci, jactum, jac-gre, to throw, cast. 
Jact-O, avi, atum, are, to throw often, or 

with vigour; to toss; boast. (Jacio.) 
Jam, adv., already, now. 
Janicul-um, i, n., Jankulum, one 0/ the 

hills 0/ Rome. 
Janu-a, ae,/., a gate, door. 
Jail-US, i, m., Janus, one o/the Roman gods. 
J6c-US, i, m., (pi. i, m,, or a, n.,) a joke, 

jest; story; mirth. 
Jubeo, jussi, jussum, jub-ere, to order, 

^id, command. 
Judex, judlc-is, m. or /., a judge. (Jus, 

dico.) 
JudlCl-um, i, «., a judgment, decision. 

(Judex.) 
JudlC-O, avi, atum, are, to judge, decide; 

conjecture. (Judex.) 
Jug-um, i, n., a yoke; a ridge (0/ a hill, 

Jkc) (Jungo.) 



Juli-US, i, m., Julius, a Roman name ; 

(Julius Proculus.) 
Juni-US, i, m., Junius, a Roman name; 

(L. Junius Brutus.) 
Ju.no, Junon-is, /, the goddess Juno, wife 

0/ Jupiter. 
Jupiter, Jov-is, m, Jupiter. (Seep. 34.) 
Jurgi-Um, i, n., a quarrel, strife. (Jur- 

go.) 
Juss-US, us, m., an order. (Jubeo.) 
JUS, jiir-is, a, right, justice, law. 
Justlti-a, &e,/.,"j ust ice. (Jus.) 
Just-US, a, um, right, true, just, proper, 

fair. (Jus.) 
Juven-is, is, m. and /., adj., young: as 

subst., a young man or woman. 
Ju. vent-US, juventut-is, /., the season of 

youth; youth; young people. (Juvenis.; 
Juvo, juvi, jiitum, juv-are, to help, assist 
Juxta, prep, with accus., and adv.. near 

to, near; alike. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



215 



L. 



L., an abbreviation for Lucius. 

Labien-US, i, m., Labienus, one of Cae- 
sar's lieutenants. 

Labor, labor-is, m., labour, toil. 

Lab6r-0, avi, atum, are, to labour, toil, 
strive; be in difficulty; be oppressed. 
(Labor.) 

Lac, lact-is, n., milk. 

Lacer-O, avi, atum, are, to tear, mangle, 
mutilate. (Lacer, mangled.) 

Lacess-O, Ivi, itum, ere, to irritate, pro- 
voke; vex. (Lacio.) 

Lacrim-a, ae, /., a tear. 

Lacrimabund-US, a, um, tearful, sor- 
rowful. (Lacrima.) 

LaC-US, us, m., a lake. 

Laed.0, laesi, laesum, laed-erc, to injure, 
hurt. 

Laesur-US, a, \xm,fut. part, act. o/laedo. 

LaeS-US, a, um, perf.part. o/laedo. 

Laet-or, atus sum, ari, to rejoice, be glad. 

Laet-US, a, um, joyful, glad; fertile, rich. 

Laev-US, a, um, left, on the left hand; 
lucky : also ill-omened, unlucky. 

Lagdn-a, ae,/., a flagon. 

Lamb-O, i, ere, to lick, to lap. 

Lan-a, ae, /, wool 

Languid-US, a, um, languid, faint, weak. 
(Langueo.) 

Lanlf ici-um, i, «., the working of wool; 
spinning, weaving. (Lana, facio.) 

Lauiger, lanlger-a, lanlggr-um, wool- 
bearing, woolly ; as subst., a sheep, 
(Lana, gero.) 

Lani-o, avi, atum, are, to tear. 

Lanio, lanion-is (or lani-us, i), m., a 
butcher. 

Lapide-US, a, um, of or belonging to 
stone, made of stone, stone. (Lapis.) 

Lapis, lapld-is, m., a stone. 

Late, adv., widely, extensively. (Latus.) 

Lat-eo, ui, ere, to lie hid, be concealed; 
to lurk ; to escape notice. 

Latlbul-um, i, »., a lurking-place, den. 
(Lateo.) 

Latin-US, i, m., a Latin: pi, the Latins. 

Lati-um, i, n., Latium, a division of Italy \ 

Latro, latron-is, m., a robber. 

Latr-O, avi, atum, are, to bark. 

Lat-US, a, um, broad, wide, spacious. 

Lat-US, a, um, (perf.part. o/fero,) car- 
ried, brought, dec. 



Latus, latgr-is, «., a side, flank. 

Laudat-US, a, um, Raised; (perf.pari 
o/laudo.) 

Laud-O, avi, atum, are, to praise, com- 
mend, express admiration of. (Laus.) 

Laure-a, ae, /, a bay tree, laurel. 

Laurenti-a, ae,/., Laurentia. 

Laus, laud- is,/., praise, glory. 

Lav-O, lavi (or lavavi), lautum, lOtum 
(or lavatum), lavere (or lavare), to 
bathe, wasJi, cleanse. 

Lax-O, avi, atum, are, to make loose, 
loosen; unbend; set free. (Laxus.) 

Lax-us, a, um, loose; wide, open. 

Legatio, legation-is, /, an embassy. 
(Legatus.) 

Legat-US, i, m., an ambassador ; a lieu- 
tenant-general; a deputy. (Lego.) 

Legio, legion- is, /, a legion, a division 
of the Roman army, containing from 
4000 to 6000 men. 

Leg-O, avi, atum, are, to send as ambas- 
sador ; intrust to ; bequeath. 

Leg-O, legi, lectum, leg-gre, to lay in 
order; choose; read. 

Len-is, is, e, smooth, gentle. 

Lent-US, a, um, lough ; pliant ; slow, 
tardy. 

Leo, leon-is, m., a lion. 

Lepus, lep5r-is, m., a hare. 

Letal-is, is, e, deadly, fatal. (Letum.) 

Let-um, i, n., death. 
lambr^Lev-is, is, e, light. 

L§V-is, is, e, smooth, polished. 

Lev-O, avi, atum, are, to lift up, raise ; 
lighten. (LSvis.) 

Lex, leg-is, /, law. 

Libenter, adv., willingly. 

Liber, libr-i, m., a book. 

Liber, liber-a, liber-um, fret. 

Liberal-is, is, e, noble, generous, liberal 
(Liber.) 

Liber-i, orum, m. pi, children. 

Liber-O, avi, atum, arc, to set free, liber- 
ate. (Liber.) 

Libertas, llbertat-is,/., liberty. 

Llbet, impers. verb, it pleases. (See p. 
97, 5.) 

Libido, (or liibido), llbldin-is, /, plea- 
sure, desire, lust. (Libet.) 

Licenti-a, ae,/, leave, permission; bold- 
ness; licentiousness. (Licet.) 



216 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Licet, impers. verb, it is permitted; it i$ 
lawful. {Seep. 97.) 

Lictor, lictor-is, m., a lictor, an officer 
who accompanied certain Roman magis- 
trates. (LIgo, to bind.) 

LigtL-um, i, «., vood, timber. 

Llg-0, avi, atum, arc, to bind, tie. 

LigO, llgon-is, m, a mattock, spade, hoe. 

Lim-a, ae, /, a file. 

Limen, limtn-is, n., a threshold, entranze. 

Lim-llS, i, m., mud, slime. 

LingU-a, ae, /., a tongue ; language. 

Linquo, liqui, [lictum,] linqu ere. to 
leave, abandon, desert. 

Liquid-US, a, um, clear; bright, limpid. \ 



Luci-US, i, m., Lucius, {proper name.) 
Lucreti-a, ae, /, Lucretia, {proper 

name.) 
Lucr-Um, i, «., gain, profit. 
LuCt-US, us, tn., grief, sorrow. (Lugeo.) 
Luc-US, i, m., a grove, wood, 
Ludlbri-um, i, n., a mockery; jest; 

sport; scoff. (Lucius.) 
Ludicer, v., ludicr-us, a, um, sportive: 

pi., ludicra, games. (Ludus.) 
Ludo, lusi, lusum, lud-ere, to play, sport. 

(Ludus.) 
Lizd-US, i, m., a play, sport, game; a 

school: ludus literarum {or literarius), 

an elementary school. 



Liquor, liquor-is, m., Itquw ; uaitr, ; LugeO,luxi, Puctuiu,] lug- ere, tolament, 

clear surface. bewail, mourn. 

Lir-a, ae, /, a furrow: hence, deliro (de- . Lumen, lumln-is, n., light, 

lirus), to be silly. -i-Lun-a, ae./, the moon. 

Lis, litis,/, strife, a quarrel: law mat. Lup-a, ae,/, a she-wolf. 



Liter-a, ae,/, a letter of alphabet, charac- 
ter: in pi, letters ; literature; an epistle. 

Lit-US, oris, ».. the shore. 

Llvi-US, i, m., Livius, {proper name.) 

LoC-O, avi, atum, are. to place, set in 
position ; let out for hire. (Locus.) 

LoC-US, i, a place, region: pi, loci (ml), 
or loca (».) 

Longe, adv., far, afar ; for a long time; 
very much. (Longus.) 

Long-US, a, um, long, tall; tedious. 

Loquor, Ificutns sum, loqu-i, to speak, say. 

Lubet, or libel, {which see.) 



Lup-US, i, m., a wolf. 

LusCini-US, i, m., {or lusclni-a, ae, /,) 
a nightingale, 

Lustr-O, avi, atum, are, to examine, sur- 
vey, review; search; traverse. (Lust- 
rum.) 

Lux, luc-is,/, light: prima luce, at dawn. 

Luxuri-a, ae,/. (luxuri-es, ei,/,) lux- 
ury, voluptuousness. 

Lux-US, us, m., extravagance {in mode 
of life) ; luxury ; effeminacy ; splendour, 
pomp. 

Lymph-a, ae,/, clear waUr. 



M. 



M., abbreviation for Marcus. 

Macedo, Mac6don-is, m., a Macedonian. 

Maci-es, ei, /., wasting, consumption; 
leanness. (Maceo, to be lean.) 

Maer-eo, {or moereo,) ere, to be sorrow- 
ful, to grieve, 

Maest-US, a, um, sorrowful, mournful, 
grieved; {per/, part, of maereo.) 

Magis, adv., more, rather. 

Magister, magistr-i, »?., « master; chief 
man; an instructor. 

Magis trat-US, us, m., a magistrate, 
chief officer; also, magistracy. (Magis- 

ter -K , 

MagniflCe, adc, splendidly, magnifi- 
cently. (Magnificus.) 

MagnitUQO, magnltudln-is, /, great- 
ness, magnitude, size. (Magnus.) — 

Magn-US, a, um, great, large. 



MajestaS, majestat-is, /, majesty, dig- 
nity; grandeur. (Magnus.) 

Major, major, majus, {compar. of mag- 
nus.) greater. {See p. 37, 5.) 

Male, adv., badly; severely. 

Ma.ledic-0, maledixi, ifec, {see Dico,) to 
speak ill of, slander, abuse, (Male, 
dico.) 

Mallti-a, ae, /, badness, wickedness: 
ill-wiJl, malice. (Malus.) 

Malo, malui, malle, {see p. 92,) to be 
more willing; prefer. (Magis, volo.) 

Mal-um, i, n., an evil, an ill, a misfor- 
tune; plague: wickedness. 

Mal-um, i, n., an apple. 

Mai -US, a, um, bad, wicked; wretched. 

Mal-US, i, /., an apple-tree. 

Mal-US, i, m., the mast of a ship. 

Mamili-US, i, m.. Mamilius {Tusculanv$\ 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



21 



Mandat-um, i, »., a commission, com- 
mand, order. (Mando, to intrust.) 
Maneo, raansi, mansum, man-Sre, tore- 
main, stay. 
Manifest-US, a, um, evident, plain, 

manifest. 
Mailli-US, i, m., Manlius. 
Mail-US, us, /., a hand; a band of sol- 
diers. 

Marci-US, 1, m., Marches (Ancus). 

Marc-US, i, m., Marcus. 

Mar-6, is, «., the sea.' 

MargO, margin-is, m. or /., an edge, 
margin, brink. 

Maritim-US, a, um, belonging to the sea, 
maritime. (.Mare.) 

Marlt-US, i, m-., a married man, a hus- 
band. (Mas.) 

Mars, Mart-is, m., Mars, god of war. 

Mas, mar-is, m., a male; male. 

Mater, matr-is, /, a mother. 

Materi-a, ae, /., or materi-es, Si, /, 
matter, material ; source. 

Matr6n-a, ae, /., a married woman, 
matron, wife. (Mater.) 

Matu.r-0, avi, atum, are, to hasten. 

Matur-US, a, um, ripe, in season, mature. 

Maxime, adv., most especially, chiefly; 
very highly. (Maxim us.) 

Maxim-US, a, um, (superl. of magnus,) 
greatest, very great. 

MedlCin-a, ae, /, the physician" s art ; 
medicine ; surgery ; a remedy, or cure. 
(Medicus.) 

Medic-US, i, m., a physician, doctor. 
(Medeor, to heal.) 

Medi-US, a, um, middle; middling. 

Meh.erCU.le, or Mehercules, By Hercules ! 

Mel, mell-is, n., honey. 

Mel-OS, i, «., a song. 

Melior, melior, melius, better; (compar. 
of bonus.) (Seep. 37, 5.) 

Membr-um, i, «., a limb, member. 

Memini, meminisse, preteritive verb, 
(see p. 95,) /remember. 

Memor-O, avi, atum, are, to call to mind; 
relate, tell. (Memor.) 

Meneni-us, i, m., Menenius (Agrippa.) 

Mens,ment-is,/., the mind, the intellectual 
faculty. 

Mens-a, ae,/, a table. 

MenS-is, is, m., a month. 

Mentio, mention-is, /, a calling to mind; 
mention, notice. 

Mentior, mentltus sum, mentiri, to 
prove one's self false ; deceive, lie. 



Mercator, mercat5r-is, m, a merchant 

(Mercor, to trade; from merx.) 
Merces, merced-is, /., a reward; wages. 

(Merx.) 
Merciiri-US, i, m., Mercury, messenger 

of the gods. 
Mer-eo, ui, Itum, Ere, (or dep. mereor,) 

to earn, gain, deserve. 
Merg-O, mersi, mersum, merg-5re, to 

plunge into, dip, sink, submerge; drown. 
Meridi-es, ei, m., midday, noon. (Mer- 

us, pure; dies.) 
MeritO, adv., deservedly. (Meritus.) 
Merit-um, i, n., a deserving action, good 

deed, a benefit, service. (Mereo.) 
Mers-US, a, um, sunk; drowned, &c; 

(perf. part, of mergo.) 
Merx, merc-is, /., merchandise, wares. 
Metior, mensus sum, metlri, to measure, 

mete. 
Metu-O, i, (ii)tum, Sre, to fear, dread. 

(Metus.) 
Met-US, us, m.,fear. 
Me-US, a, um, my, mine. - 

Mi, contracted for mihi, dat. of ego. 
Mi, voc. sing. masc. o/meus. 
MlC-O, ui, are, to move quickly, dart; 

quiver; flash, glitter. 
Miles, millt-is, m., a soldier. 
Militar-is, is, e, belonging to a soldier, 

or to war; warlike, military. (Miles.) 
Militi-a, ae, /, military service, war: 

domi militiaeque, at peace and at war; 

at home and abroad. (Miles.) 
Mille, card, num., indecl. in sing., a thou- 
sand: pZ.milli-a, (or milia,) um, bus, &c. 
Mm-ae, arum,/, threats. 
Minerv-a, ae, /, Minerva, goddess of 

wisdom, <hc. 
Minime, adv., the very least ; by no 

means, not at all. (Minimus.) 
Ministeri-um, i, n., attendance, service. 

(Minister.) 
Ministr-O, avi, atum, are, to serve, 

attend, wait upon. (Minister.) 
Min-or, atus sum, ari, to threaten. 

(Minae.) 
Minor, minor, minus, (compar. of parv- 
us,) less, smaller. (Seep. 37.) 
Minus, neut. of minor, and adv., less. 
Mirabll-is, is, e, worthy of admiration ; 

wonderful. (Miror.) 
Miracul-um, i, n., a wonderful thing, 

wonder; miracle. (Minis.) 
Mir-or, atus sum, ari, to wonder at; ad- 
mire. 



218 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Mlr-US, a, urn, wonderful, extraordinary. 
Misceo, miscui, mistum, (or mixtura), 

misc-ere, to mix, mingle; con/use. 
Miser, miser-a, um, wretched, miserable; 

pitiable; pitiful. 
Miser-eo, ui, Itum, ere, (same as miser- 

eor,) to pity, feel sorrow for. (Miser.) 
Misereor, miserltus (or misertus) sum, 

miser-eri, to pity. 
Miseret, impers.verb, it pities. (Miser.) 

(Seep. 97, 4.) 
MisericorS, gen. misericord-is, adj., 

tender-hearted, compassionate, merciful. 

(Miser, cor.) 
Miserit-US, a, um, having pitied, (perf. 

part, of misereor.) 
Miss-US, a, um, sent; (perf. part, of 

mitto.) 
Mltlg-O, avi, atum, are, to make mild, 

mitigate, assuage. (Mitis, ago.) 
Mlt-is, is, e, mild, mellow, gentle. 
MittO, misi, missum, mitt-ere, to throw, 

cast; send; utter. 
Mod.0, adv., only ; just now; lately. 
M6d-US, i, m., measure, limit; manner, 

way, mode. 
Moeni-a, um, n. pi., ramparts, fortifica- 
tions, walls. (Munio.) 
Moereo. {See Maereo.) 
Moest-US. (See Maesrus.) 
M61est-US, a, um, troublesome ; burden- 
some, oppressive ; annoying. (Moles.) 
Molior, molltus, mol-iri, to prepare 

(with labour); strive; throw; build; 

contrive. (Moles.) 
Moll-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to soften, miti- 
gate; tame. (Mollis.) 
Moll-is, is, e, adj., soft, tender; weak. 
Mon-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to warn, advise; 

instruct. 
Monil-e, is, n., a necklace, collar. 
Mons, mont-is, m., a mountain. 
Monstr-O, avi, atum, are, to point out, 

show. 
M6r-a, ae, /, delay. 
Morb-US, i, m., disease, sicktiess. 
Mordax, gen. mordac-is, adj., biting, 

cutting. (Mordeo.) 
Mordeo, m<5mordi, morsum, mord-ere, 

to bite, nip, sting; backbite; pain. 



Morior, mortuns sum. mod, to die. 
M8r-or, atus sum, ari, to delay, linger. 

trifle. (Mora.) 
Mors, mort-is,/, death. (Morior.) 
Mors-US, us, m., a bite, sting, Sec 

(Mordeo.) 
Mortal-is^ is, e, subject to deatft, mortal: 

as subst., man. (Mors.) 
MortU-US, a, um, dead; (perf. part, oj 

morior.) 
M5s, mor-is, m., custom, habit, manner : 

pi, mores, conduct, character. 
Mdt-US, us, m., movement, motion. 

(Moveo) 
Moveo, movi, motum, mov-ere, to put 

in motion, move ; excite, stir up. 
MOX, adv., by-and-by, soon; immediately; 

at an after-lime. 
Muci-US, i, m., Mucius (Scaevola). 
Mul-a, ae, /, a she-mule, 
Mulcat-US, a, um, maltreated, mauled , 

(perf. part, o/mulco.) 
Mulc-O, (or mulcto, or multo), avi, 

atum, are, to punish, fine; maul, mal- 
treat (Multa, or mulcta, a fine.) 
Mulier, mulier-is, /., a woman, wife. 
Multitudo, multitudln-is, /., a multi- 
tude, a great number, a mob, crowd. 

(Multus.) 
Mult-O, (or mulct-o,) see Mulco. 
MultO, adv., by much; much, far; long 

(of time.) (Multus.) 
Mult-um, adv., much, greatly. 
Mult-US, a, um, much, great: in pl^ 

many. 
Mul-US, i, m., a mule. 
Mund-US, i, "»., the world. 
Mun-io, Ivi, itum, Ire, to fortify, defend\ 

strengthen, 
Munit-US, a, um, perf. part, of munio. 
Munus, muner-is, n., an office, dignity 

duty; favour; gift. 
Mur-US, i, m.. a wall. 
Mils, mur-is, m., a mouse. 
Musc-a, ae,/., a fly. 
Mustel-a, ae, /., a weasel 
Mut-O, avi, atum, are, to change, alter. 
Mut-US, a, um, dumb, speechless. 
Myrt-US, i, /., a myrtle. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



219 



N. 



Nact-US, a, um, having procured; (per/, 
part, o/nanciscor.) 

Nam, con;., for. 

Namque, conj., for. 

Nanciscor, nactus sum, nancisci, to get, 

procure, obtain. 
Nar-is, is,/., a nostril: pi, nares, the 

nostrils ; the nose. 
Narratio, narratiOn-is, /., a narrative, 

story, tale. (Narro.) 
Narr-O, avi, atum, are, to tell, relate. 

(From g-narus, knowing.) 
Nascor, ntitus sum, nascl, (dep. 3,) to 

spring from ; to be born. 
Nat-a, ae, /., a daughter ; (fern, ofpar- 

ticip. natus, a, um.) 
Nat-O, avi, atum, are, to swim. (No ) 
NatU, abl. of nat-us, us, m,, by birth ; 

(vsed in the phrases, major or ninor 

natu, Sec, older, younger.) 
Natur-a, ae, /., nature ; disposition. 

(Nascor.) 
Nat-US, i, m., a son; (masc. of nat-us, a, 

um.) 
Nat-US, a, um, born; (perf. part, of 

nascor.) 
Naut-a, ae, to., a sailor; (contracted for 

navita, from navis.) 
Navig-O, avi, atum, are, to manage a 

ship ; sail, navigate. (Navis, ago.) 
Nav-is, is, /., (accus., em or im ; abl, e 

or i), a ship. 
Navi-US, (Acci-us), i, m., Navius. (See 

Accius.) 
Ne, conj., (= ut, non), that not, lest. 
Ne, adv., not. In prohibitions, with im- 
perative or subjunctive. 
Ne, interrog. adv., whether or no? It is 

always attached to some word, as, 

Amasne, do you love? Nonne, is it 

not? ■* 

Nec, (or neque,) = et non, and not, nei- 
ther ; nec— nec, neither— nor. 
Necessltas, necessitat-is, /., necessity, 

need. 
Nec-O, avi (or ui), atum, are, to put to 

a violent death, kill, slay. (Nex.) 
Nefast-US, a, um, not holy; profane; 

wicked; unlucky. (See Fastus.) 
NegllgO, neglexi, neglectum, negllg- 

ere, to disregard; neglect. (Nec, 

lego.) 



Neg-O, avi, atum, arc, to say no, deny 

(Ne, aio.) 
Neg6ti-um, i, »», business, employment, 

labour; an affair; thing. (Nec, oti- 

um.) 
Nemo, (nemln-is), m. or/, no one. (Ne, 

homo.) 
Nemoricultrix, nemoricultric-is, /, 

an inhabitant of the woods. (Nemus, 

colo.) 
Nemoros-us, a, um, full of woods or 

thickets, woody. (Nemus.) 
Nempe, adv., forsooth; certainly, truly. 
Nemus, nem(5r-is, n., a grove, wood. 
Nepos, nepot-is, to., a grandson. 
Neptun-US, i, m., Neptune, god of live 

sea. 
Nequam, adj. (indeclinable), good for no- 
thing, worthless ; dissolute. 
Neque, and— not, neither. (See Nec.) 
Nequ-eo, Ivi, itum, ire, to be unable. 

(Ne, queo.) 
Nequidquam, or nequiequam, adv., in 

vain, fruitlessly. 
Nequis, nequa, nequod, or nequid, lest 

any. 
Nequiti-a, ae, /., badness; worthless- 

ness ; profligacy. (Nequam.) 
NesC-io, ivi, itum, ire, not to know, be 

ignorant. (Ne, scio.) 
Nesci-US, a, um, not knowing, ignorant. 

(Ne, scio.) 
Neu, adv. and conj., = et, ut, non, and 

that not, and lest. (Same as Neve.) 
Neuter, neutr-a, neutr-um, neither (of 

two.) See p. 35, 8. (Ne, uter.) 
Neve. (See Neu.) 
Nex, ngc-is. /, violent death; death 
NJ, conj., if not, unless. 
Nld-US, i, to., a nest. 
Niger, nigr-a, nigr-um, black, swarthij. 
Nihil, or nil, indecl. subst., n., nothing. 

Full form, nihilum. 
Nil, or nihil (See Nihil.) 
Nil-US, i, m., the Nile. 
Nimi-us, a, um, too much, excessive. 

(Nimis.) 
Nisi, conj., if not, unless, except. (Ni, 

si.) 
NlS-US, us, to., an exertion, effort, at- 
tempt. (Nitor.) 
Nlt-eo, ui, ere, to shine, glitter; be neat. 



220 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Nitld-US, a, um, shiny, bright, glossy, 

sleek. (Niteo.) 
Nltor, nltor-is, m., brightness, splendour, 

glossiness. (Niteo.) 
NllOT, nisus, (or nixus sum,) iriti, to lean 

upon, press upon ; strive, exert one's self. 
Nix, nlv-is, /., snow. 
Nix-US, a, um, per/, part. 0/ nltor. 
No, navi, natum, nare, to swim. 
N6bil-is, is, e, well-known, (no-tus,) fa- 
mous; of high birth, noble. 
Nobllltas, nobllltat-is,/, celebrity, fame; 

high birth, nobility; the nobles (as a body); 

generosity. (Nobilis.) 
N5c-eO, ui, ltum, ere, to hurt, injure, 

damage ; (governs dative.) 
Noctum-US, a, um, belonging to the 

night, nightly, nocturnal. (Nox.) 
Nocttl, all. (of old subst. noctus,) used as 

an adverb, by night. 
N61-0, ui, nolle, to be unwilling. The 

imper. noli is used with inf. of another 

verb, to express a strong prohibition ; 

as, Noli putare, don't (for a moment) 

imagine. (Non, volo.) 
Nomen, nomln-is, n.. a name. 
Nomin-O, avi, atum, are, to name, call; 

appoint. (Nomen.) 
N6n, adv., not. 

Nondum, adv., not yet. (Non, dum.) 
Nonne, adv., Is. it not T (the answer 

" Yes" is expected.) (Non, ne.) 
NOSCO, novi, nOtum, nose- ere, to know. 
Noster, nostr-a, nostr-um, our, ours. 

JNos.) 
N8t-a, ae, /., a mark (by which to know 

something), sign. (Nosco.) 
N6t-US, a, um, well-known; (perf. part. 

of nosco.) 
N5vacul-a, ae,/, a razor. 
N6vi, / know; (perf. of nosco, used as 

Pres.) p 
Novissime, adv., most recently, very re- 
cently, lastly, last of all, at last. (No vis- . 

simus, superL of novus.) 



NoV-US, a, um, new, recent, fresh, 
NOX, noct-is, /., night. 
Nub-§S, is,/, a cloud; covering. 
Nubo,nupsi, nuptum, nub-Sre, to marry; 

to be married to; (said of the female-) 

Governs dative. 
Nud-O, avi, atum, are, to make naked; 

strip; expose, 
N fid-US, a, um, naked, bare; exposed. 
Null-US, a, um, (gen., nullius,) not any, 

none. Seep. 35. (Ne, ullus.) 
Num, adv. interrog., whether or no ? (the 

answer "No" expected.) 
Num-a, ae, m., Numa, second king of 

Rome, 
Numen, numln-is, n., divinity, godhead; 

a deitff. (Nuo.) 
Numer-US, i, m., number. 
Numitor, Numltor-is, m., yumitor, 

grandfather of Romulus. 
Numm-US, i, m,, (or numus, i), money; 

a coin. 
Nunc, adv., now, already; as it is. 
Nunquam, adv., never: non-nunquam. 

sometimes. 
Nunti-O, (or nunci-o,) avi, arum, are, to 

tell, report. (Nuntius.) 
Nunti-US, i, m., a messenger; a messagf; 

news. (Said to be contracted for novi- 

ventius, newly come.) 
Nuper, adv., lately; (contracted for novi- 

per, from novus.) 
Nupti-ae, arum, /., a marriage, wed- 
ding, nuptials. (Nubo.) 
Nur-US, us,/, a daughter-in-law. 
Nusquam, adv., nowhere, (Ne, us- 

quam.) 
Nut-O, avi, atum. are, to nod, waver. 

(Nuo, to nod, as in abnuo, renuo.) 
Nutlix, nurric-is, /., a nurse^ wet-nurse. 

(Said to be contracted from nutri-trix, 

from nutrio, to nourish.) 
NUX, nuc-is, /, a nut 
Nympb-a, ae,/, a nymph. 



0, interjection, .' oh .' 

Ob, prep, with accus., towards, against; 

on account of, for. 
Obed-io, Ivi, (or ii,) Itnm, Tie, to obey ; 

serve, (Ob, audio.) 
Ob-60, ii, ltum, Ire, to go loicarxls, meet ; 

oppose; to die. (Ob, ec.) 



Object-US, a, um, opposed to; (perf. part, 
of objicio.) 

Objicio, objeci, objectum, objic-ere, to 
throw to or before ; expose. (Ob, jscio.) 

Obnoxi-US, a, um, liable to (punish- 
ment) ; exposed to, subject to ; prone to. 
(Ob, noxius.) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



221 



Obru-O, I, (B)tum, fere, to cover over, 
bury; overwhelm. (Ob, ruo.) 

Obsecr-O, avi, atum, are, to beseech, 
entreat. (Ob, sacro.) 

Obsequor, obsecutns sum, obsSqui, to 
follow after; attend on; comply with, 
yield to, be obedient. (Ob, sequor.) 
Governs dative. 

Obses, obsld-is, m. or/., a hostage. 

Obsideo, obsSdl, obsessum, obstd-ere, to 
invest, blockade, besiege. (Ob, sedeo.) 

Obstlnat-US, a, um, stubborn, obstinate; 
unflinching, determined; (perf part, of 
obstino.) 

Obstrep-O, ui, ttum, Bre, to make a 
noise against, drown with noise. (Ob, 
strepo.) 

Obstupefaci.0, (see Facio), to bewilder, 
astonish, amaze. (Ob, stupeo.) 

Qbtem.per-0, avi, Stum, are, to comply 
with, obey. (Ob, tempero.) 

Obtlll-eo, ui, obtentum, obtin-gre, to 
hold, possess ; get, obtain. (Ob, teneo.) 

Obviam, adv., agaimt; in the way of. 
(Ob, via.) 

Occasio, occasi5n-is, /, opportunity, oc- 
casion; crisis. (Occldo.) 

OccaS-US, us, m., a falling down; setting 
(of sun, Jkc.) ; the west ; death. (Oc- 
cido, to fall, set.) 

Occid-O, i, occlsum, occid-6re» to kill, 
slay. (Ob, caedo.) 

Occupat-US, a, um, perf. part, of oc- 
eiipo. 

Occup-O, avi, atum, are, to anticipate; 
seize, take possession of, occupy. (Ob, 
capio.) 

0(5CUrr-0, i, occursum, occurr-ere, to run 
towards, to meet. (Ob, curro.) 

Ocior, ocior, ocius, swifter, quicker. 

Octavi-a, ae,/, Octavia. 

Octavian-US, i, m., Octavianus (Au- 
gustus.) 

Ocul-US, i, m., an eye. 

Odi, odisse, (preteritive verb,) to hate. 
(Seep. 95.) 
i — OdidS-US, a, um, hateful, odious. (Odi- 
um.) 

Odi-um, i, n., hatred, grudge. (Odi.) 

Offero, obtuli, oblatum, offerre, to pre- 
sent, offer. (Ob, fero.) 

OfflClH-a, ae, /, a workshop. 

Offici-um, i, «., duty, service. (Said to 
be contracted from opiftaum, from 
opifex, a workman.) 

Offundo, offudi, offusum, offund-gre, to 



pour upon; spread over; overwhelm. 

(Ob, fundo.) 
Off us-us, a, urn, perf. part, of offundo. 
Olim, adv., at some time, (past or future ;) 

formerly, once upon a time ; hereafter. 
OllV-a, ae,/., an olive. 
Omeil, 5mln-is, 7i., a token, sign, indica- 
tion, omen. 
Omn-is, is, e, adj., every, all. 
Oner-O, avi, atum, are, to load. 
Onus, oner-is, n., a load, burden. 
Opes, opum, /. pi., resources; wealth. 

(See Opis.) 
Oper-a, ae, /, work, labour, service: dare 

operam, to exert one's self. 
Opis, gen. ; dat., 5pi, (very rare ;) accus., 

opem; abl., ope;— power, might; 

wealth; help. 
Oportet, impers. verb, it is necessary, it 

behoves, must, ought. Seep. 97. (Opus, 

necessity.) 
Oppidan-US, i, m., a townsman. (Op- 

pidum.) 

Oppid-um, i, n., a town. . 

Opportun-US, a, um, convenient, suit- 
able, opportune. (Ob, opposite ; portus, 

the haven.) 
Opprfmo, oppressi, oppressum, opprlm- 

gre, to overpower; crush; kill; catch, 

surprise. (Ob, premo.) 
Oppugnatio, oppugnation-is, /, an as- 
sault, siege, storming (of a town.) (Op- 

pugno.) 
Oppugn-O, avi, atum, are, to fight 

against, assault, storm. (Ob, pugno.) 
Optlm-US, a, um, best, (superl. of bonus ) 

(Seep. 37.) 
Optio, option-is, /, choice: dare option - 

em, to give a choice. (Opto.) 
Opus, op6r-is, »., a work, labour. 
Opus, indecl., n., need: opus est, it is ne- 
cessary. 
Oratio, orati5n-is, f., speech; power oj 

speech ; an oration. (Oro.) 
Orator, orator-is, m., a pleader, a public 

speaker, orator. (Oro.) 
Ordin-O, avi, atum, are, to put in order, 

arrange. (Ordo.) 
Ordior, orsus sum, ord-Iri, (dep..) to 

begin, undertake. 
OrgetOriX, OrggtSrlg-U, m., Orge- 

torix. 
OriOr, ortus sum, 6r-Iri, (dep.,) to a7-ise, 

begin; spring from. 
Ornat-US, us, m., ornament: a badge; 

equipment. (Orno.) 



222 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



0rn-O, avi, arum, are. to adtyrn, deck, 
ornament ; equip. 

Or-O, avi, atum, are, to beg, pray, en- 
treat 

Ort-US, a, um, per/, part, of orior. 

Ort-US, us, m., the rising {of the sun); 
east. (Orior.) 

Os, or-is, n., the mouth; a bill, beak; the 
face. 

Os, oss-is, n., a bom. 

Os-culor, atus sum, an, (dep. 1,) to kiss. 
(Osculum.) 

Oscul-um, i, n., a kiss. (Os.) 



Osteild-0, i, ostensum, (or ostentum,) os- 

tend-6ie, to stretch forth ; show, exhibit. 

(Ob, tendo.) 
Osti-a, ae,/, Ostia, the sea-port of Rome. 

at the rru>uth of the Tiber. , 

0ti6s-US, a, um, having abundance oj 

leisure; quiet; idle. (Otium.) 
Oti-um, i, n., ease; leisure; idleness; 

peace. 
Ovil-e, is, n., a sheep-fold. (Ovis.) 
Ov-is, is, /., a sheep. 
Ov-O, avi, atum, are, to triumph. (OvU.) 
Ov-um, i, «., an egg. 



P. 



Pabul-um, i, n., fodder. (Pasco, pa- vi.) 
Pacat-US, a, um, per/, part, of paco, 

and adj., pacified, subdued. 
Pa.C-0, avi, atum, are, to render peaceful, 

pacify; subdue. (Pax.) 
Pact-US, a, um, having agreed; {perf. 

part, of paciscor, to agree.) 
Paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
Pallid-US, a, um, pale, wan. (Palleo.) 
PaliiS, paliid-is,/., a marsh, fen. 
Pal-US, i, m., a stake, pole, pale. 
Pan, Pan-is, or Pan os, m., Pan, god of 

shepherds; (accus., Pana.) 
Pand-O, i, pansum, and passum, pand- 

eie, to lay open, expose to view. 
Pang-O, pepigi, pactum, pang-ere, to 

establish, fix ; to bargain ; agree. 
Pan-is, is, m., bread, a loaf. 
Panther-a, ae, /., a panther. 
Papaver, papaver-is, n., a poppy. 
Par, gen. paris, adj., (see p. 31,) equal to, 

on an equulity with; alike; a match for. 
Parco, pepeici, (or parsi,) parsnm, (and 

parcitum,) parc-ere, to spare ; refrain 

from, forbear ; (governs dat.) (Parcus.) 
Parens, parent-is, m. or /, a parent, 

(father or mother.) (Pario.) 
Par-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to appear; attend 

on; obey. 
Pario, pfiperi, partum, par-ere, to bring 

forth, produce ; get, procure. 
Parnass-US, i, m., Parnassus, a moun- 
tain in Greece, 
Par-O, avi, atum, are, to prepare, get 

ready; provide. 
Pars, part-is,/, apart, share, portion. 
Partior, partitas sum, part-Iri, to divide, 

apportion. (Pars ) 
Partiir-io, Ivi, Itum, ire, to be about to 



bring forth ; to desire to bring forth. 

(Partus.) 
Part-US, us, m., a bringing forth; a 

birth, offspring. (Pario.) 
Part-US, a, um, obtained, procured; 

(perf. part, of pario.) 
Parum, adv., too little; little; not 
Parvul-US, a, um, very little; (dimin. of 

parvus.) 
Parv-US, a, um, small, little. ~~~~~ 
Pasco, pavi, pastum, pasc-ere, to feed, 

pasture; nourish. 
Passer, passer-is, m., a sparrow. 
Pass-US, a, um, dishevdled; scattered; 

(perf. part, o/pando.) 
Pastor, pastSr-is, m., a shepherd, herds- 
man. (Pasco.) 
Past-um, supine o/pasco. 
Paten-a, (or patina,) ae, /., a flat dish, 

plate. (Pateo.) 
Pat-eo, ui, ere, to lie open ; be exposed to; 

extend. 
Pater, patr-is, nu, a father, ancestor- 

patres, senators, or ancestors. 
Patem-US, a, um, belonging to a father. 
Patiens, patient-is, (pres. part of 

patior, and adj.,) suffering; patient, en- 

duranL 
Patior, passus sum, pat-i, (dep. 3.) to 

suffer, allow; endure, submit to. 
Patri-a, ae,/, native country. (Pater.) 
?atr-0, avi. atum, are, to perform, ac- 
complish, finisli. 
Patui-US, a, um, wide- spreading, broad. 

(Pateo.) 
PauC-i, ae, a, few; a few: s ing., paucus, 

(rare,) few; little. 
Pauper, gen. pauper-is, a-fj., poor, 

needy. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



223 



Paupertas, paupertat-is, /., poverty. 

(Pauper.) 
PavenS, pavent-is, adj., (and pres. part. 

of paveo,) fearful, timid. 
Paveo, pavi, pav-ere, to be afraid, to fear, 

to dread. 
Pa,VO, pavOn-is, m., a peacock. 
Pavor, pavor-is, m.,fear. (Paveo.) 
Pax, pac-is,/, peace. 
Peccat-um, i, n., an error, fault; sin. 

(Pecco.) 
PeCC-0, avi, atum, are, to err; sin; 

commit a fault. 
Pecten, pectin-is, m., a comb. (Pecto, 

to comb.) 
Pectus, pectSr-is, n., the breast ; heart. 
Pecuni-a, ae, /., money, (Pecus.) 
PeCUS, pee5r-is, n., a flock ; cattle. 
Pec-US, udis, /., a head of cattle; a beast. 
Pellicio, pellexi, pellectum, pellic-eYe, 

to entice, allure, coax. (Per, lacio.) 
Pell-is, is, /., a skin, hide. 
Pello, pgpuli, pulsurn, pell-ere, to drive ; 

push; expel; rout. 
Pendeo, pependi, pensum, pend-ere, to 

hang, be suspended; be imminent. 

(Pendo.) 
Pendo, pSpendi, pensum, pend-ere, to 

hang up ; weigh ; pay. 
Penitus, adv., inwardly; thoroughly, 

entirely. 
Penn-a, ae, /., a feather. 
Peperci, perf. ind. act. of parco. 
Peperi, perf. ind. act. of pario. 
Per, prep, with accus., through; dining; 

by, by means of; on account of. 
Per-a, ae, /., a bag, wallet. 
PeragO, peregi, peractum, perag-cre, to 

go through with; traverse; perform, 

execute. (Per, ago.) 
Peragr-O, avi, atum, are, to wander 

through, roam through, traverse. (Ter, 

ager.) 
Percont-Or, (or percunctor,) atus sum, 

ari, (dep. 1,) to search or probe tho- 
roughly; to examine; inquire into. 
Percuti.0, percussi, percussum, perciit- 

ere, to strike through ; slay, kill. (Per, 

quatio.) 
Perd-O, Idi, ltum, 6re, to destroy, ruin; 

lose. 
PerdiiCO, perduxi, perductum, perdue- 
fire, to lead through, conduct. (Per, 

duco.) 
Per8grin-US, a, urn, foreign, strange, 

aliin. (Per, ager.) 



Per-eo, ii, (IvI,) ltum, Ire, to go through; 

perish, die; be ruined. (Per, eo.) 
Perfero, pertfili, perlatum, perferre, 

to carry through, convey; endure, suffer. 

(Per, fero.) 
Perfldi-a, ae, /., violation of faith; per- 
fidy, falsehood. (Perfidus.) 
Perf ld-US, a, urn, faithless, treacherous. 

(Per, fides.) 
Perfug-a, ae, m., a runaway, a de- 
serter. (Perfugio.) 
PergO, perrexi, perrectum, perg-ere, to 

go right on, proceed, advance. (Per, 

rego.) 
Perlcllt-or, atus sum, ari, to incur dan- 
ger. (Periculum.) 
Periclum, syncopated for periculum. 
Pericul-um, i, n., a trial; risk, danger. 
Peritur-US, a, urn, fut. part, o/pereo. 
Perlt-US, a, urn, experienced, skilled; 

clever. 
Perlustr-O, avi, atum, are, to range 

through, traverse; examine, survey. 
PermittO, permisi, permissum, per- 

mitt-ere, to send on ; let go ; surrender ; 

allow. (Per, mitto.) 
Permot-US, a, urn, alarmed; (perf. 

part, o/permoveo.) 
Permoveo, permovi, permotum, per- 

m5v-ere, to move to the centre ; excite, 

arouse, alarm. (Per, moveo.) 
Permulceo, permulsi, permulsum, pcr- 

mulc-ere, to stroke gently; soothe; 

please. (Per, mulceo.) 
Pemici-es, ei, /., destruction; death; 

calamity. (Perneco.) 
Perpast-US, a, urn, thoroughly fed; fut. 

(Per, pastus.) 
Perpauc-i, ae, a, very few. (Per, 

pauci.) 
Perpetuo, adv., continually, constantly. 

(Perpetuus, from per and peto.) 
Pers-a, ae, m., a Persian. 
Perscribo, perscripsi, perscriptum, per- 

scrlb-5re, to write fully; to write outt 

write at length, detail. (Per, scrlbo.) 
Persequor, persecutus sum, persgqui, 

(dep. 3,) to follow after; pursue. (Per, 

sequor.) 
Persi-a, ae, (or Perse, Perses,) /, Persia, 
Persolv-O, i, persolutum, persolv-ere, 

to free entirely ; pay to the last farthing ; 

explain. (Per, solvo.) 
PerstringO, perstrinxi, perstrictum, 

perstring-5re, to seize tightly ; check ; 

reprove. (Per, stringo.) 



224 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Persuadeo, persuasi, persuasum, per- 
suad-Sre, to convince; persuade. (Per, 
stiadeo.) 

Pertaesum est, {see p. 97, 4 ; per/, of 
pertaedet,) it is disgusting; it dis- 
gusts. 

Pertrah.0, pertraxi, pertractum, per- 
trah-ere, to drag through; protract, 
prolong. (Per, traho.) 

Pertnrbat-US, a, um, dismayed, terri- 
fied; (perf. part, o/perturbo.) 

Perturb-O, 5vi, atum, are, to disturb 
greatly ; confuse ; confound. (Per, 
turbo.) 

Perven-io, i, turn, ire, to come all the 
way; arrive, reach. (Per, venio.) 

Pes, p6d-is, m., afoot. 

Pessim-US, a, um, the worst; superl. of 
malus. (Seep. 37.) 

Pestllenti-a, ae, /., a plague ; destruc- 
tion, 

Pet-O, ivi, Itum, ere, to make for; attack; 
seek, ask; covet. 

Petulans, gen. pgtulant-is, adj., for- 
ward ; petulant ; insolent, saucy. (Peto.) 

Ph.aeth.on, Phaethont-is, m., Phaethon, 
son of Apollo. 

Philipp-i, orum, ;?;., Philippi, a town 
of Macedonia, 

Philosophi-a, ae, /., philosophy ; learn- 
ing. 

Phoeb-US, i, m., Phoebus, the sun god. 

Pict-US, a, um, painted; variegated; 
(perf. part, o/pingo.) 

Pietas, pietat-is, /., filial affection ; duty; 
piety. (Pius.) 

Piget, impers. verb, it grieves (me); I 
regret. (See p. 97, 4.) 

Pignus, pign6r-is, n., a pledge; wager. 

Plla, ae, /., a ball. 

Pile-US, i, m., a cap, hat. (Pilus.) 

Pll-US, i, m., a hair. 

PingO, pinxi, pictum, ping-Sre, to 
paint ; embroider. 

Pin-US, i, /., (2d Bed.,) or us, (4//; 
Bed.,) a pine-tree. 

PisC-is, is, »!., a fish, 

Pisistrat-US, i, m., Pisistratus. 

Pla,C-eo, ui, itum, ere, to please. 

Placet, impers., it pleases; it is resolved. 

Placid-US, a, um, calm, peaceful, gentle.-' 
(Placeo.) 

Plac-O, avi, atum, are, to make calm, 
soothe, appease. 

Plane, adv., plainly, clearly, evidently. 
manifestly. (Planus.,) 



Planet-a, ae, m., a wandering star ; a 

planet. 
Plan-US, a, um,.7?a*; plain; level 
Pl§bei-US, a, um, belonging to the plebs, 

plebeian; common, (Plebs.) 
Pleb-es, is, or ei, or i, /, the plebs, com- 
mon people. 
Plebs, plebis, /., same as plebes. 
Plen-US, a, um, full. 
Plum-a, ae, /., down; a small feaUier; 

plumage. 
Plures,plures, plura, more: (pi. o/prus: 

compar. o/multus.) 
Plurimum, adv., very much: videre 

plurimum,*osee most keenly. (Plurimus.) 
Plurim-US, a, um, t/ie most; very much; 

very many; (superl. o/multus.) 
Plus, gen. plfir-is, more ; newt, of coin- 
par, of multus. (See p. 37, 5.) Also 

adv , more. 
P6cul-um, i, «., a drinking vessel, cup, 

bowl. (Root, po, to drink.) 
Poem-a, poemat-is, n., a poem. 
Poen-a, ae, /, satisfaction (for an in- 
jury ;) punishment ; fine : dare poenas. 

to suffer punishment : sumere poenas, 

to inflict punishment. 
Poenitenti-a, ae,/., repentance. (Poen- 

itere.) 
Poenitet, impers. verb, it repents. Set 

p. 97, 4; also p. 93, 9, (2.) 
Poet-a, ae, 7ii., a poet. 
Polliceor, pollicitus sum, pollic 5ri. 

(dep. 2.) to promise, 
Pompili-US, i, m., Pompilius (Numa.) 
P6m-um, i, n., fruit; i.e., small fruit of 

any kind, as apples, berries, rigs, &c. 
Pondo, an indeclinable subst., a pound; 

(used in pi. :) also an adv., (really old 

abL,) by weight. 
P6no, pSsui, posltum, p5n-Cre, to pkaee, 

set, lay ; lay aside. 
Pons, pont-is, m., a bridge. 
Popul-US, i, m., a people, nation; com- 
munity. 
P6pul-US, i,/, a poplar- tree. 
Porcell-US, i, m., (Am of porcus,) a 

little pig. 
Porsen-a, ae, m., Porsena (Lars), king vj 

Clusium. 
Port-a, ae, /, a gate, door. 
Portend-0, i, portentum, povtend-£re. 

to point out ; show beforehand, foretell. 

(= protendo.) 
Port-O, avi. arum, are, to carry, bear; 

bring. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



225 



Port-US, us, m., an entrance ; a harbour, 

haven. 
Posco, pSposci, posc-Sre, to demand. 
Posit-US, a, um, placed, settled; laid 

aside; (per/, part, of pono.) 
Possum, potui, posse, to be able. (See 

p. SO.) 
Post, prep, with accus., (and adv.,) after; 

since; behind. 
Postea, adv., afterwards, hereafter. 
Poster-i, orum, m. pi., posterity, descend- 
ants. (See poster us.) 
Poster-US, a, um, next after, following: 

pi., posted. (See p. 37, 6.) 
Postquam, conj., after that, since; 

when. 
Postrem-US, a, um, the last, (superl. of 

posterus:) ad postvemum, at last. 

(Seep. 37, 6.) 
Postridie, adv., the day after, the next 

day. (Posterus, dies.) 
Postulat-um, i, n., a demand. (Post- 

uio.) 
Postul-O, avi, atum, are, to demand, ask. 
Postumi-US, i, m., Postumius, (Aulus.) 
Potens, gen. potent-is, adj., (and part. 

of possum, ) able; powerful. 
Potestas, potestat-is, /., power, autho- 
rity; influence; opportunity. (Poss- 
um.) 
Poti-or, potitus sum, pot-iri, (dep. 4,) 

to take possession of; get; possess. 

(Governs gen. or abL) 
Potior, potior, potius, (compar. of potis, 

able,) more able, more powerful ; better, 

preferable. 
Potlt-US, a, um, perf. part, of potior. 
Potius, neut. of potior, also ado., 

rather. 
Praeb-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to hold out; 

give, afford, supply. (Prae-hibeo, i.e., 

prae, babeo.) 
Praeced.0, praecessi, praecessum, prae- 

ced-ere, to go before; surpass, excel. 

(Prae, cedo.) 
Praecept-um, i, n., a command, order ; 

advice, precept. (Praecipio.) 
Praecipio, praecepi, praeceptum, prae- 

etp-8re, to take beforehand; anticipate; 

to lay down rules for ; to command. 

(Prae, capio.) 
Praecludo, praeclusi, praecliisum, 

praeclud-ere, to shut in front, close; 

stop short; put a stop to; shut up. 

(Prae, claudo.) 
Praed-a, ae, /., booty, plunder. 

a22j 15 



Praedo, praed5n-is, m., a robber, plun- 
derer. (Praeda.) 

Praefect-US, i, m., an overseer; a com- 
mander, governor. (Praeficio.) 

Praefulgeo, praefulsi, praefulg-Sre. to 
shine brightly. (Prae, fulgeo.) 

PraegUSt-O, avi, atum, are, to taste be- 
fore; taste first. (Prae, gusto.) 

Praeli-um, i, »., a battle, fight. 

Praemitto, praemisi, praemissum, 
praemitt-ere, to send before, send for- 
ward; despatch. (Prae, mitto.) 

Praemi-um, i, n., a reward, prize. 

Praerept-US, a, um, snatched away; 
carried off prematurely. (Praeripio.) 

Praerip-io, ui, praereptum, praerlp- 
Sre, to seize before, or prematurely. 

Praesep-e, is, n., a stall; fold, pen; 
manger. (Prae, sepes.) 

Praesidi-um, i, n., a protection, guard, 
defence; garrison. (Praeses, a pro- 
tector.) 

Praest-ans, gen. praestant-is, adj., 
(part, o/praesto,) surpassing, excellent; 
distinguished. 

Praest-0, tti, Ttum, or atum, are, to 
stand before, surpass ; to stand in front 
of, defend; make good, fulfil, perform, 
pay; supply, afford. (Prae, sto.) 

Praesum, praefui, praeesse, to be over, 
to have in charge, command. (Prae, 
sum.) 

Praeter, prep, with accus., besides, ex- 
cept ; beyond, over and above. (Prae, 
and comparative termination -ter.) 

Praeterea, adv., besides. (Praeter.) 

Praeter-eo, ii, (for Ivi,) Itum, Ire, to 
pass by, omit, neglect, forget. (Praeter, 
eo.) 

Praetext-a, ae, /, a Roman tunic (with 
a broad purple border.) (Praetexo.) 

Prat-um, i, n., a meadow. 

Prav-US, a, um, crooked, distorted; 
perverse, wicked, depraved. 

PreC-es, um,/. pi., entreaties; a prayer; 
request. (From obsolete prex, wbich is 
sometimes used in dat., accus., and 
abL sing.) 

Prec-or, atus sum, ari, (dep.,) to pray, 
entreat. (Preces.) 

Prehend-0, (shortened into prendo,) i, 
prehensum, prehend-Sre, to catch, 
seize, apprehend. 

Premo, pressi, pressum, pr3m-gre, to 
press upon ; crush ; check ; press hard ; 
pursue. 



226 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Prens-US,a, urn, (for prehens-us; per/. 
part, o/prehendo,) caught. 

Preti-um, i, «., price, value ; reward. 

Prldie, adv., the day before, (Pr-, root 
of prae, pro, <fec ; and dies.) 

PrimO, adv., at first; in the first place. 

Prim6r-es, um, m. pi., chief men, nobles: 
pi. of adj., piimor-is, is, e, (Primus.) 

Prim-um, adv., first of all. 

Prim-US, a, um, ord. num., first; 
(superl. o/pris or prae. Seep. 38, 7.) 

Priliceps, gen. princlp-is, adj., fore- 
most, chief: as subst., a chief man, 
prince. (Primus, capio.) 

Principat-US, us, m,, chief power; 
sovereignty. 

Prior, prior, prius, (see p. 38, 7,) former, 
first of two ; (compar. of pris or prae.) 

Prisc-US, i, m., Priscus, ( proper name :) 
as common adj., old, ancient. 

Pristin-US, a, um, former; primitive; 
old, ancient. (Prae, or priscus.) 

Prius, adv., before, formerly; (neut. of 
prior.) 

Priusquam, conj. or adv., before that. 
Sometimes written separately, with 
one or more words intervening. 

PriVat-US, a, um, (perf.part. o/privo,) 
deprived of; deprived of a public office ; 
hence, in private station, private; indi- 
vidual, personal, one's own. 

PriV-O, avi, atum, are, to deprive of, 
bereave. (Privus.) 

Prd, prep, with abl, in front of, before, 
instead of; as; for the benefit of. 

Pr6b-US, a, um, approved of; upright, 
honest. 

Proc-as, ae, 77*., Procas, one of the kings 
of Alba. 

Procax, gen. procac-is, adj.,foncard, in- 
solent; petulant. (Proco, to sue, beg.) 

Proced.0, process!, processum, proced- 
ure, to go forward, advance. (Pro, 
cedo.) 

Procul, adv., at a distance, far off. 

Pr6cul-US, i, 771., Proculus, (proper 
name.) 

Pr6d-eo, H. flvi,) Itum, Ire, to go forth; 
come out, appear. (Pro, eo.) 

Pr6digi-um, i, n., an omen; prodigy; 
portent. (I'ro, and dig-, or die-, root 
of OAco, &c) 

Prodltio, prodltion-is, /., a giving up; 
betrayal, treachery. (Prodo.) 

Proditor, prodTtor-is, 77*. a traitor, be- 
trayer. (Prodo.) 



Prod-O, tdi, Itum, Sre, to give up, deliver 

over, betray; abandon; to hand down, 

publish, declare. (Pro, do.) 
ProdliCO, produxi, productum, produc- 

6re, to lead forth, bring out, produce ; 

prolong. (Pro, duco.) 
Profectd, adv., in reality, truly, cer- 
tainly. 
Pr6fect-US, a, um, perf. part, o/proficis- 

cor. 
ProferO, protuli, prolatum, profeiTe, to 

bring out, produce, discover, put forth, 

exhibit. (Pro, fero.) 
Proficiscor, prBfectus sum, proficisci, 

(dep. 3,) to set out, depart; advance. 
Profug-io, i, Itum, gre, to flee forward, 

or away ; escape. (Pro, fugio.) 
Progeni-es, ei, /, an offspring, progeny, 

brood. (Pro, and gen, root o/gigno.) 
Progredior, progressus sum, progredi, 

to go forward, advance, proceed. (Pro, 

gradior.) 
Problb-eo, ui, Itum, 5re, to keep off, 

prevent, restrain ; forbid. (Pro, habeo.) 
Projicio, projeci, projecttim, projic-gre, 

to throw forward; prostrate, (Pro, 

jacio.) 
Prolabor, prolapsus sum, prolabi, (dep. 

3,) to slide forward, slip; sink; fall. 

(Pro, labor.) 
Pr516quor, prolociitus sum, pr515qui, 

to speak out, say openly, declare, (Pro, 

loquor.) 
PromisS-US, a, um, perf part, of pro- 

mitto : barba promissa, a long (Le., a 

hanging down) beard. 
PromittO, promlsi, promissum, pro- 

mitt-6re, to send forward; let hang 

down ; to promise. (Pro, mitto.) 
Prope, adv., near: also prep, with accus., 

near to. (Comp. propius, nearer.) 
Pr6per-0, avi, atum, are, to hasten, be 

quick. (Properus.) 
Pr6p6no, propSsui, propSsitum, propon- 

fire, to set before ; propose ; intend ; de- 
clare. (Pro, pono.) 
Proposit-tun, i, n., a purpose, project, 

intention ; opinion ; proposition, (Pro- 

pono.) 
Pr6pri-US, a, um, peculiar; own; s/*- 

cial. 
Propter, prep, with accus., on account of. 
Prorip-io, ui, proreptum, prorip-5re, 

to hurry forth, or onward ; to drag out. 

(Pro, rapio.) 
Prosequor, prosecutus sum, prosequi, 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



227 



to follow onward ; accompany; convey; 
follow up (a subject.) (Pro, sequor.) 

Prosplci.0, prospexl, prospectum, pro- 
splc-Sre, to look forward; watch; pro- 
vide for ; foresee. (Pro, spScio.) 

Prosum, profui, prodesse, to be of ser- 
vice to, to benefit. Governs dative. (Pro, 
sum.) 

ProtinuS, adv., straightforward; forth- 
with, immediately. 

Pr6videnti-a, ae, /, forethought, pro- 
vidence. (Piovidens.) 

Pr5vol-0, avi, atum, are, to fty out, or 
forward; hasten on. (Pro, volo.) 

Proxim-US, a, um, nearest, next; 
(superl. of prope,— see p. 38, 7:) in 
proximo, at the nearest point. 

Prudenti-a, ae, /, (providentia,) fore- 
sight, forethought, prudence, wisdom. 
(Prudens, Le., piovidens.) 

Publice, adv., publicly ; at the public ex- 
pense. (Publicus.) 

Public-US, a, um, belonging to the people ; 
public (PSpuius.) 

Piidet, puduit, Ac., it ashames. See p. 
j)7, 4, and 98, 9, (2.) 

Pudor, pudor-is, m., shame; modesty. 

(Pudeo.) 
•Puell-a, ae, /., a girl. (From puellus, 
dimin. of puer.) 

Puer, puer-i, m., a boy; slave: in pi, 
children. 

Pueril-is, is, e, boyish, childish. (Pner.) 

Puerlliter, adv., childishly; foolishly. 
(Puerilis.) 



Pugn-a, ae, /., a battle, fight. (Png-, 

root o/pungo, pu-pug-i.) 
Pugn-O, avi, atum, are, to fight. (Pug- 

na.) 
Pulcer, pulcra, pulcrnm, fair, beautiful. 
Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, (or pulcer, • 

pulcra, &c.,)fair, beautiful 
Pulcherrime, adv., (superl. of yxdchrb,) 

most beautifully ; most nobly. 
Pull-US, i, m., a young animal; a chicl- 

en; one of a brood. (Puellus, from 

puer.) 
Pulmentari-um, i, n., anything eaten 

with bread; relish; a dainty. (Pul- 

mentum, from puis, pultis, pap, or 

pottage.) 
Puls-O, avi, atum, are, to beat frequently ; 

knock at; beat, batter. (Frequentative 

from pello.) 
Puls-US, a, um, perf. part, of pello. 
Pulvis, pnlver-is, m., dust. 
PuniC-US, a, um, Punic, (i.e., Cartlut- 

ginian, or Phoenician.) 
Piln-io, ivi, Itum, Ire, to punish. (Poe- 
na.) 
Punior, punitus sum, punlri, (pass, of 

punio,) to be punished: (also dep.,) to 

punish. 
Punct-um, i, «., a prick, sting; punc- 
ture. (Pungo.) 
Furg-O, avi, atum, are, to cleanse, clear; 

excuse ; purge. (Purum, ago.) 
Pur-US , a, um, clear, pure, unadulterated. 
Piite-US, i, m., a well, pit. 
Piit-O, avi, atum, are, to think, suppose. 



Q., an abbreviation for Quintus, (P. name.) 
Qua, adv., where, whither. 
Quadraginta, card, num., forty. Indecl. 
Quadrans, quadrant-is, m., a fourth 

part, quarter ; a farthing ; a quadrans 

(fourth part of an as.) 
Quadrig-a, ae,/, and quadrlg-ae, arum, 

/. pi., a four-horse chariot. (Quadri- 

jngae, from quatuor, jugum.) 
Quaero, qnaesivi, quaesitum, quaer-ere, 

to seek, ask. 
Quaeso, quaesiimus, (defective verb), I 

pray, we pray. 
Quaestio, quaestion-is, /., an inquiry, 

examination, inquest. (Quaero.) 
Quaestor, quaestor-is, m., a quaestor; 

paymaster. (Quaesitor, from quaero.) 



Qual-is, is, e, of what kind, such as. 

(Quis.) 
Quam, adv., in what way, in what degree ; 

how : as conj., as, than. 
Quamllbet, adv., as you please, at plea- 
sure; how much soever. (Quam, lib- 

et.) 
Quamprimum, adv., as soon as possible. 
Quam vis, adv., in what way, or as much 

as you will ; however much ; although. 

(Quam, and vis from volo.) 
Quandoquidem, adv., since indeed; 

seeing that. (Quando, qultlein.) 
Quantum, adv., (neuter of quanlus), 

how much ; as much as ; as far as. 
Quant-U-S, a, um, how much, how great; 

as much or as great as. 



228 



LA.TIN VOCABULARY. 



Quapropter, adv., on which account, 

wherefore, why. (Quam, rem, propter.) 
Quare, adv., from what circumstance, 

wherefore, why. (Qua, re, abl o/res.) 
Quart-US, a, um, ord. num., the fourth. 

(Quatuor.) 
Quasi, adv., as if , as though ; just as. 
Quatuor, card, num., four. (Sometimes 

written quattuor.) 
Queo,quIvi, qultum, qu-Ire, to be able. 
Querc-US, us, /., an oak tree. (See p. 

26, 2.) 
Querel-a, ae, /., a complaint. (QuEror.) 
Queror, questus sum, qneri, (dep. 3,) to 

complain, bewail. 
Qui, quae, quod, ret pron., who, which. 

that. (See p. 43, 9.) 
Qui, quae, quod, indef. pron., what, 

which. Also intcrrog., who ? what ? 

which* 
Qui, adv., (old abL of qui,) how, in what 

manner. 
Quia, conj., because. 
Quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, 

whoever, whichever. (See p. 43, 9.) 
Quldam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. 

pron., a certain one; some (person or 

thing.) 
Quldem, adv., indeed: ne— quidem, not 

even. 
Quidui, adv., why not t 
Quies, quiet-is,/, rest, quiet, sleep. 
Quiesco, quievi, quietum, quiesc-Sre, to 

rest, be quiet. (Quies.) 
Quiet-US, a, um, quiet, peaceful; com- 
posed. (Quies.) 
Quin, adv., in what manner not* why 

not * how not * that not ; but that ; tliat. 

See note, p. 88. (Qui, ne, or non.) 
Quinam, quaenam, quodnam, interrog. 

pron., who * which ? what, pray t who 

at all* 
Quingent-i, ae, a, card, num., five hun- 
dred. (Quinque, centum.) 



Quillt-US, a, um, ord. nitm., firth 
(Quinque.) 

Quippe, adv. and conj., certainly, in- 
deed; as being; since, inasmuch as. 
(Quia, pe; or, as others prefer, qui, 
pote.) 

Quirinal-is, is, e, belonging to Qui- 
rinus ; the Quirinal Hill 

Quirln-US, i, m., Quirinus, (le., Romu- 
lus.) 

Quis, quae, quid, or quod, interrog. 
pron., who * which * what * Also, in- 
def, any one, some one. 

Quisuam, quaenam, quidnam, who, 
pray* what, pray ? what at all? 

Quisquam, quaequam, (quidquam,) 
quicquam, any one, any thing. 

Quisque, quaeque, quodque, or quidque, 
every, each. 

Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quidvia, 
any (person or thing) you please ; what 
you please. (Qui, vis, from vo'.o.) 

QUO, adv., in what place; where, where- 
ever, anywhere: quo — eo, by how much, 
by so much; in proportion as. 

QUO, adv., to what purpose; of what r:se ; 
whither. 

Quo, conj., in order that, that. 

Qudd., conj., because; that; since. 

Quodvis. (See Quivis.) 

QuominuS, adv., so that not. 

Quondam, adv., formerly ; once upon a 
lime. 

Quoniam, conj., because; seeing that; 
since. 

Quoque, adv., also, too. 

Quot, indecl. adv., how many; as many as. 

Quotaunis, adv., every year. (Quot, 
annus.) 

Quotldie, adv., daily, every day. (Quot, 
dies.) 

Quoties, adv., how often ; as often as. 

Quum, (or cum,) conj., when, since, be- 



R. 



Radi-US, i, m., a staff, rod; ray; spoke 
(of a wheel). 

Radix, radlc-is, /, a root ; base (of a 
mountain). 

Ram6s-US, a, um, abounding in branch- 
es, branchy. (Ramus.) 

Ram-US, i, m., a branch, bough. 

Ran-a, ae. /, a frog. 



Rapid-US, a, um, hurrying on; rapid, 

swift. (Rapio.) 
Rapin-a, ae, /., plunder, rapine, robbery 

(Rapio.) 
Rap-io, ui, turn, gre, to seize hastily, 

snatch; drag; steal; hurry on. 
Rapt-US, a, um, (perf. part, of rapioj 

seized, carried off, <Lx. 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



229 



- Ear-US, a, am, scarce, rare ; (of nets,) 

wide-meshed ; few; here and there. 
Ratio, ration- is,/., a calculation, account; 

reasoning; reason; thought; manner. . 
Raurac-i, orum, m. pi., the Rauraci. 
Re-, or red-, a prefix used in compound 

words, meaning 'back;' as, reduco, to 

lead back: hence it signifies (1) 'again;' 

as, resumo, to take again: (2) ' against;' 

as, resisto, to set one's self against: 

(3) 4 «n-,' i.e., not; retendo, to unstretch, 

unbind ; recludo, to open. 
Recedo, recessi, recessum, recSd-gre, to 

go back, retire ; give up. (Re, cedo.) 
Recens, gen. recent-is, adj., fresh, new; 

recent. 
Recept-US, a, um, per/, part, o/recipio. 
ReCld-O, i, recasum, recld-ere, to fall 

back again; recoil. (Re, cado.) 
Recipio, recepi, receptum, reclp-gre, to 

take back; receive; recover, regain. 

(Re, capio.) 
Recte, adv., rightly, correctly. (Rectus.) 
Rect-um, i, «., right ; rectitude ; (neut. 

of rectus, per/, part, o/rego.) 
Rect-US, a, um, (per/, part, o/ rego, and 

adj., made straight;) right; upright; 

proper ; just ; good ; wise. 
Reciiper-O, avi, atum, are, to get back, 

recover. 
RecUS-O, avi, atum, are, to give reasons 

against; re/use, reject, renounce. (Re, 

causa.) 
Redd-O, idi, ifcum, ere, to give back, re- 
store; repeat; repay; render; cause. 

(Re, do.) 
Red-eo, ii, (ivi,) ttum, Ire, to go back, re- 
turn. (Re, or red, eo.) 
RedigO, redegi, redactum, redtg-ere, to 

drive back; bring back; reduce. (Re, 

ago.) 
RedintegT-O, avi, atum, are, to make 

whole again, renew ; re/resh. (Re ; 

integro, from integer.) 
RedilCO, reduxi, reductum, reduc-gre, to 

lead back, bring back, restore. (Re, duco.) 
Refect-US, a, um, per/, part, o/ reficio. 
Refero, rgtuli, relatum, referre, to carry 

or bring back ; report : referre pedem, 

to retreat. (Re, fero.) 
Refert, impers. verb, it concerns. (Seep. 

98, 9, (1,) with note.) 
Reficio, refeci, refectum, refic-ere, to 

make again, renew; refit. (Re, facio.) 
Refiig-io, i, Itum, gre, to fiee back; 

escape; shun. (Re, fugio.) 



Regi-a, ae, /, a royal fiouse, (doinus 

understood;) palace; court. (Rex.) 
Regill-US, i, m., Regillus, a lake. 
•Regin-a, ae,/, a queen. (Rex.) 
Regi-US, a, um, kingly, royal; noble. 

(Rex.) 
Regn-O, avi, atum, are, to act the king; 

reign, rule. (Reg num.) 
Regn-um, i, n., a kingdom; royal 

power, sovereignty. (Rex.) 
RegO, rexi, rectum, rgg-ere, to make 

straight; direct; rule. 
Regredior, regressus sum, rggrgd-i, to 

go back, return; retreat. (Re, gradior.) 
Relabor, relapsus sum, relabi, (dep. 3,) 

to slide back; /all back ; retire; retreat. 

(Re, labor.) 
Relat-US, a, um, re/erred to ; reckoned 

among; (per/, part, of refero.) 
Relict-US, a, um, le/t behind; remaining; 

(per/, part, o/relinquo.) 
Rellgio, (or relligio,) religi5n-is, /, re- 
verence /or the gods ; piety, religion ; 

superstition; scruples o/ conscience; 

sacred or moral obligation. (From 

relego, to ponder carefully; or religo, 

to bind down.) 
Rellg-O, avi, atum, are, to bind /ast, tie. 

(Re, ligo.) 
Relinquo, reliqui, relictum, relinqu-gre, 

to leave behind, abandon, give up. (Re, 

linquo.) 
Reliqui-ae, arum, / pi, the leavings, 

remnants, remains. (Relinquo.) 
Reliqu-US, a, um, le/t over, remaining ; 

the rest. (Relinquo.) 
Rem.U.ner-0, avi, atum, are, to repay ; 

reward. (Re, munero, from muu us.) 
Rem-US, i, m., an oar. 
Rem-US, i, m., Remus, brother of Romu- 
lus. 
Repello, repuli, repulsum, repell-gre, to 

drive back, repel, repulse ; confute. 
JRe, pello.) 
Repente, adv., suddenly, all at once. 

(Repens.) 
Reper-io, i, turn, ire, to get back again; 

to find; invent. (Re, pario.) 
Repet-O, Ivi, Itum, ere, to seek again ; 

go back for ; demand ; demand restitu- 
tion for ; repeat. (Re, peto.) 
Repl-eo, evi, etum, ere, to fill up ; fill 

again, replenish. (Re, pleo, as in im- 

pleo, compleo, ple-nis, <fcc.) 
Replet-US, a, um, filled with; (perf. 

part, of replco ) 



230 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Repon.0, repfisui, repSsltum, repon-ere, 
to replace, restore ; lay up, keep safely. 
(Re, pono.) 

Rep0SC-O, rep5posc-i, rgposc-ere, to de- 
trtand back, demand restitution of; ask 
for, require, (Re, posco.) 

Repreh.end-0, i, reprehensum, repre- 
hend-ere, to seize again, regain ; to hold 
back; reprove, censure. (Re, prehendo.) 

Repromitto, repromlsi, &c, (see Mitto,) 
to promise in return. (Re, promitto.) 

Repuls-a, ae, /, a defeat, repulse, rejec- 
tion, rebuff; loss (of an election.) (lie- 
pello.) 

Repuls-US, a, um, beaten off, baffled; 
(perf. part, o/repello.) 

Res, rel, /., a thing, matter, affair ; pro- 
perty; interest of; domestic affairs: res 
gestae, exploits, great deeds. 

Rescindo, rescldi, rescissum, rescind- 
ere, to tear or cut off; to break down, 
or up; repeal; destroy. (Re, scindo.) 

Resideo, rgsedi, resld-ere, to sit down; 
perch upon. (Re, sedeo.) 

ResistO, restlti, restltum, resistere, to 
come to a stop, stand still, halt ; with- 
stand, oppose. (Re, sisto.) 

RespergO, respersi, respersum, reperjr- 
ere, to sprinkle all over, bespatter. (Re, 
spargo.) 

Respers-US, a, am, bespattered; (perf. 
part, o/respergo.) 

Respicio, respexi, respectum, respic- 
6re, to look back; regard, respect. (Re, 
specio.) 

Respond-eo, i. responsum, respond ere, 
to promise in return ; to reply, answer. 
(Re, spondee) 

Respons-um, i, n., an answer, reply; 
utterance of an oracle. (Respondeo.) 

Respublica, reipublicae, /, a common- 
wealth, state, (See p. 34, •->.) 

RestitU-O, i, turn, gre, to establish again, 
rtnem; restore, rebuild, replace, (Re, 
statuo.) 

R§t-e, is, n., a net ; (abl., rete, or retL) 

Retend-O, i, retensum, (or retentuin,) 
retend-gre, to unbend, relax, slacken. 
(Re, tendo. See Re.) 

ReteHS-US, a, um, unbent, unstrung; 
(perf. part, o/retendo.) 

Retent-US, a, um, held back, detained; 
( perf. part, of retineo.) 

RetlH-eo, ui, retentum, retin-gre, to 
hold back, detain. (Re, teneo.) 

RetundO, retudi, retusum, retuud ere, 



to hammer lack, to beat back; taki tht 
point off, blunt; weaken; restrain; 
humble ; refute. (He, tundo.) 

Revert-O, i, reversum, revert-ere, to 
turn back, return. (Re, verto.) 

Revertor, reversus sum, reverti, (dep.,) 
to return, turn back. (Reverto.) 

ReV0C-0, avi, alum, are, to call back; 
invite in return; recall. (Re, voco.) 

Rex, reg-is, m., a king, prince, chief. 
(Rego.) 

Rhe-a, ae, /., Rhea, (Silvia,) mother of 
Romulus and Remus. 

Rh.en.-TLS, i, m., the river Rhine, 

Rld-eo, rtsi, risum, rid-ere, to laugh, 
laugh at ; mock. 

Rlg-eo, ui, ere, to be stiff; to be numb. 

Rip-a, ae, /, a bank (of a river) ; mar- 
gin, edge (of ttie sea, <tc.) 

Rite, adv., duly, according to proper 
ceremony. 

Rlt-US, us, m., a religious ceremony; 
usage, etiquette. 

RlV-US, i, m,, a river, stream. 

Rix-a, ae, /., a brawl, quarrel, squabble. 

R6do, rosi, rosum, rod-ere, to gnaw, tat 
atcay : backbite. 

R6g-0, avi, atum, are, to ask, beg, entreat 

R6m-a, ae, /., Rome. 

R6maH-US, i, m., a Roman ; or adj., 
Roman. 

Romul-US, i, ML, Romulus. 

Rostr-um, i, n., a bill, beak; the beak 
(of a ship.) (Rodo.) 

Rdt-a, ae, /., a wheel. 

R6tu\nd-US, a, um, round, circular. 
(Rota.) 

Rud-is, is, e, unwrought, unfilled, un- 
polished, untaught, uncivilized; raw; 
unskilled ; uncomt ly. 

RtlgOS-US, a, um, full of wrinkles, 
wrinkled. (Ruga, a wrinkle.) 

Ruin-a, ae,/., a downfall; ruin, destruc- 
tion. (Ruo.) 

Rumpo, rupi, niptum, rump-ere, to 
burst, break ; destroy. 

Rao, rui, rutum, (ruitum,) ru-€re, to 
fall down, tumble. 

RtLp-es, is,/., a rock. 

Rupt-US, a, um, perf. part of rumpo. 

RuTSUS, and rursum, adv., again. 

Rus, rur-is, «., the country; a farm: rura, 
fields. 

Rustic-US, a, um, belonging to the coun- 
try, rustic, rural : as subst, a 
man. (Rus.) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



231 



s. 



Sabin-US, 1, m., a Sabine : pi., Sabini, 

the Sabines. 
Sacc-US, 1, m., a sack, bag. 
Sacer, sacr-a, sacr-um, sacred, holy ; de- 
voted; accursed: sacra, n. pi, sacred 

rites. 
Sacer dos, sacerd5t-is, m. or /, a priest, 

priestess. (Sacer.) 
Sacriflci-um, i, n., a sacrifice. (Sacri- 

fico.) 
Saepe, adv., often; compar., saepius; 

superl., saepissime. 
Saev-io, ii, (ivi,) Itnm, ire, to exercise 

cruelty ; to rage, be savage, be furious. 

(Saevus.) 
Saeviti-a, ae, (and saeviti-es, ei,) /, 

cruelty; harshness, severity; rage. 

(Saevus.) 
Saev-US, a, um, raging; cruel; harsh; 

fierce. 
Sagax, gen. sagac-is, adj., wise, knowing. 
Sal, sill-is, m. or n., salt: in jjL, sales, 

wit. 
Sali-i, orum, m., the Salii, priests of Mars. 
Sal-io, ui, or ivi, (ii,) saltum, sal-ire, to 

dance, leap, bound. 
Salt-O, avi, atum, are, to dance. (Salio.) 
Salt-US, us, m., a leap: also, amountain; 

a glade ; glen ; mountain pass ; forest. 

(Salio.) 
Saluber, and salubr-is, is, e, healthy, 

wholesome. (Salus.) 
Salus, salut-is, /, health, safety. 
Salut-O, avi, atum, are, to ask after the 

health of; salute, greet. (Salus.) 
Salv-US, a, um, safe, well, strong; un- 
hurt. 
SamMce-US, a, um, of or belonging to 

the elder-tree. (Sambucus.) 
SailCt-US, a, um, sacred, holy. (Sancio, 

to make sacred.) 
Sane, adv., truly, indeed. 
Sanguis, sanguln-is, m., blood; family, 

race. 
Sapiens, gen. sapient-is, adj., wise, pru- 
dent; (pres. part, o/sapio, to be wise.) 
Sapienti-a, ae, /, wisdom. (Sapiens.) 
Sapor, sapor-is, m., taste, relish. (Sapio, 

to taste.) 
Sarcin-a, ae, /, a burden, load, bundle. 
Sati-O, avi, atum, arc, to satiate, satisfy. 

(Satis.) 



Satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. 

Sator, sat6r-is, m., a father; creator 
(Sero; supine, satum.) 

Sauci-O, avi, atum, are, to wound, hurt, 
maim. (Saucius.) 

Sax-um, i, n., a stone, rock. 

Scal-a, ae, (usually in pi., scalae,) /., a 
ladder, stair, flight of steps. (Scando.) 

Scand-O, i, scansum, scana-ere, to climb, 
mount, ascend. 

Scelerat-US, a, um, polluted by crime, 
criminal, wicked, abandoned; accursed: 
as subst, a wretch, miscreant. (Scelero.) 

Scelest-US, a, um, villainous; regard- 
less; accursed; wicked. (Seel us.) 

Scel-US, 5ris, n., a wicked action ; crime; 
heinous sin, enormity. 

Scilicet, adv., it is evident, it is plain ; 
of course, certainly ; forsooth ; namely, 
to wit. (Sci, imperative of scire, to 
know; and licet.) 

Sc-io, ivi, (ii,) Itum, lie, to know. 

Scipio, scipion-is, m , a staff. 

Scipio, Scipion-is, m., Scipio, (proper 
name.) 

Sciscit-O, avi, atum, are, or more usu- 
ally (dep.) sciscitor, to inquire, ex- 
amine. (Scisco.) 

Scrlb-a, ae, m., a writer, scribe, clerk. 
(Scribo.) 

Scribo, scripsi, scriptum, SCTib-gre, to 
write, enroll ; levy; compose. 

Scrut-Or, atus sum, Sri, to search into, 
examine. 

Scut-um, i, n., a shield (of oblong shape,) 
buckler. 

Scyth-a, ae, m., a Scythian. 

Secedo, secessi, secessum, seced-ere, to 
go apart, withdraw, revolt. (Se, apart; 
cedo.) 

Sec-O, ui, turn, are, to cut, wound; lop off. 

Secum, (i.e., cum se,) with himself, her- 
self, themselves, &c. (See note §, p. 45.) 

Secundum, prep, with accus., next to, 
after, in the next place; according to. 
(Secundus.) 

SeCUnd-US, a, um, following after, se- 
cond; prosperous. (Sequor.) 

Secur-is, is, /., an axe, hatchet. (Seco.) 

Secur-US, a, um, free from care, w»- 
anxious ; considering one's self safe. (Se, 
cura.) 



232 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Secus, cuiv., otherwise. 

Sed, conj., but. 

Sed-eo, sedi, session, s6d-ere, to sit, 
settle. 

, is, /., a seat, settlement; abode, re- 
(Sedeo.) 

Sedll-e, is, n., a seat, bench. (Sedeo.) 

Sedltio, sedition-is, /, a putting apart, 
separation: hence, an insurrection, mu- 
tiny, civil broil, sedition. (Se, apart; 
and do.) 

Sed-O, avi, atum, are, to cause to sit 
down; settle; appease, check. (Sedeo.) 

Seduco, seduxi, <fec., (see Duco,) to lead 
aside, or apart; to draw away, separ- 
ate. (Se, duco.) 

Sedul-US, a, um, (fond of silting ;) in- 
dustrious, diligent, sedulous. (Sedeo.) 

SegTl-is, is, e, slow; indolent, slothful, 
lazy. 

Segreg-O, avi, atum are, to separate 
from the flock ; to separate, divide ; re- 
move, (Se, apart, grex.) 

Sell-a, ae, /, a seat, stool, chair, sedan. 
(Contr.for sedula, ./row s€deo.) 

Semel, adv., once, once for all. {Root 
sem-, as in sem-per, sira-ul, sim-plex, 
<fcc.) 

Semper, adv., always, at all times, ever. 
(See Semel.) 

Senator, s5nator-is, m., a senator, — mem- 
ber of the Roman Senate, (Same root 
as sSn-ex.) 

Senat-US, us, (or i,) m., the Senate, or 
supreme council of the Romans. (Same 
root as s6n-ex.) 

Senex, gen, sen-is, adj., old, aged: as 
subst., an old man or woman. (For 
comparison see p. 37, 5.) 

Senior, m., senior, /., gen. senior-is, 
older. (See p. 37, 5.) 

Seni-um, i, «., old age; feebleness of age, 
debility, dotage; decay. (Seneo, to be old.) 

Sen6n-es, (Galli,) um, m., the Senones, a 
Gallic tribe, 

Sensi, perf. ind. act. of sentio. 

Sens-US, us, m., the potcer of feeling ; 
feeling, sensation, sense. (Sentio.) 

Senteuti-a, ae, /., mode of thinking; 
opinion, judgment, sentiment. (Sent-io.) 

Sentio, sensi, sensuni, sent-Ire, to feel, Sllenti-um 
hear, see, think, be of opinion. (Sileo.) 

Sepel-io, ivi, (ii,) sepultum, sepel-ire, 
to bury, inter; obliterate. 

Sep-io, si, turn, ire, to surround with a 
hedge; enclcsc, protect. (Sepes, a hedge.) 



Septem, card, num., seven. 

Septim-US, a, um, ord. num., seventh. 

Sepulchr-um, (or sepulcrum,) L, n., a 
place of interment, a sepulcfae, tomb. 
(Sepelio.) 

Sepnlt-US, a, um, perf. part of sepelio. 

Seqn§,n-i, orum, m. pi, the Sequani, a 
Gallic tribe, 

Sequor, sgcutus sum, sequi, (dep.,) to 
foUow, attend; pursue, 

Senno, sermon-is, m., conversation, 
speech, discourse. (Sero.) 

Ser-US, a, um, late, too late : sera nocte, 
late at night. 

Serv-a, ae, /, a (female) slave. 

Serv-io, ivi or ii, itum, Ire, to be a slave; 
to serve, (Le., be subject to) ; to serve, 
(Le., to benefit), with dat. (Servus.) 

Servltus, servitut-Is, /., servitude, bond- 
age, slavery. (Servio.) 

Servi-US, i, nt, Servius (Tullius), proper 



are, to save, keep, 
observe; keep 



Serv-O, avi, arum, 

preserve; retain; 

close to. 
Serv-US, i, m., a slave; servant. 
Sese, accus. andabl of suL (Se repeated.) 
Set0S-ns, a, um, bristly, covered with 

rough hair. (Seta.) 
Sen, conj. (=sive), or if, if: seu— sen, 

whether — or. 
Sex, card, num., six. 
Sextil-is, is, e, belonging to the sixth 

month (Le., August) As subst, August 

(Sex.) 
Sext-«LS, &, um, ord. num., sixth. 
SeXt-US, i, m., Sextus, (Tarquinius.) 
Si, conj., if, since, 
SlC, adv., in litis manner, thus, so. 
Sicc-US, a, um, without moisture, dry, 

parched: in sicco, in a dry place. 
Sicili-a, ae, /., Sicily. 
SlCUt, (sicuti), adv., so as, just as, as it 

were, (Sic, ut) 
Sidus, slder-is, n,, a star; constellation. 
Signlfic-O, avi, atum, are, to make a 

sign, indicate (by signs); show, point out; 

denote, mean, signify. (Signum, facio.) 
Sign-um, i, u.. a mark, sign, signal ; 

statue, 

n., silence, 



Sil-eo, ui, ere, to be still, to keep silence. 
' ""Silv-a, ae, /., a wood, forest 

Silvi-a, ae,/, Silvia, (proper name.) 
Simil-is, is, e, like, similar. For com- 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



233 



parative, see p. 37, (2.) (Root sim-. 

See Semel.) 
Similiter, adv., in like manner, simi- 
larly. 
Slmllltudo, similitudln-ls, /., like?iess, 

resemblance. (Similis.) 
SImi-a, ae, /., an ape. 
Simi-us, i, m., (see Slmia), an ape. 

(Simus, fiat-nosed.) 
SimpllClter, adv., one by one, singly; 

simply, plainly ; directly ; sincerely. 

(Simplex.) 
Simul, adv., at the same time, together. 

(See Semel.) 
Simulacr-um, i, n., an image, likeness; 

shadow, reflection ; ghost. (Simulo.) 
Simiil-O, (or similo), avi, atum, are, to 

make like, to imitate, copy; pretend, 

fiign. (Similis.) 
Sine, prep, with abl., without. 
Singul-i, ae, a, distrib. num., one by one, 

one each, individually. (Root sin-, or 

sim-. See Semel.) 
Sinister, sinistr-a, sinistr-um, left, on 

the left ; unlucky. 
Sino, slvi, sltum, sln-ere, to let alone, 

allow, permit, suffer. 
Slll-US, us, m., a fold (of a robe) ; bosom; 

bay (of the sea.) 
Si quis, si qua, si quid, or siquod, if 

any, whoever. 
Sit-io, Ivi, Itum, lie, to feel thirst, thirst 

for. (Sitis.) 
Slt-is, is, /., thirst. 
Sive. (See Seu.) 
S5bol-es, (or suboles), is, /., an offspring, 

progeny. 
Socer, socgr-i, to., a father-in-law. 
Societas, societat-is, /, companionship, 

society, intercourse. (Socius.) 
Soci-US, i, to., a partner, companion. 
S5crat-es, is, to., Socrates. 
Socr-US, us,/., a motlier-in-law. 
Sodal-is, is, to. or/, a companion, mate, 

associate. 
S61, sol-is, to., the sun. 
Soleo, solitus sum, s51-ere, to be accus- 
tomed, to be wont. 
S51erti-a, ae,/, (or sollertia), skill, dex- 
terity; shrewdness, cunning. (Solers.) 
Solld-US, a, urn, firm, compact, dense, 

solid; whole, entire. 
Solltfldo, solitudm-is, /, being alone; 

solitude, loneliness; desert. (Solus.) 
S6lit-TlS, a, um, accustomed; (perf. part. 

of soleo.) 



Sdlum, adv., alone, only. (Solus.) 
S61-US, a, um, alone, solitary, lonely. 
Solflt-US, a, um, free, unrestrained; (perf. 

part, of solvo.) 
Solv-O, i, sfilutum, solv-gre, to untie, 

loosen, let go; break up, dissolve; to 

pay. 
Somni-um, i, n., a dream, (Somnus.) 
Somn-us, i, »»., sleep. 
Sonipes, gen. sonip6d-is, adj., with sound- 
ing feet; noisy-footed: as subst., (poet.) 

a horse. (Sonus, pes.) 
Son-O, ui, Itum, are, to sound, echo. 

(Sonus.) 
Son-US, i, m., sound. 
S6ph-us, i, to., a wise man, philosopher. 
Sorbltio, sorbition-is, /., broth, soup ; a 

drink. (Sorbeo.) 
Sordid-US, a, um, dirty, foul; base, mean. 

(Sordeo, to be dirty.) 
Soror, s5ror-is, /, a sister. ■ 

Sors, sort-is, /., lot, chance, fate, destiny. 
SpargO, sparsi, sparsum, sparg-6re, to 

scatter, spread, diffuse. 
Spati-um, i, «., space, room, extent, 

distance; space (of time.) 
Speci-es, ei, /, a seeing, sight, view ; an 

appearance, likeness, image; kind. (Spec- 

io.) 
Spectacul-um, i, «,, a show, sight, spec- 
tacle, exhibition, public game. (Specto.) 
Spectator, spectator-is, to., a looker on, 

spectator. (Specto.) 
Spect-O, avi, atum, are, to look at, gaze 

at, observe, examine; have an eye to, 

watch, guard; to look toward, i.e., lie 

toward. (Specie) 
Specul-um, i,»., amirror, looking-glass, 

(specio): in speculo lympharum, in 
* the glassy surface of the water. 
Spec-US, us, (or i,) to., (sometimes f. and 

n.,) a cave, cavity, den, 
Sper-O, avi, atum, are, to look- for; hope 

for; expect. 
Sp-es, ei, /, a looking for, expectation ; 

hope. 
Spirit-US, us, to., a breath of air, breeze; 

breath; spirit, soul (Spiro.) 
Spir-O, avi, atum, are, to blow; breathe; 

live. 
Splendld-US, a, um, bright, shining; 

magnificent, splendid. (Splendco.) 
Spoliat-US, a, um, stripped (of armour, 

tkc.,) plundered; (perf. part, o/spolio.) 
Sp61i-0, avi, atum, are, to strip, plunder, 

spoil. (Spolium.) 



234 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



Spoli-um, 1. n., booty, spoil, prey: pi, 
spolia. 

Spum-O, avi, at ura, are, to foam, froth. 
(Spuma, foam.) 

Stabul-um, i, n., a standing place; stall, 
stable. (Sto.) 

Stagn-um, i, n., standing water ; apool, 
pond; fen, marsh. (Sto.) 

Statim, adv., immediately, forthwith. 
(Sto.) 

Statio, statiOn-is, /., a standing place, 
post, station. (Sto.) 

StatU-a, ae, /., a statue, image. (Statuo.) 

Statii-O, i, (a) turn, ere, to set up, erect; 
establish; resolve. (Status, from sto.) 

SterCUS, stercor-is, n., dung ; filth. 

Sterll-is, is, e, unfruitful, barren; waste; 
unprofitable. 

Stipendi-um, i, n., a tax, tribute, pay. 
(For stipipendium, from [stips] stipis, 
a gift; andpendo, to pay.) 

Sto, stSti, statum, st-are, to stand. 

Strament-um, i, n., straw, litter ; a 
covering. (Sterno, stra-vi.) 

Strenu-US, a, um, active, vigorous, ener- 
getic; bold. 

Strig-O, avi, Stum, are, to halt (in the 
furrow), rest; delay, take leisure. (Stiix, 
a furrow.) 

Stlidiose, adv., zealously, eagerly ; care- 
fully. (Studiosus.) 

Studi6s-US, a, um, zealous; careful; in- 
dustrious, diligent. (Studium.) 

Stiidi-um, i, n., zeal, eagerness; study. 
(Studeo.) 

Stultlti-a, ae, /, folly, silliness. (Stult- 
us.) 

Stult-US, a, um, foolish, silly. 

Stupeus, gen. stupent-is, pres. part, of 
stup-eo, ui, ere, to be stunned, sense- 
less, betcildered. 

Stupor, stupor-is, m., numbness, insensi- 
bility; stupidity; astonishment (Stup- 
eo.) 

SuadeO, suasi, suasum, suad-ere, to ad- 
vise, exhort, urge. 

Sub, prep, with ail., under, beneath; 
close to : (of time,) in, during, at : with 
accus., (indicating motion,) to, be- 
neath, under ; near to ; close to. 

Subdol-US, a, um, somewhat crafty, de- 
ceitful, <frc (Sub, dolus.) 

SubdiiCO, subduxi, subductum. subduc- 
5 re, to draw or lead up; draw off, 
carry away, remove. (Sub, duco.) 
SubigO, subcgi, subactum, subig-ere, 



to bring under or up; subdue. (Sub, 
ago) 

Subiude, adv., from time to time; now 
and then. (Sub, inde.) 

Sublto, adv., suddenly. (Subitus.) 

Sublt-US, a, um, sudden, unexpected. 
(Subeo, to come up.) 

Subject-US, a, um, (perf. part, of sub- 
jicio,) lying beneath ; lying near, bor- 
dering on, subjoined ; subject to. 

Subjicio, subjeci, subjectum, subjlc-ere, 
to put under, make subject to; throw 
from under (upward;) bring up to 
mind; to substitute. (Sub, jacio.) 

Sublev-O, avi, atum, are, to lift up; sup- 
port; assuage. (Sub, levo.) 

Sublld-US, a, um, resting on piles: 
Pons Sublicius, a wooden bridge over 
the Tiber, resting on piles. (Sublica, a 
pile.) 

Sublim-is, is, e, uplifted, lofty, high, 
elevated 

Sublustr-is, is, e, slightly luminous, 
glimmering ; darkish. (Sub, lux.) 

Succed-O, successi, successum, succed- 
ere, to go under, or after ; to follow, 
succeed; to go up, march up, ascend; 
succeed, i.e., prosper. (Sub, cedo.) 

Success-US, us, m., success, good-speed 
(Succedo.) 

Succumb-O, succubui, succubltum, 
succumb-ere, to put one's self under; 
fall down; yield to. (Sub, cumbo.) 

Succurr-O, i, succursum, succurr-ere, 
to run under; run up to; help, succour; 
to occur to. (Sub curro.) 

Sui, of himself, &c. (Seep. 41.) 

Sum, fui, esse, to be, to happen. (See p. 
78.) 

Summ-a, ae, /, (res being understood,) 
the main thing ; summit; chief power; 
the whole amount, total sum. (Fern, of 
summus.) 

Summ-US, a, um, (superl of superus, 
p. 37,) the highest, greatest, utmost, 
supreme, 

Sum-O, psi, or si, ptum, or turn, 6re, to 
take, lay hold of, receive ; choose, select 

Super, prep, with abl, above, over; on, 
about, concerning : with accus., (indicat- 
ing motion,) on to, upon, over, above, 
as adv., above, over and above, more- 
over. 

Superbe, adv., proudly, haughtily. (Su- 
perbus.) 

Superbi-a, ae, /., uppithncsi, pride; 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



235 



haughtiness ; tyrannical dealing. (Su- 
perbus.) 

Superb-US, a, um, uppish, proud; 
haughty; tyrannical (Super.) 

Superincidens, superinddent-is, part., 
falling on from above. 

Siiper-ior, ior, ius, gen. superior-is, 
(compar. of super us,) higher, greater, 
superior to ; former, &c. 

Supersum, superfui, superesse, to be 
over; to be left, remain, survive; to 
abound. (Super, sura.) 

Super-US, a, um, being above, high, up- 
lifted: in pi., superi, the gods above. 
For compar., see p. 37. (Super.) 

Supplex, gen. supplic-is, adj., begging 
humbly; suppliant, submissive, humble: 
as subst., a suppliant. (Sub, plico.) 

Supplici-um, i, n,, apublic prayer; wor- 
ship; satisfaction; punishment. (Supplico.) 



Supra, prep, with accus., above. 
SUS, su-is, m. or/, a pig, boar, sow. 
Suscept-US, a, um, undertaken, begun; 

(perf. part, of suscipio.) 
Suscipio, suscepi, susceptum, susclp- 

6re, to take up, undertake, begin. (Sub, 

capio.) 
Suspend-O, i, suspensum, suspend-ere, 

to hang up, suspend; put to death. 

(Sub, pendo.) 
Suspens-US, a, um, perf. part, of sus- 

pendo : suspenso pede, on tiptoe. 
Sustin-eO, ui, sustentum, sustln-ere, to 

hold up, sustain, support; endure. 

(Sub, teneo.) 
Sustulijiw/. ind. act. o/tollo, orsuffero; 

which see. 
Su-US, a, um, possessive pron., his own, 

her own, its own, their own. 



Tabern-a, ae, /., a hut, booth ; shop, inn, 

tavern. 
Tab-es, is, /., a wasting away, consump- 
tion ; plague. (Tabeo, to waste.) 
Tabul-a, ae, /., a plank, board, tablet : 

(picta) tabula, a painting: xii Tabulae, 

the Twelve Tables of Laws. 
TaClte, adv., silently, quietly; secretly. 

(Tacitus.) 
Tacit-US, a, um, (perf. part, of taceo, 

to be silent,) silent, still, noiseless, peace- 
ful. (Taceo.) 
Tact-US, us, m., touch. (Tango.) 
Tact-US, a, um, perf. part, of tango. 
Taedet, impers. verb, it disgusts; it 

wearies. (Seep. 97, 4.) 
Tal-is, is, e, such as, of such kind: talis 

— qualis, such— as. 
Tal-US, i, rn., an ankle, ankle-bone: a 

die ; pi., dice. 
Tam, adv., so, so much. 
Tamen, adv. and conjn, yet, however, 

nevertheless. 
Tanaquil, Tanaqull-is, /., Tanaquil. 
Tandem, adv., at length. 
Tango, tgttgi, tactum, tang-8re, to 

touch; influence, affect. 
Tanquam, adv., as much as, as if, as it 

were. 
Tantum, adv.. only. 
Tant-US, a, um, so great, so large, such. 
Tard-US, a, um, slow, lardy; lazy. 



Tarpei-a, ae,/., Tarpeia. 

Tarquini-i, orum, m. pi., Tarquinii, an 
Etrurian town, 

Tarquini-US, i, m., Tarquinius. 

Tartare-US, a, um, belonging to Tar- 
tarus; hellish, infernal. (Tartarus.) 

Tati-US, i, m., Tatius. (Titus.) 

Taur-us, i, m., a bull. 

Tect-um, i, k., a covering, roof; house. 
(Tego.) 

TegO, texi, tectum, tgg-gre, to cover, 
hide ; protect, defend. 

Tellus, tellur-is, /, the earth. 

Tel-UlU, i, «., a missile, weapon ; a dart. 

Tem.0, temon-is, m., a pole (of a waggon.) 

Temper-O, avi, atum, are, to moderate ; 
govern; guide, direct. (Tempus.) 

Tempestas, tempestat-is, /, time, sea- 
son; weather; storm. (Tempus.) 

Templ-um, i, «., a temple. 

Tempus, temp5r-is, n., time, season,. 

Tendo, tetendi, ten-sum, (and -turn,) 
tend-gre, to stretch, reach. 

Ten-eO, ui, turn, ere, to hold, keep, re- 
tain; recollect. 

Tener, a, um, tender, soft, delicate; 



Tens-US, a, um, stretched; (perf. part, oj 

tendo.) 
Tent-O, avi, atum, are, to touch, feel; 

try, attempt. (Tendo.) 
Tenu-is, is, c, (stretched out;) thin, fine, 



236 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



slender ; gentle ; small ; narrow. (Ten-, 
root of tendo.) 

Tenuitas, tgnuitat-ls, /., thinness, slen- 
derness, slimness; insignificance. (Ten- 
uis.) 

Terg-um,i, «., a back; a ridge: atergo, 
in or on the rear. 

Tern-i, ae, a, three each; (distrib. num.) 

Terr-a, ae,/, the earth. 

Terr-e-O, ui, ltum, ere, to terrify, af- 
fright. 

Territ-US, a, um, affrighted; (perf. part. 
o/terreo.) 

Terror, terror-is, m., fright, terror. 
(Terreo.) 

Terti-US, a, um, (ord. num.,) third. 
(Tres.) 

T8St-6r, situs sum, Sri, to bear witness; to 
call to witness; implore. (Testis, a wit- 
ness.) 

Tetlgi, perf. ind. act. of tango. 

Tiber-is, is, m., the (river) Tiber. 

Tlgill-um, i, n., a small beam, or log. 
(Tignum.) 

Tim-eo, ui, ere, to fear. (Timor.) 

Timid-US, a, um, fearful, timid. (Tim- 
eo.) 

Timor,, timOr-is, m,, fear. 

Tinct-US, a, um, dipped (into); dyed, 
stained. (Tin go.) 

TingO, (or tinguo,) tinxi, tinctum, ting- 
gre, to dip ; dye, stain. 

Tintinnabiil-um, i, n,, a bell (Tin- 
tin no, to jingle.) 

TltUS, i, m,, Titus. (Tatius.) 

T61er-0, avi, atum, are, to endure, bear, 
suffer. 

Tollo, sustuli, sublatum, toll-grc, to lift 
up, raise ; take away ; kill 

T5nitr-US, us, nx, (or tonitru-um, i, n.,) 
thunder. (Tono.) 

T6n-0, ui, Ttum, are, to thunder ; roar. 

Tonsor, tonsor-is, m,, a barber. (Ton- 
deo.) 

Torqueo, torsi, tortum, torqu-ere, to 
twist, turn about, whirl round; fling, 
hurl; thrust. 

Torv-US, a, um, stern, fierce, wild-look- 
ing, savage. (Torqueo.) 

T6t-US, a, um, the whole, all 

Trad-O, Idi, ltum, gre, to give or hand 
over, deliver; hand down, tell, report. 
(Trans, do.) 

Tra.du.CO, traduxi, traductum, traduc- 
gre, to lead across, transfer, transport. 
(Transduce) 



Traho, traxi, tractum, triLh-gre, to drag, 
draw ; to spend, pass. 

TrajiciO, trajeci, trajectum, trnjic-gre. 
to throw across, transport; to cross; 
to pierce. (Trans, jacio.) 

Tranquilliter, adv., peacefully. (Tran- 
quillns.) 

Trans, prep, witlt accus., on the fartlier 
side, beyond, across. 

Transduco, transduxi, transductum. 
transduc-ere, to lead across, Jtc (See 
Traduco.) 

Trans-eo, ivi, (or ii,) ltum, ire, to go 
across; pass over, by, or through. 
(Trans, eo.) 

TransflgO, transfixi, transfictum, trans- 
fig-gre, to pierce through, slab. (Trans, 
figo.) ^ 

Transfug-io, i, ltum, gre, to flee over to 
the other side; to desert. (Trans, fugin.) 

TransU-io, ivi, (or ui,) Ire, to bound 
over, leap over; pass over hastily. 
(Trans, salio.) 

Transn-O, avi, atum, are, (or trano,) to 
swim over, or across. (Trans, no.) 

Trecentesim-us, a, um, ord. num., 
the three hundredth, (Trecenti.) 

Trecent-i, ae, a, card, num., three hun- 
dred. (Tres, centum.) 

Tredecim, card, num., thirteen, (Ties, 
decern.) 

Trepid-O, avi, atum, are, to be in confu- 
sion, or in fear; to bustle about; to 
tremble ; to run about in fear. (Ti e- 
pidus.) 

Tres, tres, tria, (see p. 39,) card, num., 
three. 

Tribunal, tribunal-is, n., a judgment- 
seat; platform, (Tribunus.) 

Tribun-US, i, m-, chief of a tribe; a tri- 
bune, (Tribus.) 

Tribu-O, i, (u)tum, gre, to give, appor- 
tion, assign, (Tribus.) 

Tribut-um, i, n,, tribute; a tax; con- 
tribution, (Tribuo.) 

Trigemin-US, a, um, of triple birth: 
three born at a birth. (1 res, gemlnus.) 

Trigint-a, card, num., thirty. 

Trist-is, is, e, sorroufui, sad, melan- 
choly. 

Triumph-O, avi, atum, are, to triumph, 
rejoice, (Tiinmpbus.) 

Tr6j-a, ae,/, Troy. 

Tru.Cid-0, avi, atum, are, to kUl in a 
savage way, to massacre, butcher, slay. 
(Trux, harsh ; and caedo.) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



237 



Tu, tul, 2d pen. pron., thou. 

Tub-a, ae, /., a trumpet. 

Tu-eor, itus sum, (tutus,) Sri, to watch, 
observe; guard, protect. 

Tugufi-um, i, »., a hut, coltago, 

TuUi-a, ae,/., Tullia. 

Tulli-US, i, m., Tullius. 

Tull-US, i, m., Tullus. 

Turn, adv.. then, at that time. 

Tum-eo, ui, ere, to swell, to be puffed 
up. 

Tumultu-OT, atus sum, ari, to raise 
a tumult; be in confusion. (Tumult- 
us.) 

Tiimult-US, us, {or i,) m., a sudden up- 
rising, an insurrection, uproar, tumult, 
disturbance. (Tumeo.) 

TuilC, adv., then, at that very time. 
(Turn, -ce.) 

Turb-a, ae, /, disorder ; a crowd, rabble ; 
commotion. 

Turb-O, avi, atum, are, to throw into con- 
fusion ; to disturb. (Turba.) 



Turbulent-US, a, um, disordered, agi- 
tated, confused; muddy. (Turba.) 

Turgld-US, a, um, swollen ; boisterous, 
(of the sea) ; distended, puffed up. (Tur.. 
geo, to swell.) 

Turp-is, is, e, filthy ; base, low, mean, dis- 
graceful; ugly. 

TurpitSr, adv., basely, shamefully. (Tur- 
pis.) 

Turpitiido, turpltudln-is,/,.#rt; base- 
ness, disgrace. (Turpis.) 

Tusculan-us, a, um, of or belonging to 
Tusculum, (a town in Latium.) 

TUtel-a, ae, /., safe-keeping, protection, 
guardianship. (Tutor.) 

Tutor, tut5r-is, m., a protector, guardian. 

Tiit-or, atus, ari, to prottct, defend. 

Tiit-US, a, um, safe, guarded, secure. 
(Tueor.) 

Tu-US, a, um, possessive pron., thy or 
thine. (Tu.) 

Tyrann-US, i, m., a ruler; sovereign; 
tyrant. 



u. 



Uber, ubSr-is, «., a teat, udder; also 

as adj., fertile, rich. 
TJbi, adv., where, when. 
Ubique, adv., wherever, everywhere. 
Ubique, (ie., ubi que,) and when. 
XJ11-US, a, um, any, any person. (Said 

to be for unulus, from unus.) 
Ultimum, adv., for the last time. 
Ultim-US, a, um, {superl. of obsolete ulter,) 

the farthest away; earliest; latest; first. 
TJltro, adv., on the farther side, beyond: 

hence, beyond one's expectation ; of one's 

own accord; vehemently. 
Umbr-a, ae, /, a shade, shadow. 
TJnd-a, ae, /, water, a wave. 
Unde, adv., from which place or circum- 
stance, whence. 
Ungu-is, is, m., a nail, claw; a hoof. 
Unie-US, a, um, sole, only; unparalleled, 

unique. (Unus.) 
Unquam, adv., at any time; ever. 
Un-US, a, um, one. {Seep. 35.) 
Unusquisque, unaquaeqne, unum- 

quodque, each {by himsetf), every. 

(Unus, quisque.) 



Urb-S, urb-is,/, a city, town. 

Urge-O, (or urgueo,) ursi, urg-5re, to 
press hard, force, drive, urge. 

Usquam, adv., anywhere. 

Usurp-O, avi, atum, are, to use (without 
a proper right to) ; apply ; practise ; 
usurp. (Usu, rapio.) 

Ut, (or uti,) con}., that, in order that, so 
as, so that ; how ; when. 

Utcunque, adv., howsoever. 

Uter, utr-a, utr-um, (see p 35, 8), which 
of two, whether. 

Uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of 
two, both. 

Uti, conj., that, &c. (See Ut.) 

Utll-is, is, e, useful, advantageous, pro- 
fitable. (Utor.) 

Utllitas, utilitat-is,/., usefulness, advan- 
tage. (Utilis.) 

TJtor, usus sum, uti, (dep. 3,) to use, cm> 
ploy, exercise. 

Utrinque, adv., on both sides. 

Uv-a, ae, /., a grape. 

»TJxor, uxor-is, /,, a w\p\ 



238 



LA.TIN VOCABULARY. 



Vacc-a, ae, /., a cow. 

Vacu-US, a, um, empty, free from, having 

nothing. (Vaco.) 
Vad-um, i, n., a shallow place (in water), 

a ford. 
Vaglt-US, us, m., crying, squalling (of 

children.) (Vagio, to squall.) 
Vag-or, at us sum, ari, (dep. 1.) to roam 

about at will, ramble, wander. 
Val-eo, ui, Itum, ere, to be in goodhealth; 

to be strong. 
Valldius, adv., more forcibly, more vehe- 
mently, more importunately. (Valid- 

us.) 
Valld-US, a, um, in good Tiealth; strong, 

powerful, sturdy. (Valeo.) 
Van-US, a, um, empty; vain; useless. 
Vari-US, a, um, spotted; variegated; of 

many kinds, various ; changing. 
Vari-US, i, m., Varius, (proper name.) 
Vast-O, avi, atum, are, to lay waste, de- 
vastate. (Vastus.) 
Vast-US, a, um, empty, desert, waste ; 

immense, vast. 
_Vat-es, is, m. or/., aprophet, soothsayer; 

a poet. 
Veient-es, ium, to. pi, the Veienles, 

people of Veii. 
Vel, conj., or, even, only : vel— vel, 

either— or. (Volo.) 
Velat-US, a, um, covered over, veiled; 

(perf.part. o/velo.) 
VeloX, gen. vel5c-is, adj., swift, rapid, 

nimble. 
Velut, (veluti,) even as, as if , as it, were. 

(Vel, ut) 
Venator, venatSr-is, to., a hunter. (Ve- 

nor.) 
Vend-O, Idi, Itnm, 6re, to sell; (contr.for 

venum do.) 
Veni-a, ae,/, leave; favour; indulgence; 

pardon. 
Venio, veni, ventum. ven-Ire, to come. 
Ven-or, atus sum, ari, to hunt. 
Venter, ventr-is, m., the belly. 
Vent-US, i, to., the wind. 
Venus, Vengr-is, /., Venus, goddess of 

love. 
Ver, vgr-ls, n,, spring. 
Verber-O, avi, atum, are, to las/i, whip. 

(Verbera, n. pi., whips.) 
Verb-um, i, n., a word. 



Verecund-US, a, um, modest, bashful, 
shy. (V ereor.) 

Vereor, verltus sum, ver-eri, (dep. 2,) to 
feel awe, to fear, 

Veritas, veiitat-is, /, truthfulness, truth, 
sincerity. (Verus.) 

Vero, adv., in truth, in reality ; but, how- 
ever. 

Vers-O, avi, atum, are, to turn, twist, 
turn over ; plough, till. (Verto.) 

Vers-US, us, m., a furrow, line, row ; a 
verse, line of poetry. (Verto.) 

Vertex, vei tlc-is, to., a turn, whirl; top 
of the head; turning point ; summit. 

Vert-O, i, versum, vert-ere, to turn, turn 
round, twist; change. 

Verum, adv., truly; but, however. 

Ver-US, a, um, true, real, sincere. 

Vesp-a, ae, /., a wasp. 

Vest-a, ae, /, (the goddess) Vesta, 

Vestal-is, is, /, a vestal virgin, pritshss 
of Vesta. 

Ves-ter, tra, trum, possess, pron., your. 

Vestlbul-Uttl, i, n., a front court, court, 
vestibule. 

Vest-io, ivi, (ii,) Itum, Ire, to clothe, 
cover. (Vestis.) 

Vest-is, is,/, a garment, robe. 

VetUS, gen. vetgris, adj., old, ancient 

Yi-Sk, ae, /., a way, road, street; jour- 
ney. 

Viator, viator-is, to., a traveller, way- 
farer. (Via.) 

ViCin-US, a, um, near, neighbouring : as 
subst., a neighbour. (Vicus.) 

Vicis, gen, — vicem, accus.— vice, abl : pi. 
vices, &c, change, fate, vicissitude. 

Victor, victor-is, to., a conqueror: as 
adj., victorious. (Vinco.) 

Vict6ri-a, ae, /, victory, success. (Vic- 
tor.) 

Vict-US, a, um, perf.part. of vinco. 

VlC-US, i, to., a street, a village. 

Videlicet, adv., it is evident, plainly; 
nameh . (Vide, imperaL of video, and 
licet)* 
Video, vld-i, vls-um. vld-ere, to see, per- 
ceive, loot at; consider, thini. 
Videor, visus sum, vid-eri, to be seen ; 

seem; appear. (Video.) 
Vigil-O, avi, atum, are, to leep watch^ 
be vigilant (Vigil, watchful) 



LATIN VOCABULARY. 



239 



Vll-is, is, e, valueless, worthless ; cheap ; 

mean, base. 
Vill-a, ae, /., a country house; farm; 

villa. 
VilllC-US, a, um, belonging to a country 

house: as subst., a land-steward, over- 
seer, grieve. (Villa.) 
Vlminal-is, is, e, Viminal, {one of the 

hills of Rome) : as com. adj., belonging 

to osiers. (Vimen.) 
Vinco, vici, victum, vinc-6re, to conquer, 

subdue. 
Vincul-um, i, a, a band, rope, cord; 

fetters; prison. (Vincio.) 
VindlC-O, avi, atum, are, to lay claim to, 

to appropriate, secure; avenge; revenge. 

(Vindex.) 
Vindict-a, ae, /, vengeance; revenge. 

(Vindico.) 
Vlne-a, ae,/., a vineyard; a vine. (Vin- 

um.) 
Vin-um, i, n., wine. 
Viol-O, avi, atum, are, to do violence to, 

injure ; dishonour, violate : violare fid- 
em, to break one's word. 
Vlper-a, ae, /., a viper. 
-Vir, vlr-i, m., a man; husband. 
Vires, virium, /, pi. of vis, strength, 

power; forces. (See p. 34.) 
Virg-a, ae, /., a rod, twig. 
Virgini-US, i, m., Virginius. 
VirgO, virgln-is, /, a virgin, maiden. 

(Vir.) 
Virid-is, is, e, green, fresh. (Vireo.) 
Virtus, virtut-is, /., manliness; worth, 

merit; virtue; valour, courage. (Vir.) 
Vis, accus. vim, abl. vi, /, (See p. 34,) 

strength, force, power, might. 
Vis-O, i, urn, 5re, to look at, view, survey; 

go tojvisit. (Video.) 
VlSU, 2d supine of video. 
Vis-US, a, vim,, perf. part, of video. 
Vit-a, ae,/, life. 

Viti-um, i, n., a fault; defect; crime; vice. 
Vlt-O, avi, atum, are, to avoid, shun. 
Vltiil-US, \,m.,a calf. 
VXtuper-O, avi, atum, are, to find fault 

with, censure, blame. (Vitium, paro.) 



VlV-O, vixi, victum, viv-Sre, to live; enjoy 

life. 
VlV-US, a, um, alive; fresh, (Vivo.) 
Vix, adv., with difficulty. 
Vobiscum, (i.e., cum vobis,) with you. 

(See note §, p. 45.) 
V6cifer-or, atus sum, ari, (dep. 1,) to 

shout, cry aloud. (Vox, fero.) 
Voc-O, avi, atum, are, to use the voice, 

call, shout; invite; name. (Vox.) 
Vollt-O, avi, atum, are, to fly to and fro, 

flutter. (Volo, to fly.) 
Vol-O, avi, atum, are, to fly ; make haste. 
V51-0, ui, velle, (see p. 90,) to wish; be 



Voliicer, and volucr-is, is, c, winged, 
flying; swift. (Volo, to fly.) 

V61ucr-is, is, /, a winged creature; a 
bird. (Volo.) 

Voluntas, voluntat-is, /., willingness; 
wish, desire; accord. (Volo.) 

VoluptaS, voluptat-is,/.,j3feas«?"e, enjoy- 
ment. (Volo, to wish.) 

V61ut-0, avi, atum, are, to roll about, 
wallow. (Volvo.) 

Vomer, v3mgr-is, m., a ploughshare. 

V6t-um, i, ft., « vow; wish; promise. 
(Voveo.) 

V6ve-0, v<5vi, votum, v5v-ere, to dedi- 
cate; vow; promise; wish. 

VOX, voc-is, /., a voice, cry, sound; ex- 
pression. 

Vulcan-US, i, m., Vulcan, god of fire. 

Vxi\g6,adv., commonly, usually ; publicly. 
(Vulgus.) 

Vulnerat-US, a, um, wounded; (perf. 
part, of vulnero.) 

Vulner-O, avi, atum, are, to wound. 
(Vulnus.) 

Vulnus, vuln6r-is, n., a wound. 

Vulpecul-a, ae,/., a little fox; a young 
fox. (Vulpes.) 
— • JTulp-eS, is, /, a fox. 

Vulpin-US, a, um, belonging to a fox. 
(Vulpes.) 

Vultur, vultur-is, m., a vulture. 

Vult-US, us, m., the face, countenance. 



Zmaragd-us, I, m. or/, an emerald. ] Z5n-a, ae, /, a belt, girdle. 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



A., article, usually untranslated; some- 
times expressed by quidam. — 
Abandon, v. relinquo, reliqui, relictum, 

relinqueie. 
Able, (to be,) v., possum, potui, posse. 
Abont, (round about,) circum, with accus. 
About, (concerning,) de, with all. 
About, (nearly,) circiter. 
Above, super, prep, with accus. or abl. 
Across, trans, prep, with accus. 
Active, (fun of energy,) acer, acris, 

acre; implger; sedulus. 
Admire, v., admlr-or, atus, art : express 

admiration, laudo. 
Adorn, v., orn-o, are : exomo. 
JEneas, ^Ene-as, ae, m. 
Afar, (from afar,) longe; procul. 
Afraid, (don't be afraid,) noli timere. 
After, post, prep, with accus. 
Against, in, with accus.; contra, with 

accus. 'Against' is sometimes merely 

the ' sign ' of dative case. 
Agreeable, grat-us, a, urn ; jiieund-us, 

a, um. 
Aim at, (seel;) pgto, petere 
All, (every,) omn-is, is, e: the whole, 

tot-us, a, um: all together, cunct-us, 

a, um. 
Along with., cum, prep, with abl 
Alps, Alp-es, ium, nu 
Also, etiam, adv.: not only — but also,' 

non solum— sed etiam. 
Am, sum, fui, esse. — 



Ambassador, legatus, i, m. 

Among, inter, prep, with accu*. 

And, et, ac, atque, -que. 

Anger, Ir-a, ae,/. 

Animal, animal, animal-is, n. 

Another, (of two,) alter, altera, alter- 

um ; (of many,) alius, alia, aliud. 
Anxious, (to be anxious,) v61o, vSkii, 

velle. 
Apple, mal-um, i, n. 
Apple tree, mai-us, i. /. 
Are, (we,) sumus; (you,) estis; (they,) 

sunt. 
Aristides, Aristld-es, is, m. 
AliovistUS, Ariovist-us, i, m. 
Army, exercU-us, us, m. 
Around, circum, prep, with accus. 
Arrival, advent-us, us, m. 
Arrow, sagitt-a, ae, / 
Ask, rog-o, avi, atum, are. 
ASS, asin-us, i, in. ; diminutive, asellus. 
Assemble, conven-io, 1, turn, ire. 
Associate, comes, comltis, nu or / ; 

socius, m. 
Athens, Athen-ae, arum,/ pi 
At, in, prep, with abl. ; ad, prep, with 

accus. ; apud, prep, with accus. 
Attack, oppugn-o, avi, atum, are ; ador- 

ior, adortus sum, adoriri; facere im- 

petum in. 
Auburn, flav-us, a, um. 
Avoid, vit-o, avi, atum, are. 
Axe, secflr-is, is,/ 



Jaggi 

Ball, pll-a, ae,/ 
Bank, rip-a, ae, / 
Bam, horre-um, i n. 



B. 



Battle, pugn-a, ae,/; praeli-um. i, a 
Be (to), sum, fui, esse. 
Beak, rostr-um, L, n. 
Bear, fero, tuli, latum, ferre. 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



241 



Beat, {knock at,) puls-o, avi, atum, are. 
Beat off, (put to flight,) fiig-o, avi, <fec. 
Beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum ; 

formos-us, a, um. 
Because, covj., quia; quod; quSniam. 
Beg, pgt-o, ivi, Itum, gre; or-o, avi, &c 
Beg the life of, deprecari vitam. 
Begin, coep-i, isse; inclpio, incepi, in-, 

ceptum, indp-gre. 
Believe, cred-o, Idi, Itum, 6re. 
Belgian, A, Belg-a, ae, m. or/ 
Beloved, car-us, a, um ; amat-us, a, um. 
Beside, apud, prep, with accus. ; (besides, 

except,) praeter, prep, with accus. 
Billow, fluct-us, us, m. 
Bitter, - amar-us, a, um; acerb-us, a, 

um. 
Black, nlger, nigra, nigrum ; ater, atra, 

atrum. 
Body, corpus, corp5r-i8 % n. 
BOOK, liber, libri, m. 
Bowl, pocul-um, \, n. 



Boy, puer, pu6r-i, m. 

Branch, ram -us, i, m. 

Brave, fort-is, is, e. 

Bravely, fortiter, adv. 

Bread, panis, is, m. 

Breeze, aur-a, ae,/. 

Bridge, pons, pont-is, m. 

Bright, clar-us, a, um ; splendid-us, a, 

um. 
Bring, fgro, tuli, latum, ferre. . 
Bring together, confero, contull, col- 

latum, conferre. 
Britain, Britanni-a, ae,/. 
Britons, Britann-i, orum, m. pi. 
Broad, lat-us, a, um. 
Brother, fiater, fratr-is, m. 
Build, aedlflc-o^ avi, atum, are. 
Bull, taur-us, i,.n». 

Bury, s6pgl-io, Ivi, sepultum, sSpelira 
But, sed : but that, quln, with subj. 
By, ' sign ' of abl. : (through, or by, rnecm 

of,) per ; (with agent,) a, or ab. 



Caesar, Caesar, Caes5r-ls, ra. 

Calf, vitul-us, i, m. 

Call on, clam-o, avi, atum, are ; v5c-o, 

avi, atum, are. 
Call Out, ev5c-o, avi, atum, are. 
Calm (to), plac-o, avi, atum, are. 
Camp, castr-a, orum, n. pi. ,— 

Can, possum, potui, posse. 
Cannot, non-possum ; nequeo. 
Care, cur-a, ae,/. 
Care, (take care of, or for,) ciir-o, avi, 

atum, are. 
Carefully, dlllgenter, adv.; studiose, 

adv. 
Carriage, curr-us, us, m. 
Carry, port-o, avi, &c. ; f6ro, tuli, &c 
Castle, castell-um, i, n. ; arx, arc-is, / 
Cat, fel-es, is,/ 

Catch, capio, cepi, captum, capgre. 
Cause, caus-a, ae,/ 
Cavalry, equltat-us, us, m.; Squit-es, 

um, pi. m. 
Cave, cav-um, i, n.; antr-um, 1, ». 
Certain, (a certain one,) quidam, quae- 

dam, quoddam, (or quiddam.) 
Chamber, cuMcul-um, i, n. ; conciav-e, 

is, n. 
Charge, (be in charge of) praesum, 

praefui, praeesse, (with dat.) 
Chariot, curr-us, us, m. 

(122) 1 



Cheek, gSn-a, ae,/ 

Chief man, princeps, princlp-is, m. 

Children, liber-i, orum, m. 

Christian, Christian-us, i, m. 

Citadel, arx, arc-is, / 

Citizen, civ-is, is, m, or/ 

City, urbs, urb-is, /. 

Clear, clar-us, a, um : clear water, 

lympha: speculum lympharum, the 

mirror of the waters, (i.e., the glassy 

surface of the water.) 
Clothe, vest-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire, 
Command, (lead in battle,) praesum, 

with dat. : duco, duxi, &c. 
Command, (order,) jubeo; impgro; prae- 

cipio. 
Commander, dux, due-is, m.; imperator. 
Come, v6n-io, i, turn, Ire. 
Companion, cSmgs, comit-is, m. or / ,• 

soci-us, i, m. 
Comrade, cSmSs, comtt-is, m. or/ 
Concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
Conduct, (war,) gero (bellum,) gessi, 

gestum, gergre. 
Conquer, vinco, vici, victum, vine-gre; 

super-o, avi, <fec. 
Conqueror, victor, vict5r-is, m. 
Consort, conjux, conjug-is, m. or/ 
Consul, consul, consul-is, m. 
Contented (mind), aequus animus, m. 



242 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



Cool, gSM-us, a, um ; frlgld-us, a, am. 

Corn, frument-um, i, n. 

Cornelia, Corneli-a, ae, / 

Cottage, cas- a, ae,/ 

Country, rus, rur-is, n. ; ager, agri, m. : 

native country, patri-a, ae, /. 
Covetous, avar-us, a, nm; avId-us, a, um. 
Cow, vacc-a, ae,/. 
Crane, grus, or gru-is, is, m. or / 



Crassus, Crass-us, i, m. 

CrOW, comix, coralc-is, /; a rat 

corv-ue, i, m. 
Crowd, turb-a, ae, /. 
Cry, clamor, clamor-is, m.: cry of 

/ant, vaglt-us, as, m. 
Cultivate, c61-o, ui, cultum, col-ere. 
-4 Cunning, callld-us, a, urn. 
Cup, pocul-am, i, n. 



Dance, salt-o, avi, at am, are. 
Danger, perieul-um, i, n. 
Daring, audax, gen. audac-is, adj. 
Daughter, fili-a, ae,/.; aat-a, ae,/. 
Daughter-in-law, nur-us, us, /. 
Day, di-es, ei, m. or/; in pi, m. 
Day before, pridie, adv. 
Dear, car-us, a, um. 
Death, mors, mort-is, / ; nex, nSc-is, /. 
Deep, alt-us, a, um ; pr5fund-us, a, um. 
Defile, foed-o, avi, atum, are. 
Defiled, adj., sordld-us, a, am. 
Delight, delect-o, avi, atum, are: de- 
light in, gaudeo. 
Dense, dens-us, a, um. 
Deserter, perfug-a, ae, m. 



Deservedly, merito, adv. 

Difficult, difflcll-is, is, e. 

Diligent, sedul-us, a, um. 

Disease, morb-us, i, m. 

Dispatch, mitto, mlsi, missum, mltt-gre. 

Dog, can- is, is, m. or / 

Donkey, asin-us, i, m. ; asell-us, i, m- 

Door, janu-a, ae,/ ; port-a, ae,/ 

Doubt, there is no doubt but (hat, non 

eat dubium quin,— (followed by subj.) 
-Dove, columb-a, ae,/ 
Down, de, prep, with abl 
Dowry, dos, dQt-is,/ 
Dread, tlm-eo, ui, ere. 
During, per, prep, with accus. ; or acaa. 

alone. 



E. 



Eagle, aquTl-a, ae, / 

Earth, terr-a, ae, /.; tellus, tellQr-is, 
/ 

Easy, facll-is, is, e. 

Egg, ov-um, 1, n. 

Embrace, amplector, amplexus sum. 
amplecti, (dep.) 

Endeavour, con-or, atussum, art Some- 
times expressed by imperf. hid. of verb ; 
as, He endeavoured to escape from, fugit- 
abat 

Enemy, host-is, is, tn. or / ; also in- 
Imic-us, i, tn. 

Enjoy, fruor, fructus (fruitus) sum, frui 



Enroll, (army,) scrlb-o, scrips- i, script- 
urn, scrib-5rc. 

Enter, intr-o, avi, atum, are. 

Envy, invld-eo, i, invlsum, invld-gre. 

Equal, (on an equality with), par, gen. 
par-is. 

Escape, profug-io, i, itum, ere; endt& 
tour to escape, fugit-o, avi, Stum, are. 

Every, omn-is, is, e. 

Evil, mal-um, i, n. 

Exhort, hort-or, atus sum, ari. 

Exile, exsili-um, i, n. 

Exposed, (open,) apert-us, a, nra. 

Eye, ocul-us, i, m. 



F. 



Face, facl-es, ci,/; rnlt-us, us, 771. 
Faithful, fid-us, a, um ; fidel-is, is, c. 
Fame, (report,) fam-a, ae, /; (glory), 

gloria, ae,/ 
Farmer, agrlc51-a, ae, tn. 
Father, pater, patr-is, ro. 



Father-in-law, socer, soc5r-i, m. 
Fault, culp-a, ae,/ 
Favouring, secund-us, a, um. 
Fear, tlmor, timor-is, m. ; m6t-us, us, tn. 
Fear, tim-eo, ui, ere; metu-o, i, tun;, 
ere. 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



243 



Feather, plQm-a, ae,/. 
Feel, sent-io, scns-i, sens-um, sent-Ire. 
Fellow-citizen, civ-is, is, to. or/ 
Field, figer, agi i, m. ; arv-um, i, n. ; rus, 
. rur-is, n. 
Fierce, acer, or ncr-is, is, e; fgr-us, a, 

um; fgrox, gen. ferocis. 
Fight, pugn-o, avi, atum, are. 
Fill, impl-eo, evi, etum, ere ; compleo. 
Finish, fln-io, Ivi, itum, Ire. 
Fire, (set on fire,) incend-o, i, incensum, 

incend-gre. 
First, prlm-us, a, um. 
Fish, pisc-is, is, to. 
Flank, latus, later- is, n. 
Fleet, class-is, is, / 
Flesh, caro, carn-is, / 
Flight, fug-a, ae, /. 
Float, nat-o, avi, atum, are. 
Flock, grex, grgg-is, to. — 

Flower, flos, flor-is, to. 
Fly, (subst.,) musc-a, ae,/. 
Fly, (verb,) v51-o, avi, atum, are. 
Fodder, pabul-um, i, n. 
Fold (of a robe, &c), sln-us, us, m. 
Fold (for sheep), ovll-e, is, n. 



Follow, sSquor, secutus sum, sSqut. 

(dep. 3.) 
Following, (next,) poster-us, a, um. 
Fool, stult-us, i, m. 
Foolish, stult-us, a, um. — — ' 
Foot, p5s, p6d-is, m. 
For, (i.e., during), per, with accus.; or 

accus. only. 
For, (signofdat.) No separate word. 
Force, vis, vim, vi, /. : pi, vires. (See 

p. 34.) 
Force, (to force a passage,) iter facere 

per vim. 
Forces, cOpi-ae, arum,/ pi. 
Forest, silv-a, ae,/ 
Form, slmulachr-um, 1, n. ; effigi-es, ci, 

/ ; flgur-a, ae, / 
Fortify, mun-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
Fortunate, felix, gen. fellc-is, adj. 
Fox, vulp-es, is,/ 
Free, (verb,) liber-o, avi, atum, are. 
Friend, amlc-us, i, m. 
Frog, ran-a, ae,/ 
From, (away from,) ab, or a, with abl. ; 

(out of,) ex, with abl.; (from all part*,) 

undique, adv. 



Gander, anser, ansgr-is, m. 

Garden, hort-us, i, m. 

Gate, port-a, ae, / ; janu-a, ae, / 

Gauls, Gall-i, orum, m. 

General, (i.e., military commander,) (lux, 

due- is, m. ; imperator, imperatOr-is, m. 
Germans, German-i, orum, m. pi. 
Giant, gigas, gigant-is, m. 
Gift, d6n-um, i, n. 
.Girl, puell-a, ae,/ 
Give, do, dedi, datum, dare. 
Glory, glori-a, ae,/ 
Go, eo, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
Go-a-hunting, ven-or, atus sum, ari, 

(dep. 1.) 



G. 

God, De-us, i, m. 
Goddess, de-a, ae, / 
Good, b5n-us, a, um. 
--Goose, anser, ansgr-is, to. or/ 
Govern, impgr-o, avi, atum, are ; (governs 

dat.) 
Grass, gramen, gramTn-is, n. TfiM^- 
Grateful, grat-us, a, um : to .mFgrate- 

ful, habere gratias. 
Grave, sgpulchr-um, i, n. 
Great, magn-us, a, um. 
Grove, ngmus, nemor-is, n. ; luc-us, i, 

TO. 

Guide, dux, due-is, m. or/ 



*& 



Hair, c5m-a, ae, /; capill-us, i, to. r 

head of hair, caesari-es, ei,/ 
Happy, felix, gen. felicis; beat-us, a, 

um. 
Harbour, port- us, us, m. 
Hare, lepus, lepOr-i«--, to. 
Harvest, mess-is,is, / 



Hasten, festln-o, avi, atum, are. 
Hateful, Sdios-us, a, um. 
Hatred, 5di-um, i, n. 
Have, hab-eo, ui, Itum, ere. 
Head, caput, captt-is, n. 
Hear, aud-io, ivi, itum, ire. 
Heat, caior, calor-is, to. 



244 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



Heavy, gr£v-is, is, e. 

Help, auxili-um, 1, s. 

Helpless, iners, gen, inert-is, adj. 

Helvetii, Helvgti-i, orum, n. pL 

Her (own), su-us, a, urn. 

High, alt-us, a, um. 

Hill, coll-is, is, m. 

His (own), su-us, a, am. 

Hold, ten-eo, ui, turn, ere. 

Holy, sancUus, a, um; sacer, sacra, 

sacrum. 
Home, d5m-us, us, /., (see p. 26 ;) at 

home, domL 
Honour, hSnor, or honos, honor-is, m. 
Hope, spes, spgi, /. 



Horn, corn-u, us, n. 
Horse, equ-ua, i, m. 
Horseman, equgs, eqult-is, m. 
Hostage, obses, obsld-is, m. or/. 
Hostile, inimlc-us, a, um; hostll-is, is, a 
House, d6m-us, us,/. 
Huge, ingens, gen. ingent-is, adj. 
Hunt, ven-or, atus sum, ari, (dep.) 
Huntsman, venator, venator-is, m. 
Hurl, torqueo, torsi, tortum, torqu-ere ; 

jacio. 
Hurt, n&c-eo, ui, Itum, ere; (goverm 

dat.) 
Husbandman, agricol-a, ae, m. 
Hut, cas-a, ae, /. 



I, ego, meL (Seep. 41.) 

Ice, glaci-es, ei,/. ; gel-o, us, n. 

Idle, ignav-us, a, um ; iners, gen. inert- 

is. 
If, si, conj. 

Illustrious, clar-us, a, um. 
Immense, ingens, gen. ingent-is, adj. 
Impartial, aequ-us, a, um. 
In, in, prep, wttfi all 



Infant, infans, infant-is, m. or/ 
Inhabitant, inc51-a, ae, m. or/. 
Injure, n5c-eo, ui, itum, ere. 
Injury, injuri-a, ae,/. 
Into, in, prep, with ace us. 
Invoke, inv6c-o, avi, atum, are. 
Is, est, (3d sing, of sum.) 
Island, insul-a, ae, /. 
Italy, Itali-a, ae, /. 



Jackdaw, gracul-us, i, m. 
Javelin, hast-a, ae, /. 
Judge, judex, judic-is, m. 
Juno, Juno, Junon-is,/. 



Jupiter, Jupiter, J5v-is, m, 
— Just, aequ-us, a, um ; just-us, a, um. 
Justice, justlti-a, ae, /. 



Keep, serv-o, ari, atum, Sre; (one's pro? 

mise,) servare fldem. 
Kill, nec-o, avi, atum, are; interfieio; 

occido. 
Kind, bland-us, a, um ; kind-hearted, 

benign- us, a, um. 



King, rex. rf g-is, m. 
Kiss, oscul-um, i, n. 
Knock (at), puls-o, avi, atum, are. 
Know, nosco, novi, nOtum, nosc-gre 
scio. 



Labour, labor, labCr-ls, m. 
Labour, labor-o, avi, atum, are. 
Lamb, agn-us, i, m.; agn-a, ae,/. 
Lament, fl-eo, evi, etum, ere ; maer-eo. 
Land, terr-a, ae, /. ,• native land, patri-a, 

ae,/. 
Language, lingu-a, ae,/. 



Large, magn-us, a, um. 
Late-at-night, sera nocte, abL 
Lately, nuper, adv. 

Law, lex, leg-is,/. 

Lay (Le, prepare) snares, pfirare in- 

sldias. 
Lead, duc-o, dux-i, duct-um, duc-ere. 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



245 



Leaf, fou-trai, i, n. 

Leap upon, Insll-io, ui, or Ivi, insult- 

nm, insil-ire. 
Leam, disco, dldlci, disc-gre. 
Leave, relinquo, rellqui, relictum, re- 

linqu-8re. 
Legion, legio, lcgion-is,/. 
Let, sign of imperat. or sub. used as im- 

perat. 
Letter, epist51-a, ae,/;liter-ae, arum,/ 
Level, aequ-us, a, um ; plan-us, a, am, 
Liar, mendax, mendac-is, m. or/. 
Lie, jac-eo, ui, Itum, ere. 



Lieutenant (-General), legat-us, i, m. 

Life, vit-a, ae, /. 

Lion, leo, leon-is, m. 

Livelong, tot-us, a, um. 

Log, tigill-um, i, n. 

Long, long-us, a, um. 

Long-time, diu, adv. 

Loose, lax-us, a, um. 

Loud voice, (with a,) magna v5ce, (abl.) 

Love, amor, amor-is, m. 

Love, am-o, avi, atum, are. 

Luxury, luxuri-a, ae, /.; luxuri-es, el,/ 



M. 



Macedonian, MacSdo, Macgd5n-is, m. 
• Magnificent, splendld-us, a, um. 
Maid-servant, ancill-a, ae, /. 
Make, fac-io, fec-i, fact-um, fac-gre. 
Make (one's self master of), pStior, potitu? 

sum, potiri, with abl. or gen. 
Make war, inferre (or facere) bellum. 
Man, vir, viri, m. ; mankind, h5mo, hom- 

lnis, m. or/. — 

Many, pi., mult-1, ae, a; (mult-us, a, 

um, much.) 
Marry, ducere uxorem (said of the 

man) ; nubgre, with dat., (said of the 

woman.) 
Master, magister, magistr-1, m., (a mas- 
ter who teaches or guides) ; dSm!n-us,.i, 

m., (a master who owns.) 
Master, (to make one's self master of) 

potior, potltus sum, potiri, with gen. or 

abl. 
Mate, (yoke-fellow,) mas, mar-is, m. 
Medicine, mgdTcin-a, ae,/. 
Message, nunti-us, i, m. ; commission, 

mandat-um, i, n. 



Messenger, nuntl-u9, i, m 

Military, militar-is, is, e. 

Milk, lac, lact-is, n. 

Mind, anim-us, i, m. 

Misfortune, cas-us, us, m. ; clad-es, 

is,/. 
Mix, misc-eo, ui, mistum, or mixtum, 

misc-ere. 
Month, mens-is, is, m. 
Moon, lun-a, ae,/ 
More, plus, adv. ; magis, adv. : also sign 

of comparative. 
Most, maxime, adv.: also sign ofsupei'l. 
Mother, mater, matr-is, /. 
Mother-in-law, socr-us, ut, /. 
Motion, mot-us, us, m. 
-^HVIound, agger, agggr-is, m. 
Mountain, mons, mont-is, m. 
Mouse, mils, mfti'-is, m. 
Mouth, os, or-is, n. 
Move, mov-eo, i, motum, mov-Sre. 
Much-loved, car-us, a, um. 
Mud, Hm-us, i, m. 
My, me-us, a, um. 



N. 



Name, nomen, nomtn-is, n. 
Native-country, patri-a, ae, / 
Nature, natur-a, ae,/. 
Naughty, mal-us, a, um ; nequam, 

(indecl.) 
j i — Near, apud, (or ad,) prep, with accus. ; 

prope. 
Nearer, propius 

I Neck, coU-um, i, n. 

L , Necklace, mgnil-e, is, n. 

\ Neighbouring, proxim-us, a. um ; 
finltlm-us, a, um. 



Neptune, Neptun-us, i, m. 

•Net, ret-e, is, n. 

Never-ending, aetern-us, a, um. 

New, nov-us, a, um ; rgcens, gen. re- 
cent-is. 

Night, nox, noct-is, /. 

Nobody, nemo, nemln-is, m. 

No one, nemo, nemln-is, m. 

Not, non; not— only, but— also, non sol- 
um, sed etiam. 

Not, with imperatives, ne. 

Nut, mix, nuc-ia, /. 



246 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



Oak, querc-us, us, /. 

Obey, par-eo, ui, Itum, ere; obcd-io, Tvi, 

Itum, ire. 
Obtain, impetr-o, avi, atum, are; ob- 

tln-eo, ui, ere. 
Occupy, obtln-eo, ui, 5re; occup-o, avi, 

atum, are: {take possession of) potior. 
Often, saepe, adv. 
Old, antiqu-us, a, um ; vgtus, gtn. veter- 

is ; senex, gen. sdnis. 
Old man, senex, sen-is, m. 
Oldest, natu maxim-us, a, um. 
On, in, prep, with abl. 
On an equality, par, gen. par-is. 
One, un-us, a, um : one of two, alter, 

altgr-a, um : one of many, ali-us, a, ud. 
Only, adj., unlc-us, a, um ; sol-us, a, um. 



Only, adv., solum, m5do. 

Open, apgr-io, ui, turn, Ire. 

Order, juss-us, us, m: by the orU>\ 

jussu. 
Order, jubeo, jussi, jussum, jub-ere. 
Ornament, cecus, decSr-is, n. 
Ornament, orn-o, avi, atum, aic; 

decSr-o, avi. 
Other, alter, alter-a, um. 
Our, noster, nostra, nostrum. 
Over, (as, over the Alps, sea, <£<;.,) per, 

prep, with accus. 
Overcome, vinco, vici, victum, vinc-erc 

supero. 
Own. {See His, Her, Its, «fcc ) 
Ox, bos, bor-is, m. 



Pain, dolor, dolor-is, m. 

Palace, aul-a, ae, /. ; regi-a, ae, /. 

Pale, pallld-us, a, um. 

Parent, parens, parent-is, m. or /. 

Part, pars, part-is, /. 

Parthians, Farth-i, oram, m. pi. 

Passion, {desire,) cupiditaa, cupldltatis./. 

Partner, s5ci-us, i, m. 

Peace, pax, pac-is, /. 

Peacock, pavo, pavon is, m. 

People, pSpfil-us, i, 7?i. 

Perish, per-eo, ii, Itum, Ire. 

Persuade, persuadeo, persuasi, per- 

suasum, persuad-ere. 
Pillar, column-a, ae, /. 
Place, lOc-us, i, m. ; pi, loci, m., or 

loca, n. 
Plain, camp-us, i, n. 
Please, piac-co, ui. Ttum, ere. 
Plentiful, (eg., harvest,) copios-us, a, 

um ; larg-us, a, um. 



Plenty, cSpi-a, ae,/ 

Plough, aratr-um, i, n. 

Plough, ar-o, avi, atum, are. 

Poet, poet- a, ae, m. 

Point Out, monstr-o. avi, atum, are. 

Poor, inops, gen. inop-is; pauper, gen. 

pauper-is. 
Poplar tree, popui-us, i,/. 

Powerful, valid-us, a, um ; potciis, 
gen. potent-is: to be very powerful, 
plurimum posse. 

Praise, laus, laud-is, /. 

Praise, laud-o, avi, atum. are. 

Prepare, par-o, avi, arum, are. 

Priest, sacerdos, sacerdot-is, m. or/ 

Promise, promiss-um, i, n. ; fid-cs, ei,/ 

Proviuce, provinci-a, ae,/ 

Punishment, poen-a, ae, / 

Pupil, discipul-us, i, nj. 

Pure, rur-us. a, um. 

Put to flight, fug-o. avi, atum, a; e. 



Q 



— Queen, regln-a, ae,/ 



Quickly, celeiiter; clto. 



R. 



Race, {kind,) ggnus, genSr-is, n. 
Rampart, agger, agger-is, m. ,• vall-um, 

i, n. 
Reach, attingo, attigi, attactum, atting- 

6re : reach the island, facere insulam. 



Reason, ratio, ratiOu-is./ 
Republic, respublica, reipublicae,/ 
Repulse, repello, repuli, repulsum, re> 

pell-gre. 
Rest, {ease,) oti-um, i, %. 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



217 



Rest, (remainder,) rgllqu-us, a, uni 
the remains, rellqui-ae, arum, /. pi. 

Retreat, (to retire,) rcferre pgdem. 

Return, reverter, reversus sum, reverti^- 

Rhine, Rhen-us, i, m. 

Rhodes, Rh5d-us, i,/. 

Rich, dives, gen. divlt-is, adj. 0* 

Ride, eqult-o, avi, atum, are. 

Ripe, matur-us, a, um. 

River, amn-is, is, m. ; rlvus, i, m. ; 
fiumen, fiumln-is, n.; fluvi-us, i, m. 



Road, vi-a, ae, /. : Iter, itinSr-is, n., (a 

journey.) 
Robher, latro, latr5n-is, m. 
Roman, Roman-us, a, um. 
Rome, Rom-a, ae,/. 
Rough, asper, asp<5r-a, um. 
Round, adj., rQtund-us, a, um. 
Round, prep., (= around,) circum, with 

accus. 
Rout, ftig-o, avi, atum, are. 
Run, curio, cucurri, cursum, currere. 



310US, sagax, gen. sagac-is, adj. 

Sail, navig-o, avi, atum, are. 
'Sailor, naut-a, ae, m. 

Same, idem, eadem, Idem. 

Savage, saev-us, a, um; ferox, gen. 
feroc-is. 

Say, dlco, dixi; aio; inquam ; fero. 

Scipio, Sclpio, Scipion-is, m. 

Sea, mar-e, is, n. 

See, video, vldi, visum, vid-ere : see that, 
fac or faclte ut, with subj. 

Senate, senat-us, us, (or i,) m. 

Senate-house, curi-a, ae, /. 

Send, mitto, mlsi, missum, mitt-ere. 

Serious, (in the sense of 'great,' 'dan- 
gerous,' as of a war,) grav-is, is, e. 

Servant, serv-us, i, m. ; minister, min- 
istri, m. 

Service, (to be of service,) prosum, pro- 
mi, prodesse: to be of great service, 
multum prodesse. 

Set On fire, incend-o, i. incensum, in- 
cend-ere. 

Set out, prdTIciscor, profectus sum, pio- 
ficisci. 

Shade, umbr-a, ae, /. 

Shadow, umbr-a, ae, /. 

Shallow-water, vad-um, i, w. 

Share, pars, part-is, /. 
Sharp, acut-us, a, um. 
Sheep, 5v-is, is, /. 
Sheep-fold, 5vll-e, is, n. 
Shepherd, pastor, pastor-is, m. 
Shift, moveo, movi, motum, m6v-ere. 
Ship, nav-is, is, /. 
Shore, litus, liter-is, ». 
Short, breVis, is, e. 

Show, (potM*oM*,)monstro: show off, os- 
tend-o, i, osten-sum, w-tum, ostendere. 
Sicily, SIcIli-a, ae,/. 
Side, latus, lat6r-is, n. 
Sight, conspect-us, us, m. 



Sing, cant-o, fivi, atum, are; cano, 

cgclui, cantum, canere. 
Sister, soror, sor5r-is,/. 
Size, magnitudo, magnitudln-is, /. ; 

body, corpus, corpfir-is, n. 
Skin, pell-is, is,/; cut-is, is,/. 
Slave, serv-us, i, m. 
Slave, (be slave to,) serv-io, ii, Itum, 

Ire. 
Slaughter, caed-es, is, /. 
Slay, nSc-o, avi, <fec. ; interficio, inter- 

feci, <fec; occldo, occldi, &c. 
Sleep, dorm-io, Ivi, Itum, Ire. 
Slender, gracil-is, is, e ; tenu-is, is, e. 
Sling, fund-a, ae/. 
Small, parv-us, a, um. 
Smooth, lev-is, is, e. 
Snares, insldi-ae, arum,/, pi. 
Snow, nix, nlv-is,/. 
Socrates, Socrat-es, is, m. 
Soil, sol-um, i, n. 
Soldier, mllgs, milit-is, in. 
Some, (certain,) quldam, quaedam, quod- 

dain. 
Son, flli-us, i, m. 
Sorrowing, trist-is, is, e; flens, gen. 

flent-is. 
Sound, sSn-us, i, m. 
Sour, acid-us, a, um. 
Source, materi-es, ei, /. 
Spacious, ampl-us, a, um. 
Spade, Hgo, ligon-is, m. 
Spare, parco, pgperci, (or parsi,) pars- 
urn, (or pareltum,) parcere. 
Speak, loquor, locutus sum, loqui; 

dico. 
Speech, oratio, oration-is,/.; sermo, 

sermon-is, m. 
Speedily, celSrlter : (soon,) statim. 
Splash, s5n-us, i, m. 
Splendid, splendld-us, a, um ; magnl- 

fie us, a, um. 



248 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



Spring, ver, ver-is, n. 

Spur, calcar, calcar-is, n. 

Stag, cerv-us, i, m. 

Stall, stabul-um, i, n. 

State, civitas, civitat-is, /. ,- respublica, /. 

Statue, sig-n-um, i, n. ; statu-a, ae, /. 

Step, grad-us, us, in. 

Stick, fust-is, is, m. 

Strength, vis, vim, vi. /; pi, vires, 

virium. (Seep. 34.) 
Strong, Talid-us, a, um; fort-is, is, e. 
Strongly fortified, b6ne (or egregie) 

munlt-us, a, um. 
Sturdy, valld-us, a, um. 
Subject, (fellow-citizen,) civ-is, is, m.or/. 
Successfully, feiiclter, adv. ; bene, 



Sue for, pet-o, Ivi, Itum, ere ; or-o. avi, 

&C. 

Summer, aestas, aestat-is, /. 

Summit Of, vertex, vertlc-is, m. : 
summ-us, (a, nm,) with subst.; as, 
Summus mons, the top of the moun- 
tain. 

Sun, sol, sOl-is, m. 

Sunset, occas-us (us, m.) solis. 

Suppliant, supplex, supplic-is, m, or/. 

Supply, praeb-eo, ui, ere; mlnistr-o, 
avi, (Kc. ; do, dgdi, &c. 

Swan, eyen-us, i, m. 

Sweet, dulc-is, is, e. 

Swell, tum-eo, ui, ere. 

Swim, no, navi ; nat-o, a\i, <fec 

Sword, ens-is, is, m. ; gladi-us, i, m. 



Table, mens-a, ae,/. 

Tail, caud-a, ae,/. 

Take, capio, cepi, caprum, cap-ere : take 
care, (be cautious,) caveo : take care, 
(see to it,) cut-o, -avi, &c. : take a walk. 
ambul-o, -avi, <fcc. 

Tall, alr-us, a, um ; procer-us, a, um. 

Teach, d5c-eo, ui, turn, ere. 

Tear, lacrlm-a, ae,/ 

Temper, anlm-us, i, tn. 

Temple, templ-um, i, n. ; aed-es, is,/. 

Tend, cur-o, avi, atum, are. 



Throughout, per, prep, trith accus. 
Throw open, aper-io, ui, turn, ire. 
Thunderbolt, fulmen, fulmln-is, n. 
Thy, tu-us, a, um. 
Timid, tlmid-us. a, um 
— -To, (motion towards, against, <tc.,) ad, 

with accus. : also sign of dat. 
To-morrow, eras, adv. 
Tongue, lingu-a, ae,/. 
Tooth, dens, dent-is, m. 
Top, vertex, vertic-is, m. ; summus, with 

subst. (See Summit.) 



Tender, timer, tengr-a, nm. 



Tent, (Le., general's tent,) praetori-um, 

i,n. 
Terrify, teir-eo, ui, Itum, ere. 
Territory, fin-es, ium, m. 
Terror, terror, terror-is, m. ; in terror, 

pavid-us, a, um. 
Than, quam, adv. 
That, ille, Ula, iilud. (See p. 42.) 
That (of yours,) ist-e, a, ud. (See p. 43, 

7.) 
Their, su-us, a, um. (See p. 42.) 
Thief, fur, fur-is, m. or/. 
This, hie, haec, hoc; is, ea, id. (See p. 42.) 
Through, per, prep, with accus. 



— 4-To Wards, ad, prep, with accus. ; in, with 



accus. 
Town, oppld-um, i, n. 
Train, ei ud-io, ivi, itum, Ire. 
Transgress, (an oath, promise, <Lx.,) 

viol-o, avi, atum, are. 
Treat (about, negotiate,) ago. cci, <fcc ; 

as, to treat of peace, agere de pace. 
Tree, arbor, (or arbos,) arb6r-is,/ 
Trumpet, tub-a, ae, / 
Truth, ver-um, i, a.; Veritas, veritat- 

is,/ 
Turn up, (as, to plough, <frc.,) Ters-o, avi, 

atum, are. 
TWO, du-o, ae, o. (Seep. 39.) 



u. 



Unwilling, invit-us, a, um. 
Us, nos, pL of ego. (See p. 41.) 
Useful, utU-is, is, e. 
Useful, (to be useful to,) prosum, profui, 
prodesse. 



Used to, imperf. of verb; as, used to 
ride, equitabat : also expressed by sole«, 
solitus sum, solere. 

Useless, inutil-is, is, e. 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



249 



V. 



Vain, adj., {useless,) v&n-us, a, um. 
Vain, adv., (in vain,) frustra, nequi< 

quiim, or ncquidquam. 
Vainly, frustra, nequicquam. 



Very, sign ofsuperl, as, very brave, fortl»< 

simus ; very much, valde. 
Victorious, victor, gen. vict5r-ia. 
Virtue, virtus, virtutis,/. 
Voice, vox, voc-is, /. 



w. 



Wage war, inferre bellum. m 

Walk about, ambul-o, avi, &c 
' Wall, mur-us, i, m. 

Want, (be wanting,) dgsum, defui, de-- 
esse. 

War, bell-um, i, ra. 

Warn, m5n-eo, ui, Ttum, gre. 

Wash, l&vo, lavi, &c. 

Water, aqu-a, ae, /. 

Wave, und-a, ae, /. ; fiuct-us, us, m. 

Way, vi-a, ae, /. ; Iter, itlnens, n. 

Weak, (not strong,) debtl-is, is, e; (deli- 
cate, tender,) tener, tenSr-a, urn. 

Weary, fess-us, a, um. 

What, quis, quae, quod, or quid. (See 
p. 44.) 

When, quum, or cum, conj. 

Which, qui, quae, quod. (See p. 44.) 

White, alb-us, a, um ; candld-us, a, um. 

Who, (relative,) qui, quae, quod ; (in- 
terrog.,) qui, or quis. (See p. 44.) 

Whole, tot-us, a, um ; omn-is, is, e. 

Why, cur, adv. ; quid. 

Wicked, mal-us, a, um ; prav-us, a, um ; 
imprSb-us, a, um. 

Wide, lat-us, a, um. 



Wide-meshed, rar-us, a, um. 

Wife, uxor, uxor-is, /. ; conjux, con- 
jfig-is, /. 

Wild-boar, aper, apr-i, ra. 

Willingly, JTbenter, adv. 

Wine, vin-um, i, «. 

Wing, al-a, ae, /. 

Winter, hiem-s, is,/. 

Wisdom, sapienti-a, ae,/. 

Wise, sapiens, gen. sapient-is. 

With, (i.e., along with,) cum, prep, with 
abl: also sign of abl. 

Without, sine, prep, with abl. 

Wolf, lup-us, i, ra. ; lup-a, ae, /, she- 
wolf. 

Woman, femln-a, ae,/. ; mulier, mulier- 
is,/. 

Wood, silv-a, ae, /. 

Work, 5pus, op5r-is, n. ; opSr-a, ae,/. 

Wom-OUt, defess-us, a, um. 

Worthless, nequam, indecl. (Seep. 37, 
5.) 

Wound, vulnus, vulnSr-is, n. 

Wounded, *ulnerat-us, a, um. 

Wretched, mtser, misgr-a, um. 

Write, scribo, scripsi, scriptum, scribgre. 



Year, ann-us, i, m. 

Yesterday, h8ri, adv. 

YOU, tu, tui ; pi, vos. (See p. 41.) 



"" *\ Young-man, or woman, juven-is, is, ra. 
or/. 
Your, sing., tu-us, a, um ; pi, vester, 
' vestra, vestrom. 



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